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Archith Boloor
MBBS MD (Internal Medicine)
Associate Professor
Department of Medicine
Kasturba Medical College
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
[email protected]
Anudeep Padakanti
MBBS MD (Internal Medicine)
Department of Medicine
Kasturba Medical College
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
[email protected]
Foreword
Chakrapani M
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An Insider’s Guide to Clinical Medicine
First Edition: 2020
ISBN 978-93-89587-87-6
Printed at
In fond memory of
Dr Sitamahalakshmi
Foreword
Chakrapani M MD
Professor
Department of Medicine
Formerly, Head and Associate Dean
Kasturba Medical College
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
[email protected]
Preface
The clock had struck a solid 1:30 PM. The examiner was hungry, the
last student was jittery and in between them lay a central nervous
system (CNS) case that was going to determine whether a four-and-
half-year ripe child of medicine would be prefixed with a “Dr” or not.
The examiner was more bored than he could care to admit.
Lakshman, aged 32, hailing from Shivamogga, Karnataka with chief
complaints of bilateral lower limb weakness was being presented for
the 14th time that day. The same boring questions had been asked
in the same uninspired fashion.
“List the causes of neck pain”, the examiner asked.
A little taken aback but the student realized that the question was
within the realm of a CNS case. After gathering his thoughts for a
moment, he began listing out, “Meningitis causing neck muscle
spasm, cervical spondylosis, cervical spondylolisthesis...” his voice
trailing off in response to the examiner’s unimpressed face.
”Go ahead, what else?”
Not to lose face in front of the examiner, the student once again
reset his thoughts, and a few umms and ahhs later continues:
”Sir, other cervical causes like cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,
cervical cancer, etc. can also cause neck pain”.
Archith Boloor
Anudeep Padakanti
Remembering the Father of Modern
Medicine
Every patient you see is a lesson in much more than the malady
from which he suffers. Listen to your patient. He is telling you the
diagnosis.
The good physician treats the disease; the great physician treats the
patient who has the disease.
We are here to add what we can to life. Not to get what we can from
life. Too many men slip early out of the habit of studious reading and
yet that is essential.
Acquire the art of detachment, the virtue of method and the quality of
thoroughness but above all the grace of humility.
Index
Abbreviations
°C : Degree celcius
°F : Degree Farenheit
ALL : Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
ABPA : Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
ACS : Acute coronary syndrome
ACR : American college of Rheumatology
ARF : Acute renal failure
ADHD : Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ADR : Adverse drug reaction
ARDS : Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
AGN : Acute glomerulonephritis
AION : Anterior ischemic optic neuritis
AKI : Acute kidney injury
ALL : Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
ASCVD : Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
ACD : Anaemia of chronic disease
ADC : Apparent diffusion coefficient
ACA : Anterior cerebral artery
ACE : Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination
ACEI : Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
ARB : Angiotensin receptor blocker
ACTH : Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADHF : Acute decompensated heart failure
AEM : Ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring
AI : Aortic insufficiency
AIDP : Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
AF : Atrial fibrillation
AICA : Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
AICD : Automated implantable cardioverter defibrillator
AML : Acute myeloid leukemia
ANS : Autonomic nervous system
ARVD : Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
ASD : Atrial septal defect
AVF : Arteriovenous fistula
AVM : Arteriovenous malformation
AVR : Aortic valve replacement
AVRT : Atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia
AVNRT : AV nodal re-etrant tachycardia
APB : Atrial premature beat
ALS : Amyotropic lateral sclerosis
ADL : Activities of daily living
ACPA : Anticitrullinated protein antibody
APLA : Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
AP : Anteroposterior
Bx : Biopsy
BAL : Bronchoalveolar concentration
B/L : Bilateral
BIH : Benign intracranial hypertension
BAV : Bicuspid aortic valve
BBB : Bundle branch block
BC : Bone conduction/blood culture
BCAT : Brief cognitive assessment tool
BER : Benign early repolarization
BLS : Basic life support
BSA : Body surface area
BP : Blood pressure
BT : Bleeding time
BUN : Blood urea nitrogen
BM : Bone marrow
BMI : Body mass index
BMV : Bag and mask ventilation/balloon mitral valvotomy
BVP : Biventricular pacing
B-ALL : B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
BADL : Basic activities of daily living
CRP : C-reactive protein
CXR : Chest X-ray
CCA : Common carotid artery
C/L : Contralateral
CMT : Charcot Marie tooth Disease
CN : Cranial nerve
C/O : Complaints of
CT : Computed tomography
CAMCOG : Cambridge cognitive examination
COST : Cognitive state test
CPR : Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CCF : Congestive cardiac failure
CHF : Congestive heart failure
CBC : Complete blood count
CBD : Common bile duct
CHB : Complete heart block
CKD : Chronic kidney disease
CIDP : Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
CLD : Chronic liver disease
CLL : Chronic lymphoid leukemia
CML : Chronic myeloid leukemia
CMV : Cytomegalovirus
CNS : Central nervous system
CVA : Cerebrovascular accident
CNS : Central nervous system
CABG : Coronary artery bypass graft
CAD : Coronary artery disease
CAUTI : Catheter associated UTI
CBE : Clinical breast examination
CRF : Chronic renal failure
COPD : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CCCU : Critical coronary care unit
CCS : Canadian cardiovascular society
CVS : Cardiovascular system
CVP : Central venous pressure
CP angle : Cerebellopontine angle
CPB : Cardiopulmonary bypass
CDC : Centers for disease control and prevention
CDAI : Clinical disease activity index
CGA : Comprehensive geriatric assessment
CSF : Cerebrospinal fluid
DDx or D/D : Differential diagnosis
DPI : Dry powder inhaler
DIC : Disseminated intravascular coagulation
DIP joint : Distal interphalangeal joint
DKA : Diabetic ketoacidosis
DLCO : Diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide
DM : Diabetes mellitus
DR : Diabetic retinopathy
DNR : Do not resuscitate
DTR : Deep tendon reflex
DTA : Descending thoracic aorta
DSM : Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
DVT : Deep venous thrombosis
DLE : Disseminated lupus erythematosus
DAS : Disease activity score
DWI : Diffusion weighted imaging
ECA : External carotid artery
EAT : Ectopic atrial tachycardia
ECG : Electrocardiogram
ECF : Extracellular fluid
ECHO : Echocardiogram
ECMO : Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
EPS : Extrapyramidal system
EF : Ejection fraction
EM : Erythema multiforme
ECD : Endocardial cushion defects
EDH : Extradural hematoma
EOM : Extraocular muscles/movement
EPO : Erythropoietin
EDM : Early diastolic murmur
ESM : Ejection systolic murmur
ESRD : End-stage renal disease
ET : Endotracheal tube
ESV : End-systolic volume
EULAR : European league against rheumatism
FMS : Fibromyalgia syndome
FBS : Fasting blood sugar
FEV1 : Forced expiratory volume in first second
FTT : Failure to thrive
FVC : Forced vital capacity
GI : Gastrointestinal
GBS : Guillain–Barré syndrome
GCS : Glasgow coma scale
GERD : Gastroesophageal reflux disease
GH : Growth hormone
Hb : Hemoglobin
HMF : Higher mental functions
HOCM : Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
HBV : Hepatitis B virus
HL : Hodgkin lymphoma
HUS : Hemolytic uremic syndrome
HAI : Hospital acquired infection
HE : Hepatic encephalopathy
HDS : Hemodynamically stable
HIT : Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
HCC : Hepatocellular carcinoma
HTN : Hypertension
HIV/AIDS : Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
HDL : C-High density lipoprotein cholesterol
HD : Huntington’s disease
IADL : Instrumental activities of daily living
IP joint : Interphalangeal joint
IGF : Insulin-like growth factor 1
ICA : Internal carotid artery
ICD : Intercostal drain
ICS : Intercostal space/inhaled corticosteroid
ICH : Intracerebral hemorrhage
IVH : Intraventricular hemorrhage
INO : internuclear ophthalmoplegia
INR : International normalized ratio
ICP : Intracranial pressure
IBD : Inflammatory bowel disease
IBS : Irritable bowel syndrome
IDDM : Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus—Type 1 diabetes
ICSOL : Intracranial space occupying lesion
IHD : Ischemic heart disease
IJV : Internal jugular vein
ILD : Interstitial lung disease
IMN : Infectious mononucleosis
IVC : Inferior vena cava
INH : Isoniazid
IPPV : Intermittent positive pressure ventilation
ITP : Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
IV : Intravenous
JME : Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
JRA : Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
JVP : Jugular venous pressure
KUB : Kidney, ureters and bladder
KDIGO : Kidney disease improving global outcomes
KF Ring : Kayser fleischer ring
July
endeavour
overned reviewer
419 we
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