CH7F1
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Snehali MoreCH7F1
Uploaded by
Snehali MoreTHE GEOGRAPHY OF
SEA TRANSPORT
A. D. Couper
Professor of Maritime Studies
University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology
HUTCHINSON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
LONDON
CONTENTS
Figures M
Preface 13
Glossary 15
Introduction 19
1 SHIPPING AND CIVILISATION 23
The northern seas 28
2 MEDIEVAL WORLD-LINKS 32
Northern expansion 33
Mediterranean shipping 36
Widening links, the Indian Ocean and China Sea 38
Pacific Ocean 41
New linkages 42
3 BRITISH SHIPPING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 45
The domestic coal trade 47
Development of overseas trade 49
The advance to steam and iron ships 52
4 WORLD SHIPPING ROUTES 58
Physical factors ‘ 58
International waterways 62
Political and legal factors 64
8 Contents
5 TRENDS IN MODERN SHIPPING 69
Demand for shipping 70
Functions of shipping 73
Fleet structure 74
Ownership and growth trends 75
Shipbuilding trends 76
The importance of national shipping 78
Shipping organisation and markets 81
Costs in shipping 84
6 CONVENTIONAL DRY CARGO SHIPPING 90
Tramp shipping 90
The pattern of tramping 92
Tramp earnings 95
Tramp prospects 97
Types of conventional liners " 98
Operating cargo liners 100
Conferences 101
Cargo liners: problems and prospects 103
Operating passenger liners 105
7 OIL TANKERS 110
Tanker owners 115
Operating very large crude carriers 116
Oil pollution and tankers 121
Pipelines and tankers - 122
Patterns of oil trade 125
Special tankers 128
8 BULK CARRIER AND UNITISED SHIPPING 131
Dry cargo bulk carriers 131
Types of bulk carriers 136
Patterns of trade and freight rates 138
Geographical impact of bulk carriers 143
Unitisation 147
Types of unitised vessels 148
Economics of unit loads 151
Ownership of unitised vessels 154
Impact of unitisation 156
Contents 9
9 COASTAL AND SHORT SEA SHIPPING 159
The role of coastal shipping 159
Types of coastal ships 163
Ownership of coastal fleets in Europe 165
The role of short sea shipping 166
Trends in short sea trade 167
Trends in short sea shipping 171
Comparison of the systems 174
Future developments in short sea trade . 176
10 SHIPPING AND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 179
Freight rates and exports 181
Freight rates and imports 183
The drive for national shipping 184
Development of national fleets 186
Comments on national fleets 190
Types of coastal and short sea shipping in developing
areas 191
The role of domestic shipping 193
Pacific inter-insular trades 195
Inter-insular shipping in south-east Asia 198
Index 205
