DELHI SULTANATE ( 1206 - 1526 )

1. Slave dynasty ( 1206 - 1290 )

2. Khilji dynasty ( 1290 - 1320 )
3. Tughlaq dyansty ( 1320 - 1414 )
4. Sayyed dynasty ( 1414 - 1451 )
5. Lodi dynasty ( 1451 - 1526 )

Khiljis ruled for shortest , Tughlaq for longest .

Slave dynasty has maximum number of Sultans , and Lodis has
least

Slaves and Tughlaq were Turks

Khiljis and Lodis were Afghans
Sayyids were Persians
Arab Conquest of Sindh

Calipha declared ‘Jihad’ on Sindh . Dahir was King of Sindh , a brahmin and majority people
were Buddhist . MOHD BIN QASIM led the army , destroyed Multan and killed Dahir in 712 AD .

TURKISH INVASION
Mohammed Ghazni , actual name Abu Qasim , belonged to Yamini dynasty . Attacked India
as many as 17 times . In 1025 , he looted Somnath temple , which was richest in India .
AL-BERUNI visited along with him . He wrote KITAB-UL-HIND
He wrote JAWAHIR-UL-JAWAHIR on minerology
He wrote QANUN-I-MASUDI dealt with astronomy
SHAHNAMEH written by Phirdausi , known as Odyssey of Persian literature .
Slave Dynasty
This dynasty is called Memulak Dynasty
Founded by Qutubuddin Aibak . Known as Lakh Baksh , also called Akshar
Bakshfor his patronage to poets .
Laid foundation of Qutub minar , built 1st mosque Quwat-ul-Islam, Delhi
and Adhai Din ki Jhumpra , Ajmer
Died in Lahore playing CHOGM ( polo )

ILTUTMISH
otherwise Altamash , son in law of Aibak
His reforms :
1 . Iqtadari system : land assignment given to Sardars , members of royal families and
great scholars . Type of land revenue .
2 . Introduced silver coins called Tankas and copper coins called Jittal
3 . Founded an army of 40 sardars called Chihalgani .
4 . Constructed resthouses called Sarais in Delhi .
It was during his time Mongolian invasion started .
RAZIA SULTAN
Only woman ruler in history of Delhi , daughter of Iltutmish
Minaz-us-Shiraz wrote famous Tabaqath-i-Naisiri , on administration of
Nasiruddin who took over throne after Razia

GHIASUDDIN BALBAN
Greatest of Slave Dynasty , actual name was ULUGH .
Introduced theory of divine origin of kingship , declared himself as Zil-i-Ilahi ( shadow of God )
Abolished Chihalgani system .
Reorganised Iqta system , created seprate military dept called Diwan-i-Araz
Introduced royal customs of Sijda : prostration and Paibos : touching feet
Introduced persian new year calendar : Navaroz .
He succeeed in breaking the power of Turkan-i-Chihalgani ( gp of 40 who administered Delhi
Sultanate under Iltutmish )
Mongols attacked for 2nd time . Son of Balban , Mohammad died in fight and Balban died of
Shock .
KAIQUBAD
Last of slave dynasty , grandson of Balban .
Was physically handicapped , 1st sultan to come to power when his father was alive
Removed by Khiljis , who revolted under leadership of Jalluddin Khilji .
KHILJI DYNASTY

Founded by Jalluddin Khijli .

Was most ddemocratic of all sultans .
Mongols invaded under leadership of ULAGU . Jalal defeated them and
converted to Islam . Called Naya Musalmans . Ulagu became 2nd son-in-law of
Jalaluddin Khilji .
His 1st son-in-law , Allaudin Khilji , Governer of Kara .
In 1295 AD Allaudin attacked Devgiri , defeated Ramchandra Deva of Yadava
Dynasty . 1st victory of Muslims in South
Allaudin refused to share looted wealth of Devgiri under tax collected Khams (
1/5th ) and murdered Jalaluddin
Allaudin Khilji
Greatest of Delhi sultans .
His ambition : either to conquer world like Alexander or found a new religion like Prophet
Mohammad .
He took title SIKANDER-I-SAHANI .

EXPEDITIONS
1296 , Rana Karnadeva of Gujrat defeated . Allaudin captured his wife Kamla Devi and
Malik Kafur ( Hindu converted to Islam ), who later became chief Commander .
1299 , Rana Hammir Dev of Ranthambore was defeated
1303 , Rana Ratan Singh of Chittor defeated . Acc to Malik Mohammad Jayasi who wrote
PADMAVATH , it was for sake of Rani Padmini . Text was written in 1510 in Awadhi language
1305 , Rana Mahalakdev of Malwa defeated , with this Allaudin became master of entire
north India .
Malik Kafur conducted South India campaigns .
1309 , Devgiri attacked for 2nd time .
1310 , Pratap Rudra Dev of Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal was defeated .
In his 2nd expedition , 1312 , he defeated Veer Ballala III of Hoysala dynasty of
Dawarasamudra .
1312 , he declared Sundar Pandya as ruler of Madurai against Veer Pandya
and looted the city Madurai . Installed victory pillar at Rameshwaram .

Empire extended upto Malwa , Southern states weretributary ones .

Allaudin’s Reforms :
To control nobles and Sardars , stopped Iqta system .
Appointed secret agents called Mohitsibs as spys on activities of nobles . Actually
Mohitsibs were royal sensor officers .
Banned public drinking of nobles and marriage b/w noble families became part of state
regulatory policy .

MILITARY REFORMS
1st sultan to have permanent standing army , personally recruited them . Paid them
salaries ( 238 tankas per annum ) . Practice of paying salary in cash is called Italaq
system .
Introduced service registers called Chehras
Dagh System : system of branding horses to avoid duplication
To maintain army , he decided to control market prices . Appointed Controller of
Market : Sahana-i-Mandi and secret agents : Dabirs .
REVENUE REFORMS
New assesment method called Kankhut system ( grain estimation method )
introduced , 50% collected as land tax . Highest by any Indian ruler in Indian
history .
Sanctioned emergency loans called TACCAVI to land cultivators .
Founded dept for collection of revenue arrears called Diwan-i-Mustakharin

IN RELIGION
Secular
promoted non-muslims in administration , never recognised Calipha .
 Allaudin Khilji was killed and poisoned to death by Malik Khafur . Khafur
created rein of terror . Killed 2 sons of Allaudin .

QUTUBUDDIN MUBARAK KHILJI :

Took title Khalifa . Last of Khijli dynasty
Killed by his wazir KHUSRAU ( hindu converted to Islam )

Khusrau ordered installing idols in mosque , was killed by Ghiyazuddin Tughlaq

TUGHLAQ DYANSTY
Founded by Ghiyazuddin Tughlaq
1st to introduce postal service by employing horse service (uluq) , also had foot service (Dawa) ,
both at distance of 4 miles
Founded the city : Tughlaqabad
MOHAMMAD-BIN-TUGHLAQ
Actual name was Jaauna Khan
Great scholar in Persian , Arab languages , Theology , Mathematics and natural sciences
He was a lexicographer .
Secular , 1st sultan to perform Hindu festival Diwali and Holi .
Shifted capital from Delhi to Daulatabad ( Devagiri )
1st census conducted in Delhi , banned Sati
Founded sept dept. for agriculture called Diwan-i-Kohi and granted Sandbar loans for
expansion of agriculture .
Started minting currency , but failed because of large scale minting of fake coins.
During his time Sultanate expanded maximum and declined at same time . In 1336
Vijayanagra Empire was formed . In 1346 Bahamani Empire was formed .

Traveller from Morraco IBN BATUTA visited his court . He wrote KITAB-I-REHLA on Sultan’s
adminstration and contemporary society .
FEROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ
Born to a Hindu mother

Reforms :
1. Abolished all additional taxes Abwab and collected 4 taxes
KHAMS : 1/5th of war booty
KHARAZ : Land tax paid by non - muslims ( Usshr : land tax paid by muslims )
ZAKATH : Charity tax ( 2% to 2.5% of annual income )
ZIZIYA : Religious tax on all non-muslims in Islamic state , exempted from Brahmins .
2. Developed irrigation systems . Collected irrigation tax called Haqishrib ( 1/10th of land )
3. Founded employment bureau called DIWAN-I-KHAIRAT
4. Founded public hospitals called DAR-UL-SHAFAS
5. Beautified delhi with 1200 gardens
6. Revived Iqta system .

Ziyauddin Barani and Shams Siraj Afif were court poets in Persian language . Both
wrote 2 diff textbooks with same title : TAREEK-I-FEROZ SHAHI
Firoz wrote his autobiography : FUTUHATH-I-FIROZ SHAHI
He destroyed Lingaraj Temple , Bhumneshwar and Jawalamukhi Temple , Nagarkot .
MOHAMMAD SHAH TUGHLAQ
Last of Tughlaq dynasty
During his time , Timur attacked Delhi in 1398 .
He took shelter in Gujrat

In 1398 , 3 independent kingdoms were formed : JANPUR , MALWA and GUJRAT .

SAYYID DYNASTY

Founded by Khizra Khan , representative of Taimur .

Mubarak Shah was the greatest .
Great persian poet Yahaya bin Ahamad wrote TAREEK-E-MUBARAKSAHI .
LODI DYNASTY
Founded by BAHLAL LODI

SIKANDAR LODI
Was the greatest
Shifted capital from Delhi to Agra . In 1503 , he founded city Agra .
Punished Sant Kabirdas for preaching Hindu-Muslim unity .
He composed gazhal under his pen name Gul Rukhi

IBARAHIM LODI
He was last Sultan .
Killed by Babar in 1st Battle of Panipat 1526 .

1st Battle of Panipat :

b/w Babur and Ibrahim Lodi
Governer of Punjab , Daulat Khan invited Babur to invade .
Babur was descendant of both Taimur and Chengiz Khan
He was 1st to use artillery in north India , and it became reason for his victory .
 REGIONAL KINGDOMS

BENGAL
Ruled by Iliyaz Shahi dynasty , with capital city Pondwa in Bengal
Allauddin Hussain Shah was greatest
Under influence of Bhakti reformer Chaitanya Prabhu , he declared himself as an avatar of
Lord Krishna .
Took title “ Jagat Bhusan “ and “ Nrupati Tilak “
JAUNPUR
City Jaunpur was founded by Firoz Shah Tughlaq on banks of river Gomati .
Became independent in 1398 , under leadership of Malik Sawvar Khwaja
Jahan . He took title Shah-us-Sharq ( King of East )
Dynasty became popular as SHARQI DYNASTY

Hussain Shah was expert on Hindustani music , organised 1st conference at

Jaunpur and introduced form of Hindustani music : KHAYAL
MALWA
Ruled by Khilji Dynasty with capital Mandu , MP .
Mohammad Khilji was greatest .
Had various Battles with Bahadur Shah of Gujrat and Rana Kumbha of Mewar.
He was defeated by Rana Kumbha
IN 1564 , Akbar occupied Malwa .
GUJRAT
Ruled by Bahadur Shahi Dynasty with capital city Ahemdabad .
Sultan Ahmed Shah I founded city Ahemdabad
Mohammad Shah I or Mohammad Begara was greatest . He was 1st Indian
to challenge the Portuguese , but was defeated in battle of Diu in 1509 by
Portuguese governer Francisco de Almedia .
Akbar conquered Gujrat in 1572 .
MEWAR
Was ruled by Sisodia dynasty . Founded by Rana Hammir .
Rana Kumba built Kirti Stambh at Chittorgh by claiming victory against Mohammad
Khilji of Malwa .
Expert in dramma writing and wrote various commentaries on various scriptures.
Made various forts , including Kumbalgarh
Rana Sanga was greatest , but was defeated by Babar in Battle of Kanwa ( 1527 )
However fight against mughals continued under leadership of Uday Singh , Pratap
singh and Amar Singh
Rana Pratap Singh was defeated by Akbar in battle of haldighati 1576
Rana Amar Singh was defeated by Prince Khurram ( Shah Jahan )and Raja Maan
Singh .
In 1612 , Mewar accepted Mughal soverignity for name sake .
MARWAR
Was ruled by Ghelot .
Rana Maldev was greatest . Challenged Sher Shah , but was defeated in Battle
of Klanjar ( 1545 )
KASHMIR
Ruled by Shahmir Dynasty .
King Sikandar founded a seperate dept. Sheikh-ul-Islam to promote Islam in Kashmir . For 1st
time , Kashmir became muslim majority .
Jain-ul-Abidin , known as Akbar of Kashmir, actual name was Shahi Khan .
Banned Slaughtering of cow .
Rennovated hindu temples .
Translated Mahabharat into Persian
Appointed 2 poets : Srinara and Jonadeva to continue Kalhan’s Rajtrangini
Akbar occupied Kashmir in 1585 .
 VIJAYANAGRA EMPIRE
( 1336 - 1674 )

Established in 1336 , on banks of river Tungabhadra at a place called

Anegondi .
It was established by Harihara Rai and Bukka Rai . ( PYQ )

Background

They were Feudatories of Kakatiyas of Warangal under Pratap Rudra . In 1323 it was
occupied by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq .
Later Harihara and Bukka were captured in Kampili ( modern Karnataka ) in jail and
converted to Islam .
They were released from jail and met Swami Vidyaranya who re-admitted them to
Hinduism at Veerupaksha Temple at Hampi .
Reason behind establishment of Vijayanagra Empire was to protect Hinduism from
Islam and found a Hindu Kingdom .
DELHI SULTANATE

PARMARS
GUJRAT

YADAVAS
GANGA

KAKATIYAS

HOYSALAS
Vijayanagra Empire : 1336
PANDYAS

CHERAS Bahamani Empire : 1347

 Capital City : Hampi . UNESCO declared it as 2nd
best open air tourist spot in the world .
Robert Sewell wrote FORGOTTEN EMPIRE .
Colonel Colin Mackenzi brought the ruins of
Hampi to public attention in 1800 .

4 dynasties :
1. Sangama Dynasty ( 1336 - 1485 )
2. Sulva Dynasty ( 1485 - 1505 )
3. Tuluva Dynasty ( 1505 - 1570 )
4. Araveeti Dynasty ( 1570 - 1674 )
Sangama Dynasty

Founded by HariHara Raya and Bukka Raya

Harihara was 1st King , was defeated by Allaudin Hasan of Bahamani Empire . The main
cause of conflict was question of controlling RAICHUR DOAB , land b/w Krishna and
Tungabhdra .

VEERA KAMPA RAYA

Bukkaraya’s son . Conquered Madurai in Tamil Nadu . His wife Ganga Devi wrote
MADURA VIJAYAM in Sanskrit .

DEVARAYA I
Constructed a dam on river Tungabhdra at Hampi .
According to PERISTA , a persian chronicler , Deveraya went to war with Sultan Tajjudin
Firoz of Bahamani Empire for sake of Nahal , a beautiful daughter of a blacksmith of
Raichur .
 DEVARAYA II
Greatest of Sangama Dynasty . Also called as Paruda Devaraya .
Expert in hunting elephants , got title Gaja Betakara .
Built Temple : Hazara Rama

1. Persian ambassador Abdur Razzaq and Italian traveller Nicholo Conti visited Hampi during this time .
2. Abdur Razzaq was highly impressed by the fortifications as it encircled agricultutal lands and forests
as well .
3. Devraya II employed Muslims to train Cavalry , respected holy Quran and built a mosque at Hampi .
4. He wrote : MAHA NATAKA SUDHANIDHI
5. Conducted literary council : MUTYALASALA
6. He gave title Emperor of Poets : Kavi Sarva Bhauma to Telgu poet SRINATH .
Saluva Dynasty

Founded by Saluva Narashima , the chief commander .

He patronised Tallapaka Annamacharya , who composed maximum number of
Kirtans in world literature .

Mahanavmi Dibba
Tuluva Dynasty
Founded by Tuluva Narasa

KRISHNA DEVARAYA
Greatest in history of Vijayanagra .
1. Restored Sultan Muhammad Shah to throne in Bedar , took title YAVANA RAJYA
SATHPNACHARYA .
2. His other titles were DAKSHIN DESHADEESHWAR , MURURAYA GANDA
3. In 1510 , signed a treaty with Albequerque . Portuguese to provide horses , saltpeter and
train Vijayanagra artilery in return of territory of Goa ( under Bijapuri sultan )
4. 1520 , he captured Raichur Fort from Bijapuri Sultan Ismail Adil Khan in Battle of Raichur.
5. He wrote AMUKTA MALYADA , one of panch mahakavyas of Telugu literature . It deals
with statecraft . ( PYQ )
6. Portuguese traveller Domingo Paes visited during his time .
7. In Sanskrit he wrote JAMBAVATI PARINAYAM , USHA PARINAYAM , SATYAVADHU PARINAYAM
, MADALASA CHARITRA , SAKALAKATHA SARAM .
8. Conducted literary assembly called Bhuvanuijayam , nd patronised ASTHADIGGAS .
Greatest of them was Allasani Peddana , who wrote MANU CHARITA
9. Because of his patronage of literature , Krishna Devaraya was called ANDHRABHOJA
10. He built PADMA MAHAL , VITTHALSWAMI TEMPLE in hampi .
Tallikota Battle , 1565

( Rakasi Thangadi Battle / Bannihathi Battle )

This battle ended the glory of Vijayanagra empire

It was due to ‘ divide and rule’ policy of AliyaRamrai against Bahamani Sultans .
In this battle all 4 confideracies participated except Berar .
Aliya was killed and city Hampi was destroyed .
 BAHAMANI EMPIRE

Founded in 1346

When chief tax collectors of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq revolted under leadership of Ismail Mukh
at Devagirior Daulatabad .
He took the title Sultan Allaudin Hasan Bahaman Gangu . He was brought up a Brahmin named
Gangu
1st capital : GULBARGA
2nd capital : BIDAR

Mohammad Shah I
Called as 2nd Aristotle for his interest in natural sciences .

Ahmed Shah I
Shifted capital from Gulbarga to Bidar .
The native muslims were called Deccanis .
Mohammad Shah III
Was greatest of Bahamani Empire .
Mohammad Gawan was his popular prime minister
1. He expanded Bahamani empire from 4 provinces to 8 known as TARAF
2. Revenue reforms of Gawan became the basis for Raja Todarmal’s revenue policy under Akbar
3. Was hanged at Kodapalli due to conspiracy of Deccanis .
Bahamani Confideracy

Consisted of 4 states
Bijapur
Bidar
Berar
Ahmednagar

Golconda was last state that became independent

in 1518 , before it , it was part of Bidar .
With Golconda , there became 5 states .
BIJAPUR
Ruled by Adil Shahi Dynasty .
Founded by Adil Khan .
Of the 5 ststea it was the straongest and largest .
Ibrahim Adil Shah was the greatest , known as JAGAT GURU for his secular outlook .
Conquered by Aurangzeb in 1656 , when Shah Jahan was ruler . Finally made part of Mughal
empire in 1686 by Aurangzeb

BIDAR
Ruled by Barid Shahi dynasty .
Founded by Khasim Barid .
Golconda was the part of Bidar .
BERAR
Ruled by Imad Shahi Dynasty .
Founded by Imad-ul-Mulk .
Was smallest and weakest .
Didn’t participate in Battle of Tallikota 1565 .
Finally became part of Bijapur .

AHMADNAGAR
Ruled by Nizam Shahi Dynasty .
Rani Chandbibi was the most popular women ruler of Ahmadnagar .
It was 1st state conquered by Mughals
In 1601 , Abul Fazal sent by Akbar defeated Chandbibi .
GOLCONDA
Ruled by Qutub Shahi Dynasty .
Founded by Quli Qutub Shah , popularly known as Bade Malik .
He built Charminar and Mcca Masjid in Hyderabad .
Abdul Hasan Tanisha , the last , defeated by Aurangzeb in 1687 , became last state to be
occupied by Mughals