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From the Outside Looking In
From the Outside
Looking In
Essays on Mormon History,
Theology, and Culture
the tanner lectures on mormon history

zEdited by
REID L. NEILSON
and
MATTHEW J. GROW

1
 1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing
worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and
in certain other countries

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

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Oxford University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

From the outside looking in : essays on Mormon history, theology, and culture / edited by
Reid L. Neilson and Matthew J. Grow.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978–0–19–024465–1 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–0–19–024466–8
(pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Mormon Church—History. 2. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints—­History. I. Neilson, Reid Larkin, editor. II. Grow, Matthew J., editor.
BX8611.F76 2016
289.309—dc23
2015003406

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Typeset in Scala Pro

Printed on 45# Cream 400 ppi

Printed by Sheridan, Michigan, US

For Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp (RLN) and
George M. Marsden (MJG)
 Contents

Contributors  ix
Editors’ Preface  xv
Acknowledgments  xix

General Introduction by Richard Lyman Bushman  1

PART 1: The American Religious Landscape

Introduction by Reid L. Neilson

1. Alan Taylor, The Free Seekers: Religious Culture in Upstate

New York, 1790–1835  13

2. Richard H. Brodhead, Prophets in America Circa 1830:

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nat Turner, Joseph Smith  34

3. Stephen J. Stein, Historical Reflections on Mormon Futures  55

4. Catherine A. Brekus, Mormon Women and the Problem

of Historical Agency  79

5. Leigh Eric Schmidt, Mormons, Freethinkers, and the Limits

of Toleration  105
viii Contents

PART 2: The Creation of Mormon Identities

Introduction by Matthew J. Grow

6. Charles L. Cohen, The Construction of the Mormon People  135

7. Elliott West, Becoming Mormon  170

8. Randall Balmer, “Faith in the Religion of Their Fathers”:

Passing Mormonism from One Generation to the Next  188

PART 3: The Study of Western Histories

Introduction by Matthew J. Grow

9. Dell Upton, What the Mormon Cultural Landscape

Can Teach Us  213

10. William Deverell, Thoughts from the Farther West:

Mormons, California, and the Civil War  236

11. Walter Nugent, The Mormons and America’s Empires  253

12. George A. Miles, Mormon Stories: A Librarian’s Perspective  278

PART 4: The Study of Global Religions

Introduction by Reid L. Neilson

13. David B. Marshall, The Latter-day Saints, the Doughnut,

and Post-Christian Canada  301

14. Philip Jenkins, Letting Go: Understanding Mormon Growth

in Africa  330

15. Jehu J. Hanciles, “Would That All God’s People Were

Prophets”: Mormonism and the New Shape of Global
Christianity  353
Index  383
 Contributors

Notes on Editors
Reid L. Neilson is an Assistant Church Historian and Recorder and the
managing director of the Church History Department of The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was previously an assistant professor
of church history at Brigham Young University. Neilson is the author of
Exhibiting Mormonism: The Latter-day Saints and the 1893 Chicago World’s
Fair and Early Mormon Missionary Activities in Japan, 1901–1924, as well
as the editor or coeditor of two dozen anthologies and documentary his-
tory books. He serves on the editorial boards of the Joseph Smith Papers
and the Deseret Book Company.

Matthew J. Grow is director of publications at the Church History De-

partment and a general editor of the Joseph Smith Papers. He was pre-
viously an assistant professor of history and director of the Center for
Communal Studies at the University of Southern Indiana. Grow is the
author of “Liberty to the Downtrodden”: Thomas L. Kane, Romantic Re-
former; coauthor, with Terryl Givens, of Parley P. Pratt: The Apostle Paul
of Mormonism; and coauthor, with Ronald Walker, of The Prophet and the
Reformer: The Letters of Brigham Young and Thomas L. Kane.

Notes on Contributors
Randall Balmer, Dartmouth Professor in the Arts and Sciences at Dart-
mouth College, is a scholar of American religious history who has pub-
lished widely in both scholarly venues and in the popular press. He is the
author of more than a dozen books, including Redeemer: The Life of Jimmy
Carter, The Making of Evangelicalism: From Revivalism to Politics and Beyond,
and Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A Journey into the Evangelical Subculture
x Contributors

in America. He presented “‘Faith in the Religion of Their Fathers’: Passing

Mormonism from One Generation to the Next” at the conference of the
Mormon History Association in Kirtland, Ohio, in 2003. It was first pub-
lished in the Journal of Mormon History 30 (Spring 2004): 37–58.

Catherine A. Brekus, Charles Warren Professor of the History of Reli-

gion in America at Harvard Divinity School, is a scholar of American re-
ligious history specializing in the history of women, gender, Christianity,
and the evangelical movement. Her publications include Sarah Osborn’s
World: The Rise of Evangelicalism in Early America, American Christianities:
A History of Dominance and Diversity (with W. Clark Gilpin), The Religious
History of American Women: Reimagining the Past, and Strangers and Pil-
grims: Female Preaching in America, 1740–1845. She presented “Mormon
Women and the Problem of Historical Agency” at the conference of the
Mormon History Association in Independence, Missouri, in 2010. It was
first published in the Journal of Mormon History 37 (Spring 2011): 59–87.

Richard H. Brodhead, president of Duke University and William Pres-

ton Few Professor of English, is a scholar of nineteenth-century American
literature. Before his current positions, Brodhead taught at Yale Univer-
sity and wrote or edited more than a dozen books on subjects including
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Charles W. Chesnutt, William
Faulkner, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles W. Chesnutt, Louisa May Alcott,
Richard Wright, and Eudora Welty. Brodhead presented “Prophets in
America Circa 1830: Emerson, Nat Turner, Joseph Smith” at the conference
of the Mormon History Association in Tucson, Arizona, in 2002. It was
first published in the Journal of Mormon History 29 (Spring 2003): 42–65.

Richard Lyman Bushman, Gouverneur Morris Professor Emeritus of

History at Columbia University and former Howard W. Hunter Chair of
Mormon Studies at Claremont Graduate University, is a scholar of early
American cultural and religious history. His works include Joseph Smith:
Rough Stone Rolling; The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities;
and From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut,
1690–1765.

Charles L. Cohen, E. Gordon Fox Professor of American Institutions

and director of the Lubar Institute for the Study of the Abrahamic Re-
ligions at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, specializes in colonial
 Contributors xi

British North America, early American religious history, and the history
of the Eastern Woodlands Indians (1500–1800). His books include Gods
in America: Religious Pluralism in the United States (with Ronald Num-
bers), Theology and the Soul of the Liberal State (with Leonard V. Kaplan),
Religion and the Culture of Print in Modern America (with Paul S. Boyer),
and God’s Caress: The Psychology of Puritan Religious Experience. He pre-
sented “The Construction of the Mormon People” at the conference of
the Mormon History Association in Killington, Vermont, in 2005. It was
first published in the Journal of Mormon History 32 (Spring 2006): 25–64.

William Deverell, professor of history at the University of Southern

California and director of the Huntington-USC Institute on California
and the West, is the author of numerous studies on the American West
in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His works include To Bind Up
the Nation’s Wounds: The American West after the Civil War (forthcoming),
Land of Sunshine: An Environmental History of Metropolitan Los Angeles
(with Greg Hise), and Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the
Remaking of Its Mexican Past. He presented “Thoughts from the Farther
West: Mormons, California, and the Civil War” at the conference of the
Mormon History Association in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 2007. It was first
published in the Journal of Mormon History 34 (Spring 2008): 1–19.

Jehu J. Hanciles, D. W. Ruth Brooks Associate Professor of World Chris-

tianity at Candler School of Theology at Emory University, is a specialist
in the history of world Christianity (notably the African experience) and
globalization. His works include Beyond Christendom: Globalization, Af-
rican Migration, and the Transformation of the West; and Euthanasia of a
Mission: African Church Autonomy in a Colonial Context. He presented his
essay at the conference of the Mormon History Association in San Anto-
nio, Texas, in 2014. It was first published in the Journal of Mormon History
41 (April 2015): 35–68.

Philip Jenkins, Distinguished Professor of History and co-director of

the Program on Historical Studies of Religion at Baylor University, is a
scholar of religion with particular emphasis on global Christianity, new
and emerging religious movements, and twentieth-century U.S. history.
He is the author of twenty-four books, including The Great and Holy War:
How World War I Became a Religious Crusade; The Lost History of Chris-
tianity: The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East,
xii Contributors

Africa and Asia—and How It Died; and The Next Christendom: The Rise of
Global Christianity. He presented “Letting Go: Understanding Mormon
Growth in Africa” at the conference of the Mormon History Association
in Sacramento, California, in 2008. It was first published in the Journal of
Mormon History 35 (Spring 2009): 1–19.

David B. Marshall, an associate professor of history at the University of

Calgary, is a historian of religion in Canada. His works include numerous
articles on religious life in Canada and Secularizing the Faith: Canadian
Protestant Clergy and the Crisis of Belief, 1860–1940. He presented “The
Latter-day Saints, the Doughnut, and Post-Christian Canada” at the con-
ference of the Mormon History Association in Calgary, Alberta, Canada,
in 2012. It was first published in the Journal of Mormon History 39 (Spring
2013): 35–77.

George A. Miles is the William Robertson Coe Curator of the Yale Col-
lection of Western Americana in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript
Library, Yale University. He is the author of James Swan, Cha-tic of the
Northwest Coast and coeditor of Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America’s
Western Past. He presented “Mormon Stories: A Librarian’s Perspective”
at the conference of the Mormon History Association in St. George, Utah,
in 2011. It was first published in the Journal of Mormon History 38 (Spring
2012): 47–66.

Walter Nugent, Andrew V. Tackes Professor of History, Emeritus, at

the University of Notre Dame, is a scholar of the American West and the
Gilded Age and Progressive Era. In addition to nearly two hundred essays,
articles, and reviews, he has published twelve books, including The Toler-
ant Populists: Kansas Populism and Nativism, Habits of Empire: A History of
American Expansion, Into the West: The Story of Its People, and Crossings:
The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914. He presented “The Mor-
mons and America’s Empires” at the conference of the Mormon History
Association in Springfield, Illinois, in 2009. It was first published in the
Journal of Mormon History 36 (Spring 2010): 1–28.

Leigh Eric Schmidt, Edward C. Mallinckrodt Distinguished University

Professor in the Humanities at Washington University in St. Louis, is
a scholar of American religious history. He is the author of numerous
books, including Heaven’s Bride: The Unprintable Life of Ida C. Craddock,
 Contributors xiii

American Mystic, Scholar, Sexologist, Martyr, and Madwoman; Restless

Souls: The Making of American Spirituality; and Hearing Things: Religion,
Illusion, and the American Enlightenment. He presented “Mormons, Free-
thinkers, and the Limits of Toleration” at the conference of the Mormon
History Association in Layton, Utah, in 2013. It was first published in the
Journal of Mormon History 40 (Spring 2014): 59–91.

Stephen J. Stein, Chancellor’s Professor, Emeritus, of Religious Studies

at Indiana University, Bloomington, has written widely on American re-
ligious history, with particular emphasis on Evangelicalism, alternative
religions, and millennialism. He edited three volumes of The Works of
Jonathan Edwards and the third volume of The Encyclopedia of Apocalypti-
cism. He is also the author of The Shaker Experience in America: A History
of the United Society of Believers and Communities of Dissent: A History of
Alternative Religions in America. He presented “Historical Reflections on
Mormon Futures” at the conference of the Mormon History Association
in Casper, Wyoming, in 2006. It was first published in the Journal of
Mormon History 33 (Spring 2007): 39–64.

Alan Taylor, Thomas Jefferson Chair in American History at the Uni-

versity of Virginia, has written widely on the history of early America. His
books include The Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772–1832;
The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, and
Indian Allies; The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Bor-
derland of the American Revolution; and William Cooper’s Town: Power and
Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early Republic. He presented “The Free
Seekers: Religious Culture in Upstate New York, 1790–1835” at the con-
ference of the Mormon History Association in Copenhagen, Denmark, in
2000. It was first published in the Journal of Mormon History 27 (Spring
2001): 44–66.

Dell Upton, professor of art history at the University of California, Los

Angeles, is a scholar of the history of architecture, cities, and material
culture. His works include Another City: Urban Life and Urban Spaces
in the New American Republic and Architecture in the United States. He
presented “What the Mormon Cultural Landscape Can Teach Us” at the
conference of the Mormon History Association in Provo, Utah, in 2004.
It was first published in the Journal of Mormon History 31 (Summer
2005): 1–29.
xiv Contributors

Elliott West, Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at the Univer-

sity of Arkansas, is a scholar of the social and environmental history of
the American West. His books include The Last Indian War: The Nez Perce
Story; The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado;
and Growing Up with the Country: Childhood on the Far-Western Frontier.
He presented “Becoming Mormon” at the conference of the Mormon His-
tory Association in Cedar City, Utah, in 2001. It was first published in the
Journal of Mormon History 28 (Spring 2002): 31–51.
 Editors’ Preface

Leonard J. Arrington, a leading scholar who would later become

Church Historian of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,
led the formation of the Mormon History Association (MHA) in
­December 1965 at the annual meeting of the American Historical Asso-
ciation (AHA). In 1972, MHA branched off from the AHA as an inde-
pendent historical society. Two years later, its leadership team published
the first issue of the Journal of Mormon History.1 More than a decade
into the twenty-first century, the organization continues to exert a pro-
found influence on the field of Mormon studies through its conferences
and journal. As two scholars who have benefited from our affiliation
with MHA, we are grateful for the Mormon studies community it has
fostered.
Nearly fifteen years after the founding of MHA, several members met
to talk about how to raise the organization’s professional profile and schol-
arly standing. Richard Bushman, Claudia Bushman, and Jan Shipps, all
leading scholars in American religious history, recalled their brainstorm-
ing session and the germination of what would become the Tanner Lec-
ture series.

It happens that three of us were part of discussions in 1979 as to

what could be done to make the 1980 annual meeting, marking the
150th anniversary since the founding of the Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-day Saints, extraordinary. Jan Shipps was president that
year. Claudia and Richard Bushman were chairs of the program
committee. Other members of the program committee were Alfred
Bush, Sharon Pugsley, plus Dean and Cheryll May. Sometime
during our discussions, Richard proposed the idea of seeking fund-
ing for a lectureship that would invite an eminent scholar, whose
work has paralleled the Mormon history but has never addressed it
xvi Editors’ Preface

directly, to expand a facet of their ongoing research to include a

Mormon dimension. The president would have the privilege of
choosing the lecturer, the lecture would be given each year in a ple-
nary session of the annual meeting of the association, and the lec-
turer would be invited to spend as much time as possible at the
meeting, getting acquainted with the members and they with him
or her.
As soon as the idea was broached we all recognized its potential.
Yes, it would be a mark of maturity and sophistication. We were
quite willing, even eager, to give the membership an opportunity to
learn from and be challenged by whatever perspectives and insights
the lecturer might offer. And we welcomed the chance to raise the
awareness of the lecturer, to entice eminent scholars into thinking
more deeply about the Mormon past.

But who would fund such an expensive endeavor during the ensuing
decades? The group of Mormon historians decided to approach Obert C.
and Grace Adams Tanner, longtime Utah philanthropists, to seek a
naming gift for the proposed lecture series. With the help of Mormon
scholar Sterling McMurrin, a close friend of the Tanners, they secured the
financial endowment. For the MHA annual meeting in 1980, the group
invited two leading lights in American history, Gordon Wood and Timothy
L. Smith, to present the inaugural Tanner lectures. “It was an auspicious
beginning,” the group reminisced.2
During the first twenty years of the Tanner lectures, the following
scholars spoke at MHA’s annual meetings held in various locations:
Gordon S. Wood (Canandaigua, New York, 1980), Timothy L. Smith
(Canandaigua, New York, 1980), John F. Wilson (Rexburg, Idaho, 1981),
John G. Gager (Ogden, Utah, 1982), Martin E. Marty (Omaha, Nebraska,
1983), Edwin S. Gaustad (Provo, Utah, 1984), Langdon Gilkey (Independ-
ence, Missouri, 1985), Anne Firor Scott (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1986), John
F. C. Harrison (Oxford, England, 1987), Henry Warner Bowden (Logan,
Utah, 1988), R. Laurence Moore (Quincy, Illinois, 1989), Peter Lineham
(Laie, Hawaii, 1990), Martin Ridge (Claremont, California, 1991), Richard
T. Hughes (St. George, Utah, 1992), Nathan O. Hatch (Lamoni, Iowa,
1993), Patricia Nelson Limerick (Park City, Utah, 1994), D. W. Meinig
(Kingston, Canada, 1995), Howard R. Lamar (Snowbird, Utah, 1996),
Glenda Riley (Omaha, Nebraska, 1997), Rodney Stark (Washington, DC,
1998), and Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp (Ogden, Utah, 1999).
 Editors’ Preface xvii

After two decades of remarkable Tanner lectures, all of which were

printed initially in the Journal of Mormon History, several Mormon histori-
ans felt that the published essays deserved to be collected and distributed
to a wider audience. It was against this background that the officers of
MHA invited historians Dean L. May and Reid L. Neilson to edit a volume
that would make the first two decades (1980–1999) of this distinguished
body of scholarship more accessible. It was subsequently published as The
Mormon History Association’s Tanner Lectures: The First Twenty Years, and it
received laudatory reviews in many academic journals. In introducing that
anthology, the editors wrote that the MHA lecture series had benefited
both the outside scholar and the Mormon studies specialists: “The Tanner
lecturers have been genuinely impressed with the vitality of the organiza-
tion and of Mormon historical studies. . . . They provide stimulating and
important insights, the more valuable because, in looking in on Mormon
studies, they frequently bring greater breadth and offer perspectives that
insiders have difficulty accessing.”3
Another fifteen Tanner lecturers, leading scholars in their respective
fields, have shared their perspectives on Mormonism since the beginning
of the twenty-first century, for a total of more than thirty-five Tanner lec-
tures. With Mormon studies continuing to grow as an academic field, we
wanted to continue to make this distinguished body of scholarship more
accessible. So we decided to collect and reprint the most recent lectures as
follows: Alan Taylor (Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000), Elliott West (Cedar
City, Utah, 2001), Richard H. Brodhead (Tuscon, Arizona, 2002), Randall
Balmer (Kirtland, Ohio, 2003), Dell Upton (Provo, Utah, 2004), Charles
L. Cohen (Killington, Vermont, 2005), Stephen J. Stein (Casper, Wyo-
ming, 2006), William Deverell (Salt Lake City, Utah, 2007), Philip Jen-
kins (Sacramento, California, 2008), Walter Nugent (Springfield, Illinois,
2009), Catherine A. Brekus (Independence, Missouri, 2010), George A.
Miles (St. George, Utah, 2011), David B. Marshall (Calgary, Canada, 2012),
Leigh Schmidt (Layton, Utah, 2013), and Jehu J. Hanciles (San Antonio,
Texas, 2014).
The timing of the current volume also makes sense, as 2014 marked
the renaming of the Tanner Lecture series. Initially subsidized through
the generosity of the Tanner family, the donated fund has since been de-
pleted and a new naming partner was sought to continue the tradition.
In summer 2014, the MHA board announced that it had received fund-
ing from the Smith-Pettit Foundation, based in Salt Lake City, and
had approved changing the name of the lecture to the Smith-Pettit
xviii Editors’ Preface

Lecture, beginning at the organization’s 50th anniversary annual meet-

ing in 2015.4 Thus, this volume of the most recent fifteen Tanner lec-
tures represents the end of an era and the beginning of a future promise
of excellent scholarship.
As with the first volume of Tanner lectures, it seems sensible to ar-
range these fifteen lectures by theme and to order them chronologically
according to their content, rather than by the year of presentation. We
grouped the essays according to four subjects: the American religious
landscape, the creation of Mormon identities, the study of western histo-
ries, and the study of global religions. A general introduction, written by
Richard Bushman, helps tie the book’s thematic sections together. More-
over, we prepared brief introductory essays for each of the volume’s four
parts to help contextualize the essays. It has been a delight to restudy the
writings of these scholars and their insights from the outside looking in
on Mormon studies.
 Acknowledgments

The individual Tanner lecturers deserve to be thanked first for their

willingness to share their perspectives on Mormonism with the larger
scholarly community. When we first pitched the idea of collecting their
essays into a single volume, they all agreed with enthusiasm. Alan Taylor,
Elliott West, Richard H. Brodhead, Randall Balmer, Dell Upton, Charles L.
Cohen, Stephen J. Stein, William Deverell, Philip Jenkins, Walter Nugent,
Catherine A. Brekus, George A. Miles, David B. Marshall, Leigh Schmidt,
and Jehu J. Hanciles were all delightful to work with through the editorial
process. They graciously consented to the reprinting of their copyrighted
work as the intellectual property owners.
In 2015, MHA celebrated its golden anniversary. The current officers
and board members of MHA have supported this publishing project, par-
ticularly president Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. We are also grateful to the lead-
ership of the Journal of Mormon History, especially editor Martha Taysom
and copy editor Lavina Fielding Anderson, for their early endorsement
and enthusiasm. All past Tanner lectures were first printed in the Journal,
so their editorial fingerprints are all over this volume’s pages. All royalties
from the first Tanner Lecture anthology were donated to the Dean L. May
Scholarship Fund at the University of Utah in honor of that late coeditor.
Similarly, we have directed that all royalties be gifted to MHA’s Student
Travel Fund to help students attend future conferences.
When May and Neilson coedited the first twenty years of the Tanner
lectures, they instinctively published the collection with the University of
Illinois Press, then the go-to printer of Mormon history books.5 “Well into
the 1990s, academic and university presses published very few books re-
lated to the study of Mormonism. With the notable exception of the Uni-
versity of Illinois Press, which dominated the field in the 1980s and
1990s, only a handful of scholarly books about Mormonism were released
each year,” religious studies observer Jana Riess noted. “That’s hardly the
case anymore as the field of Mormon studies continues to blossom. Lead-
ing the way is Oxford University Press.”6 Cynthia Read, executive editor of
xx Acknowledgments

Oxford’s growing religion catalog, is largely responsible for this sea change
in Mormon studies publishing. We are grateful to Cynthia and her edito-
rial staff and production team for their professionalism and commitment
to excellence in academic publishing. We also thank the anonymous re-
viewers of our initial proposal and manuscript.
Richard Lyman Bushman kindly wrote the insightful introduction to
this volume. He has mentored an entire generation of Mormon scholars
and is considered by many as the dean of the current “golden age” of
Mormon studies. In fact, Reid and Matt met during summer 2001 while
participating in Bushman’s Archive of Restoration Culture Fellowship pro-
gram, hosted by the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint
History at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.7 The pebbles he has
dropped in the waters of Mormon studies continue to send ever-expanding
ripples of goodness throughout the larger academic field and the lives of its
practitioners.
We are also grateful for the support of the executive leadership of the
Church History Department, including Elder Steven E. Snow, Elder James J.
Hamula, and Richard E. Turley Jr. Many thanks are to be given to editorial
assistant Mark Melville and administrative assistant Jo Lyn Curtis, who helped
compile the lectures for this volume and obtain necessary permissions.
Last, Reid dedicates this book to Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, his PhD advisor
and mentor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He first
became acquainted with her and her religious studies and historical schol-
arship by reading her 1999 Tanner Lecture on Mormonism in the Pacific.
That same year, she taught the first university course in Mormon studies
outside of Utah.8 Laurie helped make Reid’s graduate school days with
Shelly and Johnny some of the happiest and most interesting of his life in
Chapel Hill, Carrboro, and Fearrington Village.
Matt dedicates the book to George M. Marsden, his PhD advisor at the
University of Notre Dame. George was an ideal mentor, giving his stu-
dents an example of exacting scholarship and persuasive writing, the
space to explore their own scholarly paths, and gentle guidance and in-
sightful criticism of their work.

Reid L. Neilson
Bountiful, Utah

Matthew J. Grow
Sandy, Utah
 Acknowledgments xxi

Notes
1. For perspectives on the early history and maturity of MHA, see the following
articles: Leonard J. Arrington, “Reflections on the Founding and Purpose of the
Mormon History Association, 1965–1983,” Journal of Mormon History 10 (1983):
91–103; Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, “Entre Nous: An Intimate History of
MHA,” Journal of Mormon History 12 (1985): 43–52; and Leonard J. Arrington,
Adventures of a Church Historian (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1998),
58–61.
2. Dean L. May and Reid L. Neilson, eds., The Mormon History Association’s Tanner
Lectures: The First Twenty Years (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2006),
ix–x.
3. May and Neilson, The Mormon History Association’s Tanner Lectures, x.
4. “Tanner Lecture Changed to Smith-Pettit Lecture,” Mormon History Association
Newsletter 49 (Summer 2014): 6.
5. Ronald W. Walker, David J. Whittaker, and James B. Allen, Mormon History
(Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 91, 166, 219.
6. Jana Riess, “Religion Update Fall 2013: Mormon Studies Grows Up,” Publishers
Weekly, October 4, 2013. See also Peggy Fletcher Stack, “LDS Books: Oxford
Press Finds Profits in Prophets,” Salt Lake Tribune, January 15, 2010.
7. J. B. Haws, “A Mentor and a Mentality: Richard Bushman and the Shaping of a
Generation of Mormon Historians,” presented at the 2014 Biennial Conference
on Faith and History, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California, September 27,
2014. Copy of paper in editors’ possession.
8. Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, “Looking West: Mormonism and the Pacific World,” Jour-
nal of Mormon History 26 (Spring 2000): 40–64; and Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp,
“What They Learned from the Mormons,” Mormon Studies Review 2 (2015): 1–10.
From the Outside Looking In
 General Introduction
By Richard Lyman Bushman

For more than thirty years now, the annual Tanner Lecture at the
Mormon History Association meetings has gauged the state of Mormon
studies. We can discover what the specialists in Mormonism are thinking
from the conference itself, from the articles in the growing number of
journals concentrating on Mormon studies, and from the stream of books
on the topic pouring forth each year. The Tanner lecturers, in contrast,
bring an outsider’s thinking to the subject. The terms of the lecture call
for someone from another field to observe Mormonism from his or her
distinctive position. The lectures open a window on what a selection of
eminent but detached modern scholars think about Mormonism.
After thirty-five years, the annual lectures continue to throw new light
on Mormon history. In part, they reflect the fertility of modern scholarship.
New topics, new approaches, new issues continue to emerge. The lecturers
pick up on the great themes of modern historiography—gender, race, iden-
tity, globalization, secularization—and locate Mormonism in these ongo-
ing investigations. Some draw on classic topics: apocalypticism, western
settlement, and childhood. But whatever the starting point, the lecturers
add the freshness of new eyes and new minds visiting a new country.
Taken together, this new work shows the complexity of Mormonism. It
does not fit conveniently into any pigeonhole. Mormonism is so many
things: a church, a society, a culture, a theology, a movement, a protest, an
ethnicity, a new world religion. The essays discover one new facet after
another, suggesting that Mormonism will remain ever rich, ever elusive,
and never completely explored.
At one time, the significance of Mormonism could be summed up in
a few sentences. In American history books, it was part of the westward
movement, led by the great colonizer Brigham Young. For historians of
American religion, Mormonism was another product of the religious
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