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ALD KELLER
 •
e l e ve nth e dition
volu m e 2

AMERICA
A Narrative History

David Emory Shi

n
W. W. NORTON & COMPANY, INC.
New York • London

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 W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923,
when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published
lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of
New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond
the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and
abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing
program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the
1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees,
and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade,
college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton &
Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by
its employees.

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004, 1999, 1996, 1992, 1988, 1984
by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

All rights reserved

Printed in Canada

Editor: Jon Durbin

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Cover image: Building the Manhattan Bridge. Oil on canvas by Gerrit A. Beneker,
1909. 36 x 24. Granger, All rights reserved.

Permission to use copyrighted material is included on page A157.

The Library of Congress has cataloged the Full, One-Volume, Edition as

follows:

Names: Shi, David Emory, author.

Title: America : a narrative history / David Emory Shi.
Description: Eleventh edition. | New York : W. W. Norton & Company, 2019. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018046039 | ISBN 9780393689693 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: United States—History—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC E178.1 .T55 2019 | DDC 973—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2018046039

ISBN this edition: 978-0393-66894-0

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

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 FOR
GEORGE B. TINDALL (1921–2006)
HISTORIAN, COLLEAGUE, FRIEND

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 DAVID EMORY SHI is a professor of history and the
president emeritus of Furman University. He also
taught for seventeen years at Davidson College,
where he chaired the history department, served as
the Frontis Johnson Professor of History, and won the
Distinguished Teaching Award. He is the author of
several books on American cultural history, including
the award-winning The Simple Life: Plain Living and
High Thinking in American Culture, Facing Facts:
Realism in American Thought and Culture, 1850–1920,
and The Bell Tower and Beyond: Reflections on Learning
and Living.

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 CONTENTS

List of Maps • ix
Preface • xi
Acknowledgments • xxi

16 
T he Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877  728
The War’s Aftermath in the South 730 • Debates over Political
Reconstruction 732 • Black Society under Reconstruction 747 • The Grant
Administration 757 • Reconstruction’s Significance 773

PART FIVE GROWING PAINS 777

17 
Business and Labor in the Industrial Era,
1860–1900  780
Industrial and Agricultural Growth 782 • The Rise of Big Business 794 •
The Alliance of Business and Politics 802 • An Industrial Society 805

18 
T he New South and the New West,
1865–1900  832
The Myth of the New South 834 • The Failings of the New South 837 • Race
Relations during the 1890s 840 • The Settling of the New West 850 • Life in
the New West 857 • The Fate of Western Indians 864 • The End of the
Frontier 875

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 vi  Contents

19 Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt,

1865–1900  880
Urban America 881 • The New Immigration 885 • Cultural Life 890 •
Gilded Age Politics 897 • Hayes to Harrison 901 • Hayes and Civil Service
Reform 901 • Farmers and the “Money Problem” 913

PART SIX MODERN AMERICA 931

20 Seizing an American Empire,

1865–1913  934
Toward the New Imperialism 936 • Expansion in the Pacific 938 •
The Spanish-American War (The War of 1898) 940 • Consequences of
Victory 949 • Roosevelt’s “Big-Stick” Diplomacy 958

21 The Progressive Era, 1890–1920  972

The Progressive Impulse 974 • The Sources of Progressivism 975 •
Progressives’ Aims and Achievements 983 • Progressivism under Roosevelt
and Taft 991 • Woodrow Wilson: A Progressive Southerner 1005

22 America and the Great War, 1914–1920  1020

An Uneasy Neutrality 1022 • Mobilizing a Nation 1037 • The American Role
in the War 1046 • The Politics of Peace 1055 • Stumbling from War to
Peace 1064

23 A Clash of Cultures, 1920–1929  1074

The Nation in 1920 1077 • The “Jazz Age” 1089 • The Modernist Revolt 1103

24 The Reactionary Twenties  1114

Reactionary Conservatism and Immigration Restriction 1116 • A Republican
Resurgence 1129 • 1929—A Turning Point 1149 • The Onset of the Great
Depression 1149 • The Human Toll of the Depression 1153 • From Hooverism
to the New Deal 1158

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 Contents    vii

25 The New Deal, 1933–1939  1166

Roosevelt’s New Deal 1168 • The New Deal under Fire 1184 • The Second New
Deal 1196

26 The Second World War, 1933–1945  1208

The Rise of Fascism in Europe 1210 • From Isolationism to
Intervention 1213 • Arsenal of Democracy 1230 • The Allied Drive toward
Berlin 1242 • The Pacific War 1258 • A New Age Is Born 1265

PART SEVEN THE AMERICAN AGE 1271

27 The Cold War and the Fair Deal, 1945–1952  1274

Truman and the Cold War 1276 • The Containment Policy 1279 • Expanding
the New Deal 1287 • The Cold War Heats Up 1301 • Another Red Scare 1309

28 America in the Fifties  1318

Moderate Republicanism 1320 • A People of Plenty 1325 • Cracks in the
Picture Window 1336 • The Civil Rights Movement 1342 • Foreign Policy in
the Fifties 1351

29 
A New Frontier and a Great Society,
1960–1968  1368
The New Frontier 1370 • Civil Rights Triumphant 1384 • The Great
Society 1400 • The Tragedy of Vietnam 1411 • The Turmoil of the Sixties 1417

30 Rebellion and Reaction, 1960s and 1970s  1424

“Forever Young”: The Youth Revolt 1426 • Social Activism Spreads 1437 •
Nixon and the Revival of Conservatism 1451 • “Peace with Honor”: Ending
the Vietnam War 1459 • The Nixon Doctrine and a Thawing Cold War 1467 •
Watergate 1470

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 viii  Contents

31 Conservative Revival, 1977–1990  1482

The Carter Presidency 1484 • The Rise of Ronald Reagan 1492 • The Reagan
Revolution 1496 • An Anti-Soviet Foreign Policy 1502 • The Changing
Economic and Social Landscape 1509 • The Presidency of George H. W.
Bush 1514

32 
Twenty-First-Century America,
1993–Present  1528
America’s Changing Population 1530 • The Clinton Presidency (1993–2001) 1531 •
A Chaotic Start to a New Century 1542 • Second-Term Blues 1553 •
A Historic New Presidency 1557 • The “Angry” 2016 Election 1578 •
A Populist President 1587 • The 100-Day Mark 1594

Glossary  A1

Appendix  A69

Further Readings  A133

Credits  A155

Index  A161

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 MAPS

Reconstruction, 1865–1877 755

The Election of 1876 770
Transcontinental Railroad Lines, 1880s 793
Sharecropping and Tenancy, 1880–1900 839
The New West 852–853
Indian Wars 874
The Emergence of Large Cities, 1880 883
The Emergence of Large Cities, 1920 887
The Election of 1896 926
The Spanish-American War in the Pacific (The War of 1898) 944
The Spanish-American War in the Caribbean (The War of 1898) 948
U.S. Interests in the Pacific 954
U.S. Interests in the Caribbean 963
Women’s Suffrage, 1869–1914 982
The Election of 1912 1007
The Great War in Europe, 1914 1024
The Great War, the Western Front, 1918 1054
Europe after the Treaty of Versailles, 1918 1061
The Tennessee Valley Authority 1180
Aggression in Europe, 1935–1939 1219
World War II Military Alliances, 1942 1226
Japanese Expansion before the Attack on Pearl Harbor 1228
World War II in Europe and Africa, 1942–1945 1250
World War II in the Pacific, 1942–1945 1261
The Occupation of Germany and Austria 1285
The Election of 1948 1299
The Korean War, 1950 and 1950–1953 1306
The Election of 1952 1322

ix

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 x  Maps

Postwar Alliances: The Far East 1357

Postwar Alliances: Europe, North Africa, the Middle East 1361
The Election of 1960 1373
Vietnam, 1966 1413
The Election of 1968 1421
The Election of 1980 1497
The Election of 1988 1518
The Election of 2000 1543
The Election of 2004 1553
The Election of 2008 1559
The Election of 2016 1586

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 PREFACE

T
his Eleventh Edition of America: A Narrative History improves upon
a textbook celebrated for its compelling narrative history of the
American experience. Over the past thirty years, I have sought to
write an engaging book centered on political and economic devel-
opments animated by colorful characters, informed by balanced analysis and
social texture, and guided by the unfolding of key events. Those classic prin-
ciples, combined with a handy size and low price, have helped make America:
A Narrative History one of the most popular and well-respected textbooks in
the field.
This Eleventh Edition of America features important changes designed to
make the text more teachable and classroom friendly. The overarching theme
of the new edition is the importance of immigration to the American
experience. Since 1776, the United States has taken in more people from
more nations than any other country in the world. By welcoming newcomers,
America has enriched its economy, diversified its people and culture, and
testified to the appeal of a democracy committed to equal opportunity and
equal treatment. Writer Vivian Gornick, the daughter of Russian Jewish
immigrants, cherished the ethnic mosaic of her childhood New York City
neighborhood: “The ‘otherness’ of the Italians or the Irish or the Jews among
us lent spice and interest, a sense of definition, an exciting edge to things that
was openly feared but secretly welcomed.” At times, however, the nation’s
Open Door policy has also generated tension, criticism, prejudice, and even
violence. Those concerned about immigration, past and present, have
complained about open borders and called into question the nation’s ability
to serve as the world’s “melting pot.” The shifting attitudes and policies
regarding immigration have testified to the continuing debate over the merits
of newcomers. Immigration remains one of the nation’s most cherished yet
contested values, and as such it deserves fresh emphasis in textbooks and
classrooms.
While an introductory textbook must necessarily focus on major political,
constitutional, diplomatic, economic, and social changes, it is also essential that
xi

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 xii  Preface

it convey how ordinary people managed everyday concerns—housing, jobs,

food, recreation, religion, and entertainment—and surmounted exceptional
challenges—depressions, wars, and racial injustice.
I have continued to enrich the political narrative by incorporating more
social and cultural history into this new edition. The text has been updated to
include the following key new discussions:

• Chapter 1 “The Collision of Cultures” highlights President John F.

Kennedy’s emphasis on the United States as “a nation of immigrants,” and
revised assessments of Christopher Columbus’s roles as colonial governor,
ship captain, and slave trader.
• Chapter 2 “England’s Colonies” includes expanded coverage of the
various factors that led Europeans to relocate to the American colonies,
new discussion of the varied fates of British convicts and others who were
sent involuntarily to America, the experience of indentured servants, and
expanded focus on Chief Powhatan and his response to English colonists
who were determined to “invade my people.”
• Chapter 3 “Colonial Ways of Life” features fresh insights into nativism
and xenophobic sentiment toward German immigrants in the American
colonies, including anti-immigrant comments from Benjamin Franklin in
Pennsylvania; and discussion of the plight of immigrant women who
worked in Virginia’s textile factories.
• Chapter 4 “From Colonies to States” includes new assessment of the
small, but distinctive French immigration to North America before 1750;
new focus on the massive surge in immigration and slave imports after
the French and Indian War; and, new treatments of the first
Revolutionary battles.
• Chapter 5 “The American Revolution” features new discussion of the
system of enslaved labor during the War of Independence, the
discriminatory legal status of African Americans, and British
characterizations of American colonies as the “land of the free and the
land of the slave.” There is also a profile of Thomas Jeremiah, a South
Carolina “boatman” whom colonial authorities executed after he alerted
enslaved blacks that British soldiers were coming to “help the poor
Negroes.” The chapter also includes a new photo depicting free black
soldiers fighting in the Revolution.
• Chapter 6 “Strengthening the New Nation” expands discussion of the
delegates to the Constitutional Convention and their involvement with
slavery; features debates over immigration in the new nation, offers new
perspective on Alexander Hamilton’s development as an immigrant to the

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 Preface  xiii

United States. It includes new photos of the uniform Rule of

Naturalization in 1790, southern writer Eliza Yonge Wilkinson, and
women’s activist Judith Sargent Murray.
• Chapter 7 “The Early Republic” includes expanded treatment of the Lewis
and Clark expedition, of the strategic significance of the Louisiana
Purchase, and the legacy of the War of 1812. It also features new coverage
of Thomas Jefferson’s writings on race and frank discussion of his sexual
relationship with slave Sally Hemings; includes new photos of a Sacagawea
dollar and an anti-Jefferson cartoon.
• Chapter 8 “The Emergence of a Market Economy” includes new
discussions on anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiments during the first
half of the nineteenth century, the changing dynamics among immigrants
of different nationalities, and the challenges immigrant workers faced in
forming unions. New photos that depict symbols of organized labor and
of Irish immigration have been added.
• Chapter 9 “Nationalism and Sectionalism” features a revised profile of
John Quincy Adams and fresh coverage of Henry Clay.
• Chapter 10 “The Jacksonian Era” includes expanded coverage of Andrew
Jackson’s Indian Removal policy, the Deposit and Distribution Act, the
Specie Circular, and the Eaton Affair—including a new image of Peggy
Eaton.
• Chapter 11 “The South, Slavery, and King Cotton” highlights the
changing dynamics between slave labor and immigrant labor in the Old
South, new coverage of sexual violence upon female slaves in the New
Orleans slave trade and other regions, and a new photo depicting the
vitality of African American religion.
• Chapter 12 “Religion, Romanticism, and Reform” includes revised
discussions of religious awakenings, Mormonism, and transcendentalism,
with expanded focus on transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau and
Christian revivalist Peter Cartwright. The chapter also features social
developments in women’s rights and the transition from gradualism to
abolitionism among those opposed to slavery.
• Chapter 13 “Western Expansion” includes a new biographical sketch of
John A. Sutter, the Swiss settler who founded a colony of European
emigrants in California and created a wilderness empire centered on the
gold rush. It also contains expanded content on Irish and German
immigrants in the Saint Patrick’s Battalion in the Mexican army. The
chapter also reveals the development of John C. Calhoun’s race-based
ideology following the Texas Revolution and includes a new photograph
of the Donner party.

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 xiv  Preface

• Chapter 14 “The Gathering Storm” features new discussion of the

California gold rush’s impact on the Native American population,
new biographical material on Presidents James Buchanan and
Abraham Lincoln, and expanded coverage of the Lincoln-Douglas
debates.
• Chapter 15 “The War of the Union” discusses the substantial immigrant
participation in the Civil War, features a new biographical sketch and
photo of Private Lyons Wakeman—a young woman who disguised herself
as a man in order to fight in the Union army. Also added is new
discussion of African American rebellions in the South.
• Chapter 16 “The Era of Reconstruction” explains changing immigration
policy in the context of the Naturalization Act of 1870; offers new
treatments of Indian policies, Congressional Reconstruction, and the
legacies of Reconstruction.
• Chapter 17 “Business and Labor in the Industrial Era” includes broader
discussion of immigrant women, the contributions of inventors like
Croatian immigrant Nikola Tesla, and examines the relationship between
immigration—especially Chinese immigration—and the railroad boom
beginning in the 1860s. Increased discussion of immigrants and the
settlement house movement, union organizers such as Eugene Debs, and
textile mill and factory strikers.
• Chapter 18 “The New South and the New West” expands explanation of
the spread of institutional racial segregation and of the emergence of the
southern tobacco industry after the Civil War.
• Chapter 19 “Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt” includes new photos of
Charles Guiteau, who assassinated President James Garfield, and of the
unemployed protesters who marched in Coxey’s Army protesting the
recession of the late nineteenth century.
• Chapter 20 “Seizing an American Empire” includes expanded content and
a new photo regarding Japanese immigration to the United States.
• Chapter 21 “The Progressive Era” features increased discussion of the
social gospel movement and the women’s suffrage movement, new
biographical material on Presidents Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson, and
expanded focus on the racial biases of the Wilson administration.
• Chapter 22 “America and the Great War” includes expanded coverage of
immigrants, including Italian American Tony Monanco, who fought in
World War I; new coverage of Woodrow Wilson’s prosecution of
immigrants who spread the poison of disloyalty during the war;
nativism’s ties to racism and eugenics; and increased discussion about
the Palmer raids.

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 Preface  xv

• Chapter 23 “A Clash of Cultures” includes new discussion of flappers, the

sexual revolution, and the new woman; revised treatments of Albert
Einstein, scientific developments, and the impact of the radio; and, fresh
insights into Ernest Hemingway and the “Lost Generation.”
• Chapter 24 “The Reactionary Twenties” expands discussion of
reactionary conservatism and restrictive immigration policies; extends
content on the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, prohibition, racial
progressivism, and President Herbert Hoover’s financial and social
policies. There are new photos depicting the Johnson-Reed Act, Hoover’s
“Keep Smiling” slogan, and the Bonus Army.
• Chapter 25 “The New Deal” features expanded coverage of the New Deal’s
impact on women and Native Americans; there is new material on President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s relationship with his wife Eleanor Roosevelt.
• Chapter 26 “The Second World War” includes expanded coverage of
social and racial prejudice against African Americans and Japanese
Americans; features a new discussion of army enlistment after the attack
on Pearl Harbor; and new photos depicting the Battle of the Bulge and
A. Philip Randolph.
• Chapter 27 “The Cold War and the Fair Deal” includes discussion of the
Immigration and Nationality (McCarran-Walter) Act of 1952 within
the contexts of the Red Scare and McCarthyism.
• Chapter 28 “America in the Fifties” highlights the emergence of a “car
culture,” expanded discussion of the communist politics of Cuba, and
bolstered coverage regarding Elizabeth Eckford, the student who
attempted to enter Little Rock High School in Arkansas after the
desegregation of public schools.
• Chapter 29 “A New Frontier and a Great Society” includes fresh coverage
of the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, of the Logan Act
regarding communication with foreign governments, and of U.S.
Attorney General Robert Kennedy. It also features new set pieces
highlighting the work of organizers Audre Lorde and Angela Davis, both
of whom were involved with the Black Panther party.
• Chapter 30 “Rebellion and Reaction” features new discussions on the
founding of the United Farm Workers and the organizing efforts of
Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez, including Chavez’s twenty-five-day
hunger strike in 1968 and the pathbreaking worker’s rights negotiations
with grape growers in the 1970s. It also includes a new set piece
spotlighting feminist pioneer and Ms. magazine founder Gloria Steinem,
and another covering clinical psychology professor Timothy Leary’s
crusade on behalf of psychedelic drugs.

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 xvi  Preface

• Chapter 31 “Conservative Revival” includes expanded discussion of the

Carter administration, new coverage of the Immigration Act of 1990,
and revised treatment of George H. W. Bush’s presidency.
• Chapter 32 “Twenty-First-Century America” includes new coverage and
photos of the Black Lives Matter movement, the 2016 election, and the
Me Too movement. New Trump administration coverage includes the
efforts to restrict immigration and movement (travel ban, family
separation, and increased border security); the proposed ban of
transgender service members; and Supreme Court appointments.

In addition, I have incorporated throughout this edition fresh insights from

important new books and articles covering many significant topics. Whether
you consider yourself a political, social, cultural, or economic historian,
you’ll find new material to consider and share with your students.
As part of making the new editions even more teachable and classroom
friendly, the new Eleventh Edition of America: A Narrative History also
makes history an immersive experience through its innovative pedagogy and
digital resources. Norton InQuizitive for History—W. W. Norton’s
groundbreaking, formative, and adaptive new learning program—enables
both students and instructors to assess learning progress at the individual
and classroom level. The Norton Coursepack provides an array of support
materials—free to instructors—who adopt the text for integration into their
local learning-management system. The Norton Coursepack includes
valuable assessment and skill-building activities like new primary source
exercises, review quizzes, and interactive map resources. In addition, we’ve
created new Chapter Overview videos that give students a visual introduction
to the key themes and historical developments they will encounter in each
chapter (see pages xvi–xx for information about student and instructor
resources).

Media Resources for Instructors

and Students
America’s new student resources are designed to develop more-discriminating
readers, guiding students through the narrative while simultaneously
developing their critical thinking and history skills.
The comprehensive ancillary package features a groundbreaking new
formative and adaptive learning system, as well as innovative interactive

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 Preface  xvii

resources, including maps and primary sources, all designed to help students
master the Focus Questions in each chapter and continue to nurture their
work as historians. W. W. Norton is unique in partnering to develop these
resources exclusively with subject-matter experts who teach the course. As a
result, instructors have all the course materials needed to manage their U.S.
history survey class, whether they are teaching face-to-face, online, or in a
hybrid setting.

New! History Skills Tutorials

With the Eleventh Edition we’ve expanded our digital resources to include a
new series of tutorials to build students’ critical analysis skills. The History
Skills Tutorials combine video and interactive assessments to teach students
how to analyze documents, images, and maps. By utilizing a three-step
process, students learn a framework for analysis through videos featuring
David Shi; then are challenged to apply what they have learned through a
series of interactive assessments. The History Skills Tutorials can be assigned
at the beginning of the semester to prepare students for analysis of the sources
in the textbook and beyond, or they can be integrated as remediation tools
throughout the semester.

New! Chapter Overview Videos

New Chapter Overview Videos, featuring author David Shi, combine images
and primary sources to provide visual introduction to the key themes and
historical developments students will encounter in each chapter. These are in
addition to the Author Videos in which David Shi explains essential
developments and difficult concepts, with available closed captioning.

Norton InQuizitive for History

This groundbreaking formative, adaptive learning tool improves student
understanding of the Focus Questions in each chapter. Students receive
personalized quiz questions on the topics with which they need the most
help. Questions range from vocabulary and concepts to interactive maps and
primary sources that challenge students to begin developing the skills
necessary to do the work of a historian. Engaging game-like elements
motivate students as they learn. As a result, students come to class better
prepared to participate in discussions and activities.

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 xviii  Preface

Student Site
Free and open to all students, the Student Site includes additional resources
and tools.
• Author Videos: These segments include the NEW! Chapter Overview
Videos and feature David Shi discussing essential developments and
difficult concepts from the book.
• Online Reader: This resource offers a collection of primary source
documents and images for use in assignments and activities.
• iMaps: Interactive maps allow students to view layers of information on
each map with accompanying printable Map Worksheets for offline
labeling.

Norton Ebooks
Norton Ebooks give students and instructors an enhanced reading experience
at a fraction of the cost of a print textbook. Students are able to have an active
reading experience and can take notes, bookmark, search, highlight, and
even read offline. As an instructor, you can add your own notes for students
to see as they read the text. Norton Ebooks can be viewed on—and synced
between—all computers and mobile devices. The ebook for the Eleventh
Edition includes imbedded Author Videos, including the new Chapter
Overview Videos; pop-up key term definitions; and enlargeable images and
maps.

Norton LMS Resources

Easily add high quality Norton digital media to your online, hybrid, or lecture
course—all at no cost. Norton Coursepacks work within your existing
learning-management system; there’s no new system to learn, and access is
free and easy. Content is customizable and includes:
• Author Videos: These segments include the NEW! Chapter Overview
Videos and illuminate key events, developments, and concepts in each
chapter by bringing the narrative to life with additional context and
anecdotes.
• Primary Source Exercises: These activities feature primary sources with
multiple-choice and short-response questions to encourage close reading
and analysis.

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 Preface  xix

• iMaps: These interactive tools challenge students to better understand

the nature of change over time by allowing them to explore the
different layers of maps from the book. Follow-up map worksheets help
build geography skills by allowing students to test their knowledge by
labeling.
• Review Quizzes: Multiple-choice and true/false questions allow
students to test their knowledge of the chapter content and then identify
where they need to focus their attention to better understand difficult
concepts.
• Online Reader: This resource includes about 1,000 additional
primary sources (textual and visual). These are also available
grouped by Research Topic for further investigation and writing
assignments.
• Flashcards: This tool aligns key terms and events with brief descriptions
and definitions.
• Forum Prompts: Three to five suggested topics per chapter offer
additional opportunities for class discussion.

Instructor’s Manual
The Instructor’s Manual for America: A Narrative History, Eleventh Edition, is
designed to help instructors prepare lectures. It contains chapter summaries;
chapter outlines; lecture ideas; in-class activities; discussion questions; and a
NEW! Quality Matters correlation guide.

Test Bank
The Test Bank contains over 2,000 multiple-choice, true/false, and essay
questions. The questions are aligned with the chapter’s Focus Questions and
classified according to level of difficulty, and Bloom’s Taxonomy, offering
multiple avenues for content and skill assessment. All Norton Test Banks are
available with ExamView Test Generator software, allowing instructors to
easily create, administer, and manage assessments.

Classroom Presentation Tools

• Lecture PowerPoint Slides: These ready-made presentations feature
images and maps from the book as well as bullet points to encourage
student comprehension and engagement.

usahistoryfull11_ch00_fmvol2_i-xxv.indd 19 17/10/18 12:40 PM

 xx  Preface

• Image Files: All images and maps from the book are available separately
in JPEG and PowerPoint format for instructor use.
• Norton American History Digital Archive: The archive includes over
1,700 images, audio and video files that are arranged chronologically and
by theme.

Primary Source Readers to Accompany

America: A Narrative History
• NEW! Seventh Edition of For the Record: A Documentary History of
America, by David E. Shi and Holly A. Mayer (Duquesne University), is
the perfect companion reader for America: A Narrative History. For the
Record now features 268 primary-source readings from diaries, journals,
newspaper articles, speeches, government documents, and novels,
including several readings that highlight the substantially updated theme
of immigration history in this new edition of America. If you haven’t
scanned For the Record in a while, now would be a good time to take
a look.
• Norton Mix: American History enables instructors to build their own
custom reader from a database of nearly 300 primary- and
secondary-source selections. The custom readings can be packaged as a
standalone reader or integrated with chapters from America into a custom
textbook.

usahistoryfull11_ch00_fmvol2_i-xxv.indd 20 17/10/18 12:40 PM

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T
his Eleventh Edition of America: A Narrative History has been a team
effort. Several professors who have become specialists in teaching
the introductory survey course helped create the Test Bank, instruc-
tor resources, and interactive media:

David Cameron, Lone Star College– Maryellen Harman, North Central

University Park Missouri College
Brian Cervantez, Tarrant County David Marsich, Germanna
College–Northwest Campus Community College
Manar Elkhaldi, University of Lise Namikas, Baton Rouge
Central Florida Community College
Christina Gold, El Camino Matthew Zembo, Hudson Valley
College Community College

The quality and range of the professorial reviews on this project were truly
exceptional. The book and its accompanying media components were greatly
influenced by the suggestions provided by the following instructors:

Milan Andrejevich, Ivy Tech Sharon J. Burnham, John Tyler

College–South Bend Community College
Carol A. Bielke, San Antonio Michael Collins, Texas State
Independent School District University
April Birchfield, Asheville- Scott Cook, Motlow State
Buncombe Technical Community College
Community College Carrie Coston, Blinn College
Howard Bodner, Houston Nicholas P. Cox, Houston
Community College Community College
Matt Brent, Rappahannock Tyler Craddock, J. Sargeant
Community College Reynolds Community College

xxi

usahistoryfull11_ch00_fmvol2_i-xxv.indd 21 17/10/18 12:40 PM

 xxii  Acknowledgments

Carl E. Creasman Jr., Valencia Jennifer Lang, Delgado Community

College College
Stephen K. Davis, Texas State Nina McCune, Baton Rouge
University Community College
Frank De La O, Midland College Richard Randall Moore,
Jim Dudlo, Brookhaven College Metropolitan Community
Robert Glen Findley, Odessa College College–Longview
Brandon Franke, Blinn College Ken S. Mueller, Ivy Tech College–
Chad Garick, Jones County Junior Lafayette
College Lise Namikas, Colorado State
Christopher Gerdes, Lone Star University–Global
College–Kingwood and CyFair Brice E. Olivier, Temple College
Mark S. Goldman, Tallahassee Candice Pulkowski, The Art
Community College Institutes
Abbie Grubb, San Jacinto College— Shane Puryear, Lone Star College–
South Campus Greenspoint and Victory Centers
Devethia Guillory, Lone Star Carey Roberts, Liberty University
College–North Harris John Schmitz, Northern Virginia
Jennifer Heth, Tarrant County Community College–Annandale
College–South Campus Greg Shealy, University of
Justin Hoggard, Three Rivers Wisconsin–Madison
College Thomas Summerhill, Michigan
Andrew G. Hollinger, Tarrant State University
County College Scott M. Williams, Weatherford
David P. Hopkins Jr., Midland College
College Christopher Thomas, J. Sargeant
Justin Horton, Thomas Nelson Reynolds Community College
Community College Laura Matysek Wood, Tarrant
Theresa R. Jach, Houston County College–Northwest
Community College Crystal R. M. Wright, North
Robert Jason Kelly, Holmes Central Texas College
Community College

As always, my colleagues at W. W. Norton shared with me their dedicated

expertise and their poise amid tight deadlines, especially Jon Durbin, Melissa
Atkin, Lily Gellman, Carson Russell, Sarah Rose Aquilina, Ben Reynolds,
Sarah England Bartley, Hope Goodell Miller, Travis Carr, and Marne Evans.
In addition, Jim Stewart, a patient friend and consummate editor, helped
winnow my wordiness.

usahistoryfull11_ch00_fmvol2_i-xxv.indd 22 17/10/18 12:40 PM

 Acknowledgments  xxiii

Finally, I have dedicated this Eleventh Edition of America to George

B. Tindall, my friend and co-author, who until his death in 2006, shared his
wisdom, knowledge, wit, and humor with me. Although few of his words
remain in this book, his spirit continues to animate its pages.

usahistoryfull11_ch00_fmvol2_i-xxv.indd 23 17/10/18 12:40 PM

usahistoryfull11_ch00_fmvol2_i-xxv.indd 24 17/10/18 12:40 PM
 AMERICA

usahistoryfull11_ch00_fmvol2_i-xxv.indd 25 17/10/18 12:40 PM

 16 The Era of
Reconstruction
1865–1877

A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) This powerful painting by Winslow Homer
depicts a plantation mistress visiting her former slaves in the postwar South. Although
their living conditions are humble, these freedwomen stand firmly and ­eye-​­to-​­eye with
the woman who had kept them in bondage.

usahistoryfull11_ch16_728-776.indd 728 08/10/18 10:25 PM

 I
n the spring of 1865, the terrible conflict was finally over. The war to
restore the Union transformed American life. The United States was a
“new nation,” said an Illinois congressman, because it was now “wholly
free.” At a cost of some 750,000 lives and the destruction of the southern
economy, the Union had won the war, and almost 4 million enslaved Ameri-
cans had seized their freedom. But the end of slavery did not bring the end of
racism, nor did it bring equality to people of color.
The defeated Confederates had seen their world turned upside down. The
abolition of slavery, the disruptions to the southern economy, and the horri-
fying human losses had destroyed the plantation system and upended racial
relations in the South. “Change, change, indelibly stamped upon everything I
meet, even upon the faces of the people!” marveled Alexander Stephens, vice
president of the Confederacy. His native region now had to come to terms
with a new era and a new order as the U.S. government set about “reconstruct-
ing” the South and policing defiant ­ex-​­Confederates. Diarist Mary Chesnut
expressed the angry frustration felt by the southern white elite when she
wished that “they were all ­dead—​­all Yankees!”
Freed slaves felt just the opposite. Yankees were their saviors. The ratifica-
tion of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in December 1865
ended all doubt about the status of former slaves by abolishing slavery every-
where. No longer would enslaved workers be sold and separated from their
families or prevented from learning to read and write or attending church.
“I felt like a bird out of a cage,” said former slave Houston Holloway of Geor-
gia, who had been sold to three different owners during his first twenty years.
“Amen. Amen. Amen. I could hardly ask to feel any better than I did that day.”
Few owners, however, willingly freed their slaves until forced to by the
arrival of Union soldiers. A North Carolina planter pledged that he and other

focus questions
1. What major challenges did the federal government face in
reconstructing the South?
2. How and why did Reconstruction policies change over time?
3. In what ways did white and black Southerners react to Reconstruction?
4. What were the political and economic factors that helped end
Reconstruction in 1877?
5. What was the significance of Reconstruction on the nation’s future?

729

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 730  CHAPTER 16  The Era of Reconstruction 1865–1877

whites “will never get along with the free negroes” because they were an “infe-
rior race.” Similarly, a Mississippi planter predicted that “these niggers will all
be slaves again in twelve months.” When a South Carolina white man caught
an enslaved mother and her children running toward freedom, he “drew his
­bowie-​­knife and cut her throat; also the throat of her boy, nine years old; also
the throat of her girl, seven years of age; threw their bodies into the river, and
the live baby after them.”
Such brutal incidents illuminate the extraordinary challenges the nation
faced in “reconstructing” and reuniting a ravaged and resentful South while
helping to transform ­ex-​­slaves into free workers and equal citizens. It would
not be easy. Rebels had been conquered, but they were far from being loyal
Unionists.
Although the Reconstruction era lasted only twelve years, from 1865 to
1877, it was one of the most challenging and significant periods in U.S. history.
At the center of the debate over how best to restore the Union were questions
of continuing significance: Who is deserving of citizenship and what does it
entail? What rights should all Americans enjoy? What role should the federal
government play in ensuring freedom and equality? Those questions are still
shaping American life nearly 150 years later.

The War’s Aftermath in the South

In the spring of 1865, Southerners were emotionally exhausted; a fifth of
southern white males had died in the war; many others had been maimed
for life. In 1866, Mississippi spent 20 percent of the state’s budget on artificial
limbs for Confederate veterans.
Property values had collapsed. In the year after the war ended, e­ ighty-​­one
plantations in Mississippi were sold for less than a tenth of what they had been
worth in 1860. Confederate money was worthless; personal savings had van-
ished; tens of thousands of horses and mules had been killed in the fighting;
and countless farm buildings and agricultural equipment had been destroyed.
Many of the largest southern ­cities—​­Richmond, Atlanta, ­Columbia—​­were
devastated. Most railroads and many bridges were damaged or destroyed, and
Southerners, white and black, were homeless and hungry. Along the path that
General William Tecumseh Sherman’s Union army had blazed across Georgia
and the Carolinas, one observer reported in 1866, the countryside “looked
for many miles like a broad black streak of ruin and desolation.” ­Burned-​­out
Columbia, South Carolina, said another witness, was “a wilderness of ruins”;
Charleston, the birthplace of secession, had become a place of “vacant houses,

usahistoryfull11_ch16_728-776.indd 730 08/10/18 10:25 PM

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