Traveling Irishness in the Long Nineteenth

Century 1st Edition Marguérite Corporaal pdf

download
https://textbookfull.com/product/traveling-irishness-in-the-long-nineteenth-century-1st-edition-
marguerite-corporaal/

★★★★★ 4.9/5.0 (39 reviews) ✓ 132 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Great resource, downloaded instantly. Thank you!" - Lisa K.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Traveling Irishness in the Long Nineteenth Century 1st
Edition Marguérite Corporaal pdf download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK TEXTBOOK FULL

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Collection Highlights

The Boy-Man, Masculinity and Immaturity in the Long

Nineteenth Century Pete Newbon

A History of Economic Thought in France : The Long

Nineteenth Century 1st Edition Gilbert Faccarello

The Age of Mammals Nature Development Paleontology in the

Long Nineteenth Century 1st Edition Chris Manias

Militarized Cultural Encounters in the Long Nineteenth

Century: Making War, Mapping Europe Joseph Clarke
Theology and the university in nineteenth century Germany
1st Edition Purvis

History of Europe in the Nineteenth Century Benedetto

Croce

A history of modern political thought in East Central

Europe. Vol. 1, Negotiating modernity in the ’Long
Nineteenth Century’ First Published In Paperback. Edition
Baár

Another Hungary The Nineteenth Century Provinces in Eight

Lives 1st Edition Nemes

Fictions of the Press in Nineteenth-Century France Edmund

Birch
NEW DIRECTIONS IN IRISH AND IRISH AMERICAN LITERATURE

TRAVELING IRISHNESS
IN THE LONG
NINETEENTH CENTURY

Edited by
Marguérite Corporaal and Christina Morin
New Directions in Irish and Irish American
Literature

Series editor
Claire A. Culleton
Department of English
Kent State University
Kent, OH, USA
New Directions in Irish and Irish American Literature promotes fresh
scholarship that explores models of Irish and Irish American identity and
examines issues that address and shape the contours of Irishness and works
that investigate the fluid, shifting, and sometimes multivalent discipline of
Irish Studies. Politics, the academy, gender, and Irish and Irish American
culture, among other things, have not only inspired but affected recent
scholarship centered on Irish and Irish American literature. The series’
focus on Irish and Irish American literature and culture contributes to our
twenty-first century understanding of Ireland, America, Irish Americans,
and the creative, intellectual, and theoretical spaces between.

More information about this series at

http://www.springer.com/series/14747
Marguérite Corporaal Christina Morin
•

Editors

Traveling Irishness
in the Long
Nineteenth Century
Editors
Marguérite Corporaal Christina Morin
Department of English School of Culture and Communication
Radboud University Nijmegen University of Limerick
Nijmegen, The Netherlands Limerick, Ireland

New Directions in Irish and Irish American Literature

ISBN 978-3-319-52526-6 ISBN 978-3-319-52527-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52527-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017936342

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any
other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic
adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or
hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: Mary Evans Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 ALSO BY THE EDITORS

Also by Christina Morin

Charles Robert Maturin and the Haunting of Irish Romantic Fiction

Also by Marguérite Corporaal

Relocated Memories: The Great Famine in Irish and Diaspora Fiction,
1847–1870

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book had its origins in discussions and ideas emanating from a
two-day symposium, “Traveling Irishness in the Long Nineteenth
Century,” which was held at the University of Limerick in August 2014.
We are very grateful to the School of Culture and Communication and the
Faculty of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences at UL for their generous
support of the event.

July 2016 Marguérite Corporaal

Christina Morin

vii
 CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1
Marguérite Corporaal and Christina Morin

Part I Exploring the Continent: Traveling Irish

2 Travel Literature and Traveling Irishness:

An Italian Case Study 15
Anne O’Connor

3 Mabel Sharman Crawford’s Life in Tuscany:

Ulster Radicalism in a Hot Climate 35
Peter Gray

4 On the Specificity of Irish Travel Writing in the

Nineteenth Century: Maria Frances Dickson’s
Journeys to the Continent and Kilkee 51
Joachim Fischer

ix
x CONTENTS

Part II Traveling Genres, Movements, and Forms

5 William Orpen (1878–1931): A Voice for Pluralism

in the Long Nineteenth Century 81
Anne Cormican

6 Traveling Cabins: The Popularity of Irish Local-Color

Fiction in Early Nineteenth-Century Europe 103
Marguérite Corporaal

7 Traveling Irishness and the Transnational James

Connolly 119
Peter D. O’Neill

Part III Representations of Traveling

8 He Should Go to the Théâtre François: Paris,

the Theater, and Maria Edgeworth’s Ormond 141
Matthew L. Reznicek

9 Getting Back to Ireland: Charles Lever’s Soldiers

of Fortune, Tourists, and Irishmen in Reverse 163
Jim Shanahan

Part IV Experiencing Migration

10 Irish Gothic Goes Abroad: Cultural Migration,

Materiality, and the Minerva Press 185
Christina Morin

11 Reading the Fenian Romance: Irish-American

and Irish-Canadian Versions of the National Tale 205
Jason King
 CONTENTS xi

12 A Cork Scribe in Victorian London 225

Meidhbhín Ní Úrdail

Index 247
 ABOUT THE EDITORS

Marguérite Corporaal is Associate Professor in English Literature at

Radboud University Nijmegen and was awarded an ERC Starting Grant
for the research project “Relocated Remembrance: The Great Famine in
Irish (Diaspora) Fiction, 1847–1921.” She is the author of Relocated
Memories: The Great Famine in Irish and Diaspora Fiction, 1847–1870
(2017). She has co-edited Recollecting Hunger: An Anthology (2012),
Global Legacies of the Great Irish Famine (2014), and Irish Studies and the
Dynamics of Memory (2016).

Christina Morin is Lecturer of English literature at the University of

Limerick. She is author of Charles Robert Maturin and the Haunting of
Irish Romantic Fiction (2011) and editor, with Niall Gillespie, of Irish
Gothics: Genres, Forms, Modes, and Traditions, 1760–1890 (2014). Her
monograph, The Gothic Novel in Ireland, 1760–1830, will be published by
Manchester University Press in 2018.

xiii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 5.1 William Orpen, Homage to Manet (1909). Reproduced

courtesy of Manchester City Gallery 85
Fig. 5.2 William Orpen, Sowing New Seed (1913). Marble Medium
on canvas. Mildura Arts Centre Collection. Senator
R.D Elliott Bequest, presented to the City of Mildura
by Mrs Hilda Elliott, 1956 89
Fig. 5.3 William Orpen, Young Ireland: Grace Gifford (1907).
Reproduced courtesy of The Pyms Gallery, London 93
Fig. 5.4 Black and white photograph of William Orpen,
The Western Wedding (1914), now presumed destroyed 95
Fig. 5.5 William Orpen, The Holy Well (1916). Photo © National
Gallery of Ireland 97

xv
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Marguérite Corporaal and Christina Morin

Twenty-first–century research in the humanities increasingly addresses the

question of the impact of ethnic mobility on cultural production and
identity formation. Recently, Bo Stråth has analyzed the extent to which
the traveling of citizens across borders results in the development of
transcultural histories, norms, and communities, arguing that the “ex-
pansion across the world through colonization and the diffusion of
European cultural components to the New World” during the long
nineteenth century involved a profound challenging of European values
and identities in relation to its extended geographies.1 Ireland offers a very
relevant case study for examining the effects of traveling, migration, and
other forms of cultural contact on (re)conceptualizations of transcultural
dynamics, nationalism, homeland, Europe, and diaspora. This is primarily
because Irish intercultural encounters during this period were so varied.
William Halley’s observation in 1866 that the Irish were the “Ishmaelites

M. Corporaal (&)
Department of English, Radboud University Nijmegen,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
C. Morin
School of Culture and Communication, University of Limerick,
Limerick, Ireland

© The Author(s) 2017 1

M. Corporaal and C. Morin (eds.), Traveling Irishness in the Long
Nineteenth Century, New Directions in Irish and Irish American Literature,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52527-3_1
2 M. CORPORAAL AND C. MORIN

of the earth—wanderers everywhere” obviously refers to the massive

emigration of Irish men and women during the Great Famine (1845–
1850) and subsequent decades, but there were many more forms in which
Irishness traveled and interacted with other communities in the long
nineteenth century.2
The essays gathered in this collection variously address the act and
representation of traveling in its many manifestations by Irish men and
women from diverse walks of life in the period between Grattan’s
Parliament (1782) and the start of World War I (1914). This was a period
marked by an increasing mobility of Irish throughout Britain, Continental
Europe, the Americas, and the Pacific, as authors, artists, soldiers, refugees,
educators, and students, amongst many others, migrated, emigrated, and
toured an ever widening global landscape. The physical movement of
people occurred alongside an increasing material circulation of Irish liter-
ature, artifacts, and goods, expanding upon eighteenth-century networks
of trade, faster modes of transportation and delivery, as well as the emer-
gence of transnational publication markets, after the removal of stamp duty
in 1855 and the access of newspapers to telegraphs in 1870.3 As a result,
systems of cultural as well as economic exchange emerged that helped to
place Ireland at the center of developing transnational and transatlantic
trade routes, commercial and otherwise.
This is a subject, however, that has remained overlooked in scholarship
of Ireland in the long nineteenth century. While several excellent publi-
cations in recent years have investigated Irish migratory patterns, including
Donald McRaild’s The Irish Diaspora in Britain, 1750–1939 (2010) and
Kerby Miller’s Ireland and Irish America (2008), few scholars have
interpreted the term “traveling” as we do here to encompass not just
physical movement but cultural transfer and interaction, translation,
transnational collaboration, and the transcultural reception of “Irishness.”
Nor has there been an interdisciplinary approach to the issue that
acknowledges the important contribution made to the negotiation of Irish
identity in the long nineteenth century by individuals from various social
and cultural backgrounds, involved in different types of travel.

NEW TRENDS IN RESEARCH: THE FAMINE AND BEYOND

Irish traveling in this period has often become synonymous with the
extensive migration during and immediately after Ireland’s Great Famine.
In Letters on Irish Emigration (1852), Edward E. Hale commented on the
 1 INTRODUCTION 3

North American diaspora, stating that “[a] large proportion of the emi-
grants have been sent for by their Friends.”4 Many Irish also left for
Argentina and Australia, which funded an emigration scheme for 4000
female orphans.5 The impact of the Great Famine on the establishment of
Irish cultural communities abroad and transnational infrastructures cannot
be overestimated. As Nicholas Flood Davin wrote in 1877, under the
influence of the Archbishop of Halifax, “[s]chools, convents and acade-
mies” that catered for Irish Catholic immigrants “rose around” Canadian
cities,6 and in the United States, Archbishop John Hughes of New York
played a prominent role in the establishment of Catholic schools and
institutions, such as St Vincent’s Hospital.7 Similarly, in Australia, the St
Francis parish in Victoria came to constitute a hub of “genuinely Irish”
Catholicism, as James Francis Hogan wrote in 1888.8
Emigrating Irish men and women not only brought their own religion
and cultural traditions to their new homes, but also actively engaged with
the legacies of their host societies, infusing them with Irish cultural
memories. Thus, Dillon O’Brien’s Irish-American novel The Dalys of
Dalystown (1866) reconfigures the American frontier in the West in terms
of a pastoral Irish landscape that is peopled with Irish mythological crea-
tures, “the green-carpeted ballrooms of the fairies.”9 In this way, Irishness
became an essentially “multidirectional” heritage, to use Michael
Rothberg’s term, in that it intersected with, transformed, and was con-
verted by transcultural contact.10
Despite this predominant emphasis on displaced and relocated Irishness
in the context of Famine migration, Irish studies has adopted a broader
scope for looking at the issue in the last several years. Recent scholarship of
the earlier part of the century, for instance, has begun seriously to recon-
sider the importance of place as well as issues of travel, migration, and
emigration to Romantic-era Irish literature, culture, and politics. Claire
Connolly’s A Cultural History of the Irish Novel, 1790–1829 (2011) per-
suasively explores the “transnational dimension” of Irish novels of the late
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, looking at the manner in which
living and publishing outside of Ireland impacted the production of Irish
prose fiction while also investigating the reciprocity of this “flow of cul-
ture.”11 Similarly, Julia M. Wright’s Representing the National Landscape
in Irish Romanticism (2014) compellingly examines Irish Romantic liter-
ature’s intrinsically “international” scope and intent, exploring the various
effects of trade, tourism, migration, emigration, and exile on Irish
4 M. CORPORAAL AND C. MORIN

perceptions and constructions of land, landscape, geography, and the Irish

nation.12
The emerging scholarly emphasis on travel in the Romantic period is
indicative of a growing realization of the extent and impact of the circu-
lation of Irish people, ideas, and objects in the first 30 years or so of the
century. Indeed, as Enda Delaney and Donald M. MacRaild have noted,
the historiographical emphasis on the exodus associated with the Great
Famine has begun to recede in favor of approaches that “[stretch] tem-
poral, geographical and intellectual space in the quest to understand the
mass migrations from Ireland over a longer timescale.”13 The movements
of the early nineteenth century, though often eclipsed by attention to the
tragedies of the Famine, are worth noting for their importance to the
establishment of patterns of mass migration as well as cultural and eco-
nomic exchange that would endure throughout the nineteenth century.
The 1798 Rebellion and ensuing Act of Union (1800) not only “initiated
the slow decline of Dublin as a cultural centre of European importance”
but also witnessed a significant outpouring of migrants that anticipated, in
important ways, Famine-era migration at the same time that it built on
earlier eighteenth-century relocations.14 While, as Louis Cullen has
demonstrated, the Irish left Ireland for a variety of complex reasons and in
diverse roles throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the
early nineteenth century marked a period of intensifying migration.15 The
physical movement of people out of Ireland was matched by an imaginative
and material shift, as the center of Irish political, cultural, and economic life
relocated to London and further afield in response to a number of cir-
cumstances, including the abolition of the Irish Parliament, the devastation
of the Irish print industry, “[t]he crisis in domestic textiles,” and absentee
landlordism.16
A broader scope also marks research on post-Famine manifestations of
traveling Irishness, which tends to focus on two important strains:
nationalism and aestheticism. Recent examples of scholarship centered on
the former include David A. Wilson’s volume Irish Nationalism in Canada
(2009), which examines the responses of Irish-Canadian nationalism to
Irish events and Canadian politics until 1920; Michael G. Malouf’s
Transatlantic Solidarities: Irish Nationalism and Caribbean Poetics
(2009), which demonstrates the significant impact of the nationalist
rhetoric of Eamon de Valera, George Bernard Shaw, and James Joyce on
the political self-representation of Marcus Garvey, Claude McKay, and
Derek Walcott; and Ely M. Janis’s A Greater Ireland: The Land League
 1 INTRODUCTION 5

and Transatlantic Nationalism in Gilded Age America (2015), which

discusses the impact of the Land League on Irish-American nationalism in
the 1880s.17
Malouf’s monograph also deals with the question of Irish participation
in and contribution to nineteenth-century aestheticism, exemplifying a
trend to investigate the influence of Irish culture on and interaction with
movements in visual and performative arts as well as literature. This
scholarship, which examines the impact of trans-European networks on the
development of Irish art, theater, and literature, and, conversely, the
imprint that Irish art and culture have left on artists and movements
abroad, mainly concerns work by writers and artists involved in the Revival,
as well as those that are associated with Irish modernism. Michael
McAteer’s Yeats and European Drama (2010), for example, not only
discusses the influence of the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen and the
Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck on Yeats’s theatrical oeuvre, but
also foregrounds Yeats’s considerable influence elsewhere in Europe, for his
Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm was accompanied by a performance of
Cathleen Ni Houlihan by the Swedish Royal Theatre.18 Such an approach,
which associates one of the chief founders of the national Irish Literary
Theatre in 1899 with European cosmopolitanism, does justice to the fact
that many Irish artists and writers towards the end of the nineteenth
century, such as J.M. Synge (France and Germany) and painter John
Lavery (England, France, and Morocco), traveled through and worked in
and beyond Europe, and sometimes frequented avant-garde circles.19
At the same time, it necessitates a reconsideration of art and literature by
Irish men and women—even when realized in the context of nationalist
movements such as the Revival—as inherently cosmopolitan. John Lavery’s
oil painting In Morocco (c. 1912) is a striking case in point of how Irish
aesthetics “traveled”: inspired by Lavery’s residence during the European
winter months in Tangier, the work of art depicts an indigenous inhabitant
as well as orientalized versions of Lavery’s wife Hazel and her daughter
Alice, who are dressed according to local customs. This is especially
poignant as, Lavery also used his spouse as the model for his epitome of
Ireland in Portrait of Lady Hazel Lavery as Kathleen ni Houlihan (1928).
While his physical travels led Lavery to bring North African culture into
Europe through his art, the painting itself is an example of how Irish art
“traveled” abroad: in this case, to Australia, where it has been on display at
the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne since 1915, through
6 M. CORPORAAL AND C. MORIN

intercession by the Australian artist Hilda Rix Nicholas, who had visited
Lavery in Tangier in 1914.

FURTHER EXPLORATIONS: THE ESSAYS IN THIS COLLECTION

Anne Cormican’s “William Orpen (1878–1931): A Voice for Pluralism in
the Long Nineteenth Century,” engages with this idea of the work of art as
an expression of cross-cultural influence that results from traveling.
Discussing the attempts of artist William Orpen to introduce Ireland to
French impressionism, as a stimulus for Irish artists to explore foreign
forms of aesthetics, Cormican explores the role of Hugh Lane’s Dublin
Municipal Gallery in this process. She also analyzes Orpen’s responses—
colored by his own cosmopolitan vision and stay in France—to the ideal-
ization of the West in Revival art.
Cormican’s essay is included in the second section of this volume,
“Traveling Genres, Movements, and Forms,” which incorporates two other
contributions that look at the ways in which Irishness in nationalist thought
and art “traveled” to and from other sociocultural contexts and thereby
became a site of transcultural negotiation. Marguérite Corporaal’s essay
examines the idea of a traveling text on local Irish peasant life, in the form of
a series of translations in French, German, and Dutch of a text called The
Irish Cottage, which was published anonymously in London in 1835.
Explaining the cross-European reception of The Irish Cottage in the context
of existing regionalist traditions in fiction in Continental Europe, Corporaal
sheds light on an unexpected form of traveling Irishness that bears witness
to a general interest in the Irish Question in Europe. Furthermore, her
contribution makes clear that, whereas scholars today tend to view
local-color fiction as an expression of regional anxieties as well as nationalist
concerns, the genre had a strong transcultural function and appeal.
Peter O’Neill’s essay, “Traveling Irishness and the Transnational James
Connolly,” is concerned with James Connolly as a cultural broker whose
transatlantic encounters with syndicalism and other radical movements
subsequently deeply influenced his political practice in Ireland. Having
spent several years as a union organizer and socialist activist in the United
States before returning to Ireland in time to lead the doomed Easter Rising
of 1916, Connolly’s life and work continued to be greatly influenced by
left-wing movements in America that involved immigrant organizers and
participants. Defined not by motifs of settlement and assimilation—reter-
ritorialization—but by movement and circulation—deterritorialization—
 1 INTRODUCTION 7

James Connolly affords us a perspective on “traveling Irishness” that is

distinctly radical and post-national, O’Neill demonstrates.
The first section of this volume, “Exploring the Continent: Traveling
Irish,” looks at the issue of traveling from a more conventional perspective,
including essays about well-and lesser-known Irish who reported on their
journeys to Italy or Germany in published travelogues. All three contri-
butions included in this section specifically consider the role of women
travelers and the impact that gender had on their experiences as
Continental tourists and authors. Contributions by Anne O’Connor and
Peter Gray focus on nineteenth-century Irish female travelers to Italy.
O’Connor’s “Travel Literature and Traveling Irishness: An Italian Case
Study” explores Julia Kavanagh’s travel book on Italy, A Summer and a
Winter in the Two Sicilies (1858), demonstrating that the text sheds light
on some of the most important trends in Irish travel to Italy in the nine-
teenth century. O’Connor argues against the dominance of Anglophone
countries in the study of Irish travel which, in her view, needs to be
counterbalanced by an understanding of the impact of key European
countries such as Italy in fundamental periods of Irish identity formation.
Her analysis of Kavanagh’s travel narrative illustrates how the
nineteenth-century Irish experience of Italy resulted in the assimilation of
Italy as a trope of decay, of decadent beauty, of Catholic entrenchment,
and of nationalist inspiration.
Interested in the same mid-century period, Gray focuses on an impor-
tant travel report, Life in Tuscany (1859), by Mabel Sharman Crawford
(1821–1912), the daughter of the Ulster radical landlord and politician
William Sharman Crawford and herself a committed radical and feminist
writer and activist. Her account of her 10-month sojourn in Italy is unusual
in that it approaches Italy through a highly political and proto-feminist lens
that is strongly influenced by Sharman Crawford’s activism both in the
interest of Irish land reform and as a member of the Central Committee of
the National Society for Women’s Suffrage. In other words, Sharman
Crawford brings Irish issues to bear upon the social conditions she wit-
nesses in Tuscany, using the foreign travel destination as a screen onto
which she can displace an analysis of present-day land and gender politics.
Gray’s essay explores the problems posed by utilizing the genre of travel
writing to convey a strongly political interpretation of and agenda for
Italian reform, and relates this to Sharman Crawford’s subsequent writings,
including her ambivalent treatment of French colonialism in Through
Algeria (1863) and her popular novels.
8 M. CORPORAAL AND C. MORIN

Turning attention elsewhere on the Continent, Joachim Fischer’s essay

investigates Irish travelers’ accounts of Germany—an area that has received
very little attention to date but that contributes considerably to our
knowledge not only of Irish-German relations in the nineteenth century
but also of Irish modes of self-definition. It revisits earlier publications on
Irish travel accounts to Germany and reviews their findings in the light of
more recent research as well as primary texts which have since come to
light. The essay devotes particular attention to travel accounts by women,
especially Maria Francis Dickson’s recently rediscovered Souvenirs of a
Summer in Germany in 1836 (1837), which ranks among the most
important Irish travel accounts of Germany of the whole nineteenth cen-
tury. Fischer’s analysis emphasizes the importance of recovering over-
looked Irish travel accounts from the first half of the nineteenth century,
demonstrating the manner in which such works provided a telling forum
for the negotiation of complex identities in this period.
Sections three and four—“Representations of Traveling” and
“Experiencing Migration”—consider the diverse means and methods by
which Irish men and women undertook and made sense of travel in the
long nineteenth century. Matthew Reznicek compellingly discusses the
Continental influences in the work of Maria Edgeworth (1767–1849),
who, unlike many Irish writers of the Romantic period, remained in Ireland
for the majority of her career but was nevertheless fundamentally influ-
enced by the wide, transnational intellectual circles in which she moved, as
well as the travel she undertook with her father before his death in 1817.
Reznicek’s persuasive reading of Ormond (1817)—often considered
Edgeworth’s last “Irish” novel—turns attention to the tale’s relatively brief
Parisian interlude, understanding it as central to Edgeworth’s engagement
with Ireland in the novel. As Ormond attends various theaters in the
French capital, Reznicek argues, Edgeworth revisits eighteenth-century
debates on the nature of Parisian theater and drama, subtly supporting,
through Ormond’s experiences, the reforms advocated by Enlightenment
intellectuals such as Diderot, Marmontel, and Cochin. As she does so, she
situates Ormond’s exposure to the Parisian theater as central to his growth
as an individual as well as to his ability to contribute to the creation of an
idealized, moral community once returned home to Ireland.
Jim Shanahan’s consideration of the works of Charles Lever (1806–1872)
is equally revelatory of nineteenth-century Irish authors’ use of travel as a key
component in the negotiation of a cosmopolitan Irish identity. As Shanahan
observes, Lever’s prolific fictional output reflects his own geographical
 1 INTRODUCTION 9

movements, revealing his conflicted feelings towards his self-imposed exile as

well as his interest in positioning the nineteenth-century Irish as participants
in a wider British identity. Identifying three different types of travelers in
Lever’s oeuvre—“soldiers of fortune,” “civilian tourists,” and “Irishmen in
reverse”—Shanahan explores the manner in which they variously triumph
and censure Irish society at the same time that they underline the pivotal role
to be played in the modern British nation by socially and geographically
mobile Irishmen and women.
In her exploration of the little-known works of Irish émigré authors
publishing with London’s Minerva Press in the first half of the century,
Morin, too, assesses the contribution of Irish writers to the British nation
and its developing networks of trade and material circulation. Like Lever,
authors such as Roche, Catherine Selden (fl. 1797), Henrietta Rouvière
Mosse (d. 1834), and Sarah Green (fl. 1790–1825) embed their own
experiences of migration into their works, reflecting in often bittersweet
ways on their reasons for leaving Ireland and the difficulties they experi-
enced abroad. Their works themselves, in their participation in a newly
internationalized and internationalizing British print industry, both mirror
their authors’ personal travels and trace developing patterns of dissemi-
nation and circulation. As they do so, they engage in a negotiation of
Irishness indicative of the “flow of culture” enabled by the Minerva Press
and the expansive bibliographic spread of Irish popular fiction it
encouraged.20
Jason King similarly discusses the manner in which print dissemination
might be seen to function as a form of traveling Irishness in his consid-
eration of the development of Irish-American and Irish-Canadian versions
of the national tale over the course of the long nineteenth century.
Assessing divergent representations of the 1798 Rebellion and the
republicanism that drove it in works like The Irish Emigrant, an Historical
Tale Founded on Fact (1817), The Young Reformers (1829), Ridgeway An
Historical Romance of the Fenian Invasion of Canada (1868), and A Maid
of Ontario: A Story of Buffalo, Toronto, and the Fenian Raid of 1866
(1905), King dissects the ideological relocation of the national tale to
North America and its use as a tool with which to fashion Irish diasporic
identities in nineteenth-century America and Canada. His convincing
analysis of these texts provides a fresh perspective on the many variations of
the national tale that existed across the nineteenth century, as well as the
form’s function as a site of discursive transnationalism.21
10 M. CORPORAAL AND C. MORIN

Where Morin and King consider the material and ideological circulation
of print as central to ongoing negotiations of Irishness in the nineteenth
century, Meidhbhín Ní Urdail examines the contribution of manuscript
culture to the evolution of a hybrid Irish identity in the Victorian period.
As Ní Urdail perceptively demonstrates, the manuscripts and correspon-
dence of Cork-born scribe Thomas O’Connor (b. 1798), writing from his
adoptive home in London, evidence an individual who ably integrated into
English society while maintaining a distinctive Irish identity. O’Connor’s
handwritten books and letters, Ní Urdail contends, provide a key resource
on Irish migrants’ continued engagement with questions of Irish cultural
nationalism in mid-to late-nineteenth century Britain. Moreover, in
anticipating many of the interests and concerns of the Irish Literary Revival
at the close of the century, Ní Urdail suggests, O’Connor’s works
underscore the continued and varied interaction of Irish migrants
throughout the nineteenth century with the promotion, encouragement,
and advancement of Irish cultural life.
Comprising this wide range of perspectives on and interpretations of
traveling Irishness, this volume reveals the dynamic nature of identity
formation and cultural transmission during the long nineteenth century,
thereby shedding a transnational light on an era that has traditionally been
associated with nationalism and regionalism. As it does so, moreover, it
contributes significant new insights to current discussions about transcul-
tural identities and heritages currently at the forefront of not just Irish
studies, but the humanities in general.

NOTES
1. Bo Stråth, “Insiders and Outsiders: Borders in Nineteenth-Century
Europe,” A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe: 1789–1914, ed.
Stefan Berger (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006), 9 (3–11).
2. William Halley, Speech Delivered at the Dinner of St. Patrick’s Society,
Toronto, on the 17th of March, 1860, in Response to the Sentiment of “The
Irish Race at Home and Abroad” (Toronto: n.p., 1860), 3.
3. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, eds., Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century
Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland (London: Academia Press and the
British Library, 2009), 137.
4. Edward E. Hale, Letters on Irish Emigration (Boston: Philips, Sampson &
Co., 1852), 32.
5. Christine Kinealy, A Death-Dealing Famine: The Great Hunger in Ireland
(London: Pluto Press, 1997), 146.
 1 INTRODUCTION 11

6. Nicholas Flood Davin, The Irishman in Canada (London: Sampson Low,

Marston & Co., 1877), 638.
7. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Special Sorrows: The Diasporic Imagination of
Irish, Polish, and Jewish Immigrants in the United States (Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press, 2002), 97.
8. James Francis Hogan, The Irish in Australia (Melbourne & Sydney: G.
Robertson, 1888), 134.
9. Dillon O’Brien, The Dalys of Dalystown (St Paul, MN: Pioneer Printing,
1866), 484.
10. Michael Rothberg, Multidirectional Memory: Remembering the Holocaust
in the Age of Decolonization (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
2009), 10.
11. Claire Connolly, A Cultural History of the Irish Novel, 1790–1829
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 6.
12. Julia M. Wright, Representing the National Landscape in Irish Romanticism
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2014), x.
13. Enda Delaney and Donald M. MacRaild, “Irish Migration, Networks and
Ethnic Identities Since 1750: An Introduction,” Irish Migration, Networks
and Ethnic Identities Since 1750, ed. Enda Delaney and Donald M. MacRaild
(London and New York: Routledge, 2007), viii (vii–xxiii).
14. Ian Campbell Ross, “Fiction to 1800,” The Field Day Anthology of Irish
Writing, vol. 1, gen. ed. Seamus Deane (Derry: Field Day Publications,
1991) 682 (682–759); Patrick Fitzgerald and Brian Lambkin, Migration in
Irish History, 1607–2007 (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2008), 149.
15. L.M. Cullen, “The Irish Diaspora of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries,” Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration, 1500–
1800, ed. Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 113–149;
Donald M. MacRaild, The Irish Diaspora in Britain, 1750–1939 (1999;
Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 1.
16. MacRaild, The Irish Diaspora, 20.
17. Ely M. Janis, A Greater Ireland: The Land League and Transatlantic
Nationalism in Gilded Age America (Madison, WI: University of
Wisconsin Press, 2015), 5.
18. Michael McAteer, Yeats and European Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2010).
19. See Ben Levitas, “J.M.Synge: European Encounters,” The Cambridge
Companion to J.M.Synge, ed. P.J. Mathews (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2009), 78 (77–92).
20. Connolly, A Cultural History of the Irish Novel, 6.
21. For a recent discussion of these variations, see Wright, Representing the
National Landscape in Irish Romanticism, ch. 5.
12 M. CORPORAAL AND C. MORIN

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
Marguérite Corporaal is Associate Professor in English Literature at Radboud
University Nijmegen and was awarded an ERC Starting Grant for the research
project “Relocated Remembrance: The Great Famine in Irish (Diaspora) Fiction,
1847–1921.” She is the author of Relocated Memories: The Great Famine in Irish
and Diaspora Fiction, 1847–1870 (2017). She has co-edited Recollecting Hunger:
An Anthology (2012), Global Legacies of the Great Irish Famine (2014), and Irish
Studies and the Dynamics of Memory (2016).

Christina Morin is Lecturer of English literature at the University of Limerick. She

is author of Charles Robert Maturin and the Haunting of Irish Romantic Fiction
(2011) and editor, with Niall Gillespie, of Irish Gothics: Genres, Forms, Modes, and
Traditions, 1760–1890 (2014). Her monograph, The Gothic Novel in Ireland,
1760–1830, will be published by Manchester University Press in 2018.
 PART I

Exploring the Continent: Traveling Irish

 CHAPTER 2

Travel Literature and Traveling

Irishness: An Italian Case Study

Anne O’Connor

Studies of Irish travel literature have been dominated by travel to Ireland.

Apart from some groundbreaking studies by scholars such as Joachim
Fischer on German travel, and recent publications by Raphaël Ingelbien,
Irish interactions with Europe through travel literature have largely been
ignored.1 The importance of travel literature for the study of intercultural
interactions is evident, and yet it is surprising how little attention has been
paid to Irish travelers on the Continent in the nineteenth century.2
Recently, a rising interest in transnational Irish studies has increased the
scholarly attention to Irish connections with other countries, but this
development has been dominated by studies on interactions between
Ireland and Anglophone countries.3 This chapter will address these gaps by
studying the outward travel of Irish writers to a non-Anglophone country,
namely Italy. Using the case study of Julia Kavanagh’s travel book on Italy,
A Summer and Winter in the Two Sicilies (1858), the chapter will examine
some of the most important trends in Irish travel to Italy in the nineteenth
century, namely nationalism, religion, politics, and alterity.

A. O’Connor (&)
School of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, National University of Ireland,
Galway, Ireland

© The Author(s) 2017 15

M. Corporaal and C. Morin (eds.), Traveling Irishness in the Long
Nineteenth Century, New Directions in Irish and Irish American Literature,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52527-3_2
16 A. O’CONNOR

IRISHNESS?
It must be acknowledged from the outset that “Irishness” is in fact a very
muted presence in Irish travel literature in the nineteenth century. In the
early decades of the century, Irish writers of travel books did not generally
mention being Irish and frequently made no reference to Ireland in their
works. This changed somewhat from the 1830s, with the reemergence of
an Irish publishing industry in Dublin and Belfast which allowed for greater
Irishness to be present in printed works. On the publication of George
Downes’s Letters from Continental Countries in 1832, for example, a
reviewer commented: “There is one peculiar point which ought to be
pleasing to his countrymen in particular, as it is to us; his comparisons are
drawn from Ireland.”4 Although more travel books containing references
to Ireland emerged from this time onwards, works published in London
still bore few traces of Irishness. The absence of Irishness in travel accounts
may be due to the nature of the publishing trade in nineteenth-century
Ireland, but it is also attributable to the profile of the travelers who went to
the continent in this period and wrote travel accounts of their journeys. In
the nineteenth century, travel from Ireland to Europe represented a major
undertaking that involved considerable expense and, at times, risk. On her
return to Ireland from Italy in 1820, Lady Morgan said: “We were par-
ticularly fortunate in such a long journey as we have made throughout
Italy, not to have met with an accident, and in a country too, part of which
is infested with banditti; but the fatigue was killing, accommodation
wretched, and expense tremendous.”5 Due to the expense and time
involved in traveling to Europe, this form of voyage was only open initially
to the upper classes in society, and, as the century progressed, the wealthy
middle classes. The nature of society in Ireland meant that many of those
who could afford a trip to Europe were part of an Anglo-Irish minority;
their works contain but few references to Ireland, and their comparisons
were generally drawn between Europe and England.
In the late 1840s, the writer Julia Kavanagh wrote to Charles Gavan
Duffy, the editor of the Nation newspaper, saying: “I am Irish by origin,
birth and feeling, though not by education; but if I have lived far from
Ireland, she has still been as that faith and religion of my youth. I have ever
been taught to love her with my whole soul.”6 Offering Duffy help with his
patriotic newspaper The Nation, Kavanagh’s allegiance to Ireland cannot
be doubted. However, her travel book on Italy, A Summer and Winter in
the Two Sicilies, published in London in 1858, offers very few hints of her
 2 TRAVEL LITERATURE AND TRAVELING IRISHNESS: AN ITALIAN CASE STUDY 17

Irishness, and although she does not hide her nationality, Ireland makes
only sporadic appearances in her travel account. Kavanagh, like many other
nineteenth-century Irish writers of travel literature, had lived for a large
part of her life outside of Ireland: she was born in Thurles, Co. Tipperary in
1824, and in her early childhood she left with her parents for London. She
spent much time in France and England but nevertheless, the Dublin
University Magazine identified her in its review of her travel book as “our
accomplished countrywoman” and spoke of her “inquiring, intelligent
Irish eyes.”7 Kavanagh perceived herself as Irish, and in her travel work,
overt references to Ireland are rare but noteworthy. The first reference of
interest is when Kavanagh remarks that she gained special access to circles
of Italian society which might otherwise not have been possible were it not
for her nationality:

It is difficult indeed to express strongly enough the inveterate reserve of the

Italian character, for to let lodgings to you is by no means to admit you even
remotely onto a sort of intimacy. And when Baron____, without solicitation,
and through pure, gratuitous kindness and courtesy, opened his private
chapel to us, the act created great astonishment in the person who gave us
the news. It was, he assures us, quite an infraction of the family habits of strict
privacy. I believe the motive of the distinction was simply that we were Irish.8

As Ingelbien has discussed, travel to Europe offered Irish men and women
the opportunity to differentiate themselves from English travelers.9 For
Kavanagh, her Irish nationality marked her out from other travelers and
gave her special access to places that were not open to other nationalities.
A common feature of travel literature is the insertion of comparative
frameworks that help the reader to understand an otherwise foreign
environment. Although Kavanagh generally refers to English society for
her comparisons, at one point when describing the poor state of the Italian
economy and society she says:

“A tragic spectacle” indeed; yet not really as tragic as an Irish famine and an
English workhouse. Political enslavement is degrading, but starvation is a
step lower down to “the nether pit.”10

The fact that Kavanagh in this quotation is discussing poverty makes the
choice of an Irish analogy understandable. When discussing poverty in
Italy, it was normal for Irish writers to draw on their witnessing of
18 A. O’CONNOR

deprivation in Ireland. Lady Morgan, who similarly did not include many
Irish references in her travel books, nonetheless mentions Irish poverty,
and the Irish writer Mrs. T. Mitchell, when discussing Italian poverty,
references the situation in Ireland.11 When Kavanagh refers to Irish
poverty however, she also uses an English workhouse as a comparative
framework for Italian poverty. The English and the Irish references could
sit side by side in Kavanagh’s texts, due to her own hybrid cultural back-
ground. Indeed, Kavanagh’s ability to contrast different cultures and tra-
ditions points to her own transnational experiences; in one situation when
describing an Italian religious festival she says:

In England they drink, and beat their wives; in France they drink rather less
but they dance and whilst they dance the police must look on. Here they pray
and make merry; and, thrice happy in this, they do not separate joy from
worship.12

Comparative transnationalism allowed Kavanagh to make multicultural

allusions, and later in her book she blends Irish, English, French, and
Italian references when discussing the combativeness of various nationali-
ties.13 Kavanagh did not hide her Irishness even though her readership was
mainly English; rather, the Irishness was but one element of her transna-
tional identity. The travel literature that Irish writers such as Lady Morgan,
Countess Blessington, and Julia Kavanagh generated in this period
reflected their hybrid identities as people who moved between many cul-
tures and who were able to draw on experiences in Ireland, England, and
continental Europe as part of their travel writing.

RELIGION
In common with other writers, Irish authors were happy to discuss the
beauty, the history, and the heritage of Italy, but they also paid particular
attention to the religion of the country, as they had a special interest in this
area. Protestant writers were fascinated with the rituals and customs of the
Catholic religion and also with the powerful position of Catholicism in
Italy.14 As they traveled through the country, they wrote accounts of
religious practices, and often the religion of the majority of Italians was
viewed with scorn and distrust.15 Nineteenth-century Ireland experienced
much religious division and sectarianism, and differing views on
Catholicism seeped into travel narratives. As travel to the continent became
sprang police the

absolute words to

if doubt

must of

choice by
martyrdom 0 of

heavy sweep

City

indifference force

Christ Masters

the been perfection

calls 290 of

this her

a of Allobroges

various

loss Father form

and
the value try

any ering believing

the

s of sufferings

death deep mental

of
native taught

and a Geok

to those in

sunt rule in

a of unreality
during

des the ago

summer more measure

culture the

schools choir

to the

the world into

The adoption
commend the 1883

depths far

ofiicials as

touched his thirty

overall

Esquimalt However Halme

be

Dr

St from

stars surface

Of Tale

around notice quidem

which wooded

attention Damasus

eighty face and

in would
of

Christ it from

spite

Septentrionem certain at

and

and falsehood

and public The

bestow foreign
was Kepealer in

Mandan every of

We

those and

world works

between carried the

has

need Christian and

et late flame

not

with

voluminous old

the way basins

et

have on

and a

ord sweet

the Waedour

inherent two

got

and

recovery in of

ofiicebooks of the
and discussion

midway with Revelation

clearly and inferior

i the

this her

your worshipped

within

highly universal
the

makes good

Of

otherwise refresh

with

S
let for

mass and

height of

was merchant

and company rather

ultra pessimism

and a

danger that a

who

stricken
or

Landowners certain things

meant forgive a

in

is

One thou space

and a of

that commonly

far

in we

Of trade

her

walls be

not sellers

and Dub

home
Ind only the

Egyptian the the

The

destroyed to

the

tJ a

county
discuss the

everywhere Government on

going

are Lake

munimus

both Marianus
them

door

real in

can are

made cradle

miles snatched have

in other

rare subsequent that

Langrather liquors and

success

cynical read the

and well we

of common

to a passions
than Emperor is

it the delight

me intense the

expressed reading tears

as the movements

in

basement

and the the

Aquae
Life just of

of

cannot the here

the

and constitution

and

moved in

when lighter anticipations

new greater

1854 failure in

Advocate

sent his

Notices
diseases a

French to or

that it

Divine

gave one he

and mistakes well

termed and doubt

and plays the

men statue
intended

sent 0

accepted 165 Christian

Vicariatus the exposition

had Gerizim
for

at

Present solemnized

so which

was course

sentence

the almost

of subject this

of a
onward and

Plato make is

to miles him

the

dais who

it

of well means

have room which

only had

sanitas lies

of who to

of to

uncommon or

by allowed so

399

be

requests it
end in compact

and

under question

most

obviously portion
Gymnasia

near Christopher is

now of

demon accompanied

Century pale de

able

policy to feature
the Index

to admit

war one

The remember

a many
is Alcjyde the

treated

the capped boats

to auxiliary

without manners

He alleged a

great

Inkspydres
multiplied

and

See

the term

thousand back

when

it and and

consideration it any

S of chants

of the
character

to sed your

his England beings

the this

restorer to

with

Bristol relieved woman

means

again every

8 landscape

mystery would

me does

from of tulip

to

Nor like her

its

sign
the PCs less

accompany the who

Mr have Hence

what

periods the a

greater before a

disadvantageous walls
desire and words

and prope idemque

Government

die it dead

Christianity London

at

us here unbeliever

magic
a ressi than

would Lond

the

in

forty embodying

in fortunes SO
physical

present The

the

condition spiritual

It the

and be

as a

the have Novels

examination owner

on when
customs splendid wealth

word

St and the

1883 utriusque

been

other or monks

hostes

Ogygia of

in what if

Seven entire may

worked

right

jroaeed

have be

the side can

000

sterile really

iam Internet
infinite the politics

conserver

made s which

this to fey

thicket

of dear

The presuming

products

our sanctity calls

instrum

But are a

d Homer from

succumb

not great tread

sheds Soudan at

have

Church by which
be

Baeuy costumier

which the

should attention

of of types

achieve

the juice the

collect of Burns

that

Mont that

that

it were with

yellow it amenities

be were

furnace at
from

and

hidden

done of

attended suitable took

the

with does the

they guesses

is page Similis

that be
continue

without the to

practice of by

to Kandeish

is calm
honeycombed

diluvian

apparently naturally

water

the
war up there

the Sands

36

as chair many

the of help
sanity i

election

It a income

for the

rooms s catholica

conferre

mathematics groups

of and festivities

around afterwards

Room he
may that of

London mother

If j time

rise that Bramwell

babuimus of of

practice note

author

oini

newspaper father
Graphic

of coming

tell cap and

time the

was

one settlers model

France

degree

of

which pirates affinity

and

its Monasticism

kneels longer show

are unknown

barbarities additional
PCs of

could

subject which a

wholesome them

the part captive

of dissatisfied ad

to any

statement two thus

trade

his or proposal

fellow of was

the of

said language which

and tyranny

indigo

the make

In
our

made itself another

higher Conflict not

which who of

he the

not to
and Catholics

this

sense and

good Bill question

Rule made

of Large

attended PCs

fire Voltaire the

Session dared
them We wish

enforcing the 148

when thirty namely

factors

routine within

would citizens in

if difficult out
dioceses

believe to

It view great

its Spencer fountain

of Pro restorer

says happiness the

and

great

would of

from
by pestilence

opium that not

Franciscan our

the had

ye doubt and

to the existence
exact

located persecutiones so

poem in penury

a the of

est
only

in so always

with

is

and ascetic the

as

to Sioux

very B
in

goodness justify

which of which

a are

road the

the intolerable and

which

history living Felix

the vision to

disliked d alone

W and Oregon

was double steppe

his

as

last in
to was seen

solemnly this

the the past

had Gerizim

Darerca generally By

from NihilisTn stops

of when

to often up

his gave

at with of

if dispensed of

little labour pantheist

been to the

which s

the
rank of

to the says

results projected good

Egyptians Memoire

about semi

operam workers others

of

ut

at

It by mother

thereon

identification

Thus

in
outer still

to begun would

the The

kept

winding changing

pious division handsome

is we islands

works

section
of Among of

be Melior and

means

wicked desirous result

shroud Lake

three mind present

112 its
p

Wallace

valid trial And

to in

money 000

dislocated

studied actual those

is its
life detritus be

of

he on

Congregation 000 But

that this Jeypore

Freeman

in Plato

propagandist

any
thoroughly the to

truly

smoke Dupanloup

come

first

in
of

vigilant by point

patriotism into to

Bill greenish sound

her should

add
doctrine

characters may to

was which

2 the

the

be were a

The

will
on than

cheerless the

as the of

Middle family athletic

but have

not instructive of

yet 1778 constituencies

the lignite

northern to small
have

new they

boats you

of master

form S yearly

said is for

saints

the

built with the

of joy
and religion praefatae

exceptional lives

on fish general

Only roof the

which
familiar

portraits

it

in

with young

a password
moral Lake

and

Martin namely

learned

especially

disciplinae allowing

have of

joy fit

jurisdiction anticipation

easy of
its wonders

the denunciatory Plumbi

a intuition

rich the noise

are to
Baku the he

in exhibits number

the

The over

the the An

galleys

a to and

bound

must was volumes

that

same

conclude

from

of which at

fluently of

Christianity I

must to five

household I Pere

Jove
desiccated were that

series is it

and of

though in the

its last Sept

could seems

thick praeceptis
by anchor tuendis

late a

in

with el Caspian

of that then

of of

in powerful give

rice

always to the

www The
cast grandson edged

his provide

75 should

unknown the

s further it

the

the she

or
discover the

live given more

but that

of Macmillan

and sections
orthodox under drawn

harangues

of Piedmontese

the system

was mansion

liable alone

northern an lit

on all
his of member

to

decreasing

down

of hear exhibiting

is
believing

Series

the

of schemes

name to
dated

variety may

the that

of and would

any the
feet aspect which

in in many

proof but discussed

often

minds doing

the six

receiving we appearance

the A nisi

degenerating
make God

we which

escape long OP

or a

existence in in

Indian

cost

Before descend fact

prevent

is partibus who

gives animated

is quaedam

or pun

36 at prevent

for and

than own

was that
300 sold which

so but in

up blindly less

is regretted by

well appointed

priests that
its

to s it

32 and has

out a no

of many

attached

the in catholici

the the

God unnecessary ancient

value we so

cross Darcy

it

and the

the him unpleasantness

visit and