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Collection Highlights

Business Database Technology (2nd Edition): Theories and

Design Process of Relational Databases, SQL, Introduction
to OLAP, Overview of NoSQL Databases Shouhong Wang

Wireless Communication Network Technology and Evolution

First Edition Shilin Wang

The Decline of Humankind 2nd Edition Wang Dongyue

Neoliberal Chicago 1st Edition Larry Bennett

Velociraptor Rebecca Sabelko

Introduction to Process Control Chemical Industries 3rd

Edition Jose A. Romagnoli

A Functional Approach to Java Ben Weidig

UAV Swarm Networks: Models, Protocols, and Systems 1st

Edition Fei Hu (Editor)

She will always be mine Meant to be duet Book 2 1st

Edition Simran
Confidence A Novel 1st Edition Rafael Frumkin
Business Database Technology

Shouhong Wang
Hai Wang

Universal-Publishers
Irvine • Boca Raton
 Business Database Technology: An Integrative Approach to Data Resource Management with Practical
Project Guides, Presentation Slides, Answer Keys to Hands-on Exercises for Students in Business Programs

Copyright © 2022 Shouhong Wang and Hai Wang. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the
prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in
critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

Universal Publishers, Inc.

Irvine, California & Boca Raton, Florida • USA
www.Universal-Publishers.com
2022

ISBN: 978-1-62734- 389-3 (pbk.)

ISBN: 978-1-62734-390-9 (ebk.)

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access
www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) at 978-750-8400.
CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of
users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate
system of payments has been arranged.

ORACLE, MySQL are trademarks of Oracle Corporation. IBM DB2 is trademark of IBM.
Windows, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, and
Microsoft Visual Studio are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Wang, Shouhong, author. | Wang, Hai, 1973- author.

Title: Business database technology : theories and design process of relational databases, SQL,
introduction to OLAP, overview of NoSQL databases / Shouhong Wang, Hai Wang.
Description: 2nd edition. | Irvine, California : Universal Publishers, [2022] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022009734 (print) | LCCN 2022009735 (ebook) | ISBN 9781627343893
(paperback) | ISBN 9781627343909 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Business--Databases. | Information technology--Technological innovations.
| Database management. | Database design. | Management information systems.
Classification: LCC HF5548.2 .W2992 2022 (print) | LCC HF5548.2 (ebook) | DDC 005.74--
dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022009734
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022009735
 Table of Contents

PREFACE
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Database Technology
1.2. Data Are Resource of the Organization
1.3. Data, Information, Knowledge
1.4. Common Mistakes in Data Resource Management
1.5. Control Data Redundancy
1.6. Database and Database System
1.7. Database Management Systems
1.8. Commonly Used DBMS for Relational Databases
CHAPTER 2. DATA STRUCTURE TECHNIQUES FOR DATABASES
2.1. Secondary Storage
2.2. File, Record, Attribute, and Key
2.3. Pointer
2.4. Basic File Organizations
2.4.1. Sequential file
2.4.2. Random file
2.4.3. Indexed file
2.5. B-tree
2.5.1. Overview of B-tree
2.5.2. Construction of B-tree
2.5.3. B-tree maintenance
CHAPTER 3. DATA MODELS
3.1. Overview of Data Models
3.2. ER Model
 3.3. Entity, Attribute, and Primary Key
3.4. Relationship
3.5. Instrument for Implementing 1:1 and 1:M Relationships – Foreign Key
3.6. Instrument for Implementing M:M Relationships – Associative Entity
3.7. Summary of ERD Convention
3.8. Construction of ERD
3.8.1. Transcript
3.8.2. Sample datasheets
3.8.3. Redundant relationships in ERD
3.8.4. Iterations of ERD construction
CHAPTER 4. RELATIONAL DATABASE
4.1. Relational Data Model and Tables
4.2. Candidate Key and Alternative Key
4.3. Conversion of the ER Model to the Relational Data Model
4.4. Data Retrieval from Relational Database
4.5. Referential Integrity
CHAPTER 5. NORMALIZATION AND LOGICAL DATABASE
DESIGN
5.1. Normalization
5.2. Functional Dependency
5.3. Normal Forms
5.3.1. Unnormalized form
5.3.2. Conversion from 0NF to a normal form
5.3.3. First Normal Form (1NF)
5.3.4. Data redundancy and data modification anomaly
5.3.5. Partial key dependency in 1NF table, and normalize 1NF into 2NF
5.3.6. Second Normal Form (2NF) and non-key dependency
5.3.7. Normalize 2NF table with non-key dependency into 3NF
5.3.8. Summary of normalization procedure from 0NF to 3NF
 5.3.9. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
5.3.10. Normalize 3NF table with reverse dependency into BCNF
5.3.11. Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
5.3.12. Normalize BCNF table with multivalued dependency into 4NF
5.4. The Nature of Normalization and Higher-Level Normal Forms
5.5. Logical Database Design
CHAPTER 6. DATABASE PROCESSING AND SQL
6.1. Introduction to SQL
6.2. CREATE and DROP
6.3. INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
6.4. Query - SELECT
6.5. WHERE Clause and Comparison
6.6. User Input Request
6.7. ORDER BY Clause
6.8. Aggregate Functions
6.9. GROUP BY Clause and HAVING Clause
6.10. Arithmetic Operations
6.11. Joining Tables
6.12. Alternative Format of Inner Join, and Outer Join
6.13. Subquery
6.13.1. Subquery - reducing computational workload of join operation in simple cases
6.13.2. Subquery as an alternative to GROUP BY
6.13.3. Subquery - representing a variable
6.13.4. Subquery - determining an uncertain criterion
6.14. UNION Operator
6.15. Tactics for Writing SQL Queries
6.16. SQL Embedded in Host Computer Programming Languages
CHAPTER 7. PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN
 7.1. Physical Design
7.2. Adding Index
7.3. Adding Subschema
7.4. Clustering Tables
7.5. Merging Tables
7.6. Horizontal Partitioning Table
7.7. Vertical Partitioning Table
7.8. Creating New Primary Key
7.9. Substituting Foreign Key
7.10. Duplicating Table or Duplicating Part of Partitioned Table
7.11. Storing Information (Processed Data)
7.12. Implementation of Physical Database Design
CHAPTER 8. DATABASE IN COMPUTER NETWORKS
8.1. Centralized Database in the Local Area Network Environment
8.2. Centralized Database in the Internet Environment
8.3. Distributed Databases
8.4. XML for Databases
CHAPTER 9. DATA WAREHOUSE
9.1. Enterprise Data Management and Data Warehouse
9.2. Multidimensional Data and Data Cube
9.3. Creating Data Cube in Relational Databases
CHAPTER 10. DATABASE ADMINISTRATION
10.1. Data Planning and Database Design
10.2. Data Coordination
10.3. Data Security, Access Policies, and Data Ownership
10.4. Data Quality
10.5. Database Performance
 10.6. Data Standards, Data Dictionary, and Documentation
10.7. User Training and Help Desk Support
10.8. Database Backup and Recovery
10.9. Data Archiving
10.10. Database Maintenance
10.11. Managing Business Data Rules Related to the Database Design
CHAPTER 11. ONLINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING (OLAP)
11.1. Introduction to OLAP
11.2. Microsoft Office Environment for OLAP
11.3. An Example of OLAP
11.4. Business Intelligence and Data Mining
11.5. Data Resource for Organizational Knowledge Development
CHAPTER 12. NoSQL DATABASES
12.1. NoSQL Databases
12.2. An Illustrative Example of NoSQL Database
12.3. Basic Types of NoSQL Databases
12.3.1. Key-value-based
12.3.2. Document-oriented
12.3.3. Graph-based
12.3.4. Column-based
12.4. Examples of NoSQL Database Management Systems
TECHNICAL GUIDE A. CONSTRUCTING DATABASE USING
MICROSOFT ACCESS
TECHNICAL GUIDE B. AN EXAMPLE OF NORMALIZATION BASED
ON DATASHEET SAMPLES
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE QUESTIONS AND REVIEWS
INDEX
** Electronic teaching material for this textbook includes model syllabus, answers to all
assignment questions, sample exams, answers of the exams, the Microsoft Access database
for the textbook SQL examples, Microsoft Access database for Technical Guide A, and
others.
 PREFACE

Data are valuable assets of the organization. Database is a key component of

the information systems in business. Database technology is critically
important to business. This book is written for business students who study
database technology for data resource management.
The database management systems are powerful tools for constructing and
accessing databases. Currently, many user-friendly relational database
management systems are available on the commercial software market or are
accessible as open-source software products. However, many people do not
fully understand accurate concepts of database. In fact, poorly designed
databases or misuse of database management systems would do more harm
than good for the organization. The objective of this book is to help students
understand the precise concepts of database and develop practical skills of
database design, implementation, and application. Upon the completion of
study of this book, students should be able to build and to manage databases
in a professional way. More importantly, students should be able to develop
their independent learning ability to learn advanced features of database
design, implementation, application, and management.
Information technology (IT) has been the most innovative field. Ironically,
after it was first introduced to the computational world longer than four
decades ago, the relational database model is still the most popular database
model in business organizations. Although research into object-oriented
databases and NoSQL databases has been carrying on for many years,
relational databases are still the main stream of databases in business. There is
no evidence that the relational database model will phase-out any soon.
There have been hundreds of textbooks of database on the market. Given
the long history of database, many database textbooks were written decades
ago and revised for numerous times. The volumes of these database textbooks
are usually huge since they contain many secondary contents which might be
useful decades ago but are no longer essential to know, especially for business
students. On the other hand, contemporary topics, such as physical database
design, database applications for business intelligence (e.g., OLAP) and
NoSQL databases are lacking in these textbooks. Furthermore, some
textbooks are totally database management systems independent, but others
seem to over-emphasize specific database management systems (e.g., Oracle or
Microsoft Access). This book maintains a good balance between the core
concepts and secondary concepts, and includes both basic knowledge of
database and hands-on material for Microsoft Access, a widely available end-
user oriented relational database management system. In this book, a huge
amount of material about database design, implementation, and application is
distilled into a practically workable volume.
The book is self-contained. It includes twelve chapters of fundamentals of
database technology, sufficient problem solving exercise questions for each
chapter, answers to the representative exercise questions, key learning
objectives of each chapter, two appendices for projects of database
technology applications.
The book is organized as follows. Chapter 1 provides an overview of
database systems. It highlights the key difference between data, information,
and knowledge, as well as the key concept of data redundancy. Chapter 2
introduces the important data structure techniques that are commonly used in
databases. Chapter 3 describes the entity-relationship model which is a key
element of the foundation of database design. Chapter 4 discusses the
relational database model. It ties the entity-relationship model with the
relational database model. Chapter 5 provides details of normalization process
which is another key element of the foundation of database design. Chapter 6
explains SQL, a standard database processing language. Chapter 7 discusses
the concept and major techniques of physical database design which is critical
for large-scale databases. Chapter 8 discusses the major database
administration functions. Chapter 9 discusses the key concept of distributed
databases in the Internet environment. Chapter 10 discusses high-dimensional
data in relational databases in the data warehouse context. Chapter 11
discusses online analytical processing (OLAP), a fundamental business
intelligence and analytics tool based on relational databases. Chapter 12
discusses NoSQL databases and explain concepts of “not only SQL”
databases. Technical Guide A is a tutorial of database implementation and
application through the use of Microsoft Access. Technical Guide B is a
tutorial of data normalization process and ERD construction based on data
samples. Answers to selected exercise questions and review sheets for each
chapter are attached at the end of the book.
Nowadays, students and business managers are the digital generation. They
expect to learn more about information technologies to meet the challenge of
the “big data problem” in business. The vast amount of data creates an
increasing degree of needs as well as pressure for business organizations to
understand and use databases. We believe that the basic foundation of
database technology and data resources management is valuable knowledge for
business students.
In summary, this textbook is written for university students in all majors
who study business database technology for data resource management in
business.

Shouhong Wang, PhD

Commonwealth Professor
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

Hai Wang, PhD

Professor
Saint Mary’s University
 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Database Technology

Database technology includes theories and application methodologies of
information systems that manage, access, and process data. Database
technology is critically important for business in many aspects.
• Database technology supports database development for organizations.
Database design and business process design are two parallel procedures for
organizational information systems development.
• Database technology empowers organizations to manage data resources to
meet the challenges of the “Big Data Problem”. Big data is a collection of
data sets that are large and complex. Generally, big data is characterized by
three dimensions: volume (amount of data), velocity (speed of data in and
out), and variety (range of data types and sources). The major objective of big
data analysis is to discover interesting facts and patterns from large data sets.
The challenges of big data analytics include data capture, preservation, storage,
search, sharing, transfer, analysis, and visualization.
• Database technology enables the society and business organizations to
develop organizational knowledge and to sustain organizational learning.
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