CHAPTER-1

1)What is academic writing? What are the different in the process of academic
writing?
Ans:- Academic writing is a processional writing that includes answer to a question in
an examination,a term paper, a dissertation or a research paper and has certain conventions
to governing it.It refers to a style of writing which is Different from creative writing and which
is formal, objective and structured. An academic writing presents a logical argument
supported by facts, data and reference to experts. The objective of an academic writing is to
inform rather than to entertain in short.Academic writing is a specific type of writing with
well-defined objectives and methodes of execution.
In the process of academic writing there are three distinct stages:Pre-writing,
Writing and Re-writing.

•Pre-writing:- Pre-Writing is the essencial initial phase of the writing process. This stage is
also called the invention stage. It is actually the preliminary phase during which a writer
generates and organize Ideas,gathers information and plans, structure and content of a
piece of writing.
The phase of writing process involves:-
a)Understanding the scope of the chosen topic.
b)Planning an outline.
c)Gathering Content.
d)Planning language and appropriate vocabulary.

•Writing:-The Second phase in the process of writing is the actual writing of the text.It
includes drafting and devoloping the content and further revising the materials. It translates
the pre-written ideas into a draft, reflects the writer's voice, addresses the audience and
communicates ideas clearly and coherently.
This phase does have two steps:-a)Writing the Draft.
b)Revising the draft.

•Re-writing:-The Last Phase of the writing process is re-writing.It contains

editing,proofreading,making appropriate last minute charges and preparing the final
draft.This phase ensures the coherence and clarity of thought, overall eloquence and
readability of the content, logical progression of the concepts and polished final product.
By following the writing process, writers can overcome challenges, refine their Ideas
and produce content that is clear, coherent and engaging.Writing process is a valuable tool
that empowers individual to convey their thoughts and ideas with impact and clarity.

2)What is effective writing?What are the basic features of effective writing?

Ans:-Effective writing is a special skill transcending mere words on a page;It is the art
of conveying ideas,emotion and information.It is a product of careful consideration and
rivision.Effective writing does have the capacity to draw the reader’s attention,to retain the
attention and to leave on impression.It is a powerful tool for communication, enabling
individuals to share their thoughts with others.
Following are the features of effective writing:-
•Audience awereness: A good writing must have a terget audience/readers and so it needs
to be tailored to suite the intended readers-their preferences, knowledge novel, interest
ect.This awereness guides a writter to adopt the tone, style and content to create a
connection with the largated readership.

• Adequacy and Relevance of content: Every writing must have a message to deliver to
the readers and their delivery depends on the adequacy and relevance of the content.
Irrelevant or redundant details can weaken the impact of the message.

•Accuracy and appropriateness of language: But for the paper language a writer can
hardly evoke the desired emotion/response in the readers.So the language must be
grammatically correct and appropriate to the readers.

•Organisation of content: A writer can make this readers familiar with their ideas only by
well-structures content and so these must be logical and coherent organisation,often with
heading and sub-headings.A strong introduction and a good conclusion can respectively
draw the attention of readers and leave a lasting impression on the readers.

•Mechanics of writing: Mechanics of writing refers to the handwriting,correct grammer,

spelling, punctuation and the use of highlighting devices.Erroneous mechanics can cause
curbing influence on the credibility and reliability to a piece of writing.
In addition to these,a good writer should maintain clarity,compciseness,
persuasiveness, coherence and authenticity to keep uo the effectiveness of the writing.

3)What do you understand by 'pre-writing'? Explain with examples?

Ans:- Pre-writing is the work that is done before the writing begins. This stage is also
called the invention stage where material and ideas collected and developed. The various
phases involved in this stage are elaborated in the following paragraphs:

•Understanding the scope of the given topic:-While writing an essay or article, the first
step is to choose a topic. Usually, the teacher assigns. a topic and students are expected to
write a piece based on it. For example, an essay or article can be written on any of the
following topics:

1. Evolution of telecommunication
2. Manners maketh man
3. The Spanish Aztec War (or) The Spanish Conquest

For instance, if an essay has to be written on the first topic in this list, it can be of
several pages However when the kind of audience is taken into consideration the scope of
the topic will need to be limited. While writing for the scientific community, appropriate terms
and facts would have to be used an opposed to when writing for the layman. Further, the
word count of the essay must also be tailored to suit the need of the medium of publication,
whether a newspaper a magazine or a joumal

•Planning an outline:-After fixing the scope of the topic, the next step is to flesh out the
outline of the essay or article. A sample outline based on the topic "Evolution of
Telecommunication has been given below:

•Topic: Evolution of Communication

•Definition: technology used for communicating over a distance
•Timeline
-Prohistoric era: fires, horms, drums, etc.
-Transition: Pigeon post maritime flag signal, etc.
-Inventions: telegraph, telephone, phonograph, radio, television, etc.
-Modem paths: computer networking, mobile phones, email, Internet, etc.
•Effects: pros and cons

•Gathering the content:-Once the outline has been prepared, the details of each of the
points listed in the outline have to be gathered. There are several techniques that writers use
to collate information on a particular topic. Two important methods are:

Brainstorming: The process of brainstorming refers to jotting down any ideas that come to
mind related to the topic. These ideas or concepts do not necessarily have to follow a logical
sequence. The following is a list of points from a brainstorming session on the topic
"Manners maketh man.

-culture
-respect and cause for dislike
-social standing
-common courtesies
-bulid cordial relationships and healthy environments
-etiquette aids success

Clustering: This method of generating ideas involves the drawing of a mind map where
thoughts and ideas can be put down in the form of a diagram to identify the main points that
could be included in the essay or article. An example of clustering to generate and map
ideas has been given below:

The advantage of this method is that multiple branches can be added to the main
topic. These can be further divided into sub-branches. When the diagram is ready, the next
step is to plan the arrangement of the content of the essay or article.
•Planning the language and appropriate vocabulary:-In the next phase, the type of
language is chosen for the essay or article based on its specific purpose. For example, an
essay can be written for one of the following purposes:

•To define a concept or idea

•To compare or contrast a set of ideas or events
•To classify
•To narrate in a chronological order
•To explain cause and effect
•To argue for or against a statement

In addition to this, it is important to use correct grammatical structures and appropriate

vocabulary that is suitable to the context of the essay or article.

CHAPTER-2

4)What are the requirements of academic writing?

Ans:-Academic writing typically has several key requirements. These include a
formal and objective tone, clear and precise language, a well-structured argument, and
proper citation of sources. It is important to avoid personal opinions and emotions, and to
focus on facts and evidence. The writing should also be free of plagiarism.

Academic writing generally requires a formal and objective tone. This means
that the writing should be free of slang, jargon, and overly personal language. The language
should be formal, devoid of contractions and colloquialisms. For example, one should use
"cannot" instead of "can't" and "in order to" instead of "to" to maintain formality. Furthermore,
the language needs to be precise and concise, which can be achieved by use of clear and
specific words and expressions, and by avoidance of unnecessary phrases.

A well-structured argument in academic writing is essential for conveying one's

ideas effectively and persuasively. It involves presenting a clear thesis statement, supporting
it with evidence, and addressing counter arguments. It also involves organizing the writing in
a clear and logical way, using headings and subheadings to help the reader follow the given
argument. Thesis statement should be specific, debatable, and answerable.

Academic writing requires proper citation of sources to give credit to the original
authors and maintain academic integrity. Different disciplines and institutions often follow
specific citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. Proper credit should be given to the
authors of any information or ideas that one uses in one's writing.

Academic writing should also focus on facts and evidence, rather than on
personal opinions or emotions. So personal opinions and emotions should strictly be
avoided. Instead, focus should be placed on facts and evidence, and the use of language
that expresses personal opinions or emotions should be avoided. For example, instead of
saying "I believe that this is a significant problem," one could say "This is a significant
problem, as evidenced by...".
 Academic writers should ensure that the work is original and does not plagiarize
others' ideas or words. This is a very strict precept maintained by the scholars and
academicians.

By following these tips, academic writers can ensure that their writings are formal,
objective, and clear. This is how they can produce high quality, well-structured, and engaging
papers that contribute to the academic discourse.

5) What is meant by Impersonal style? Illustrate with examples.

Ans:-Impersonal style is the essential aspect or rule of academic writing. This style
of writing refers to the objectivity and neutrality of a piece of academic writing. This
objectivity can be achieved only through the omission of personal involvement of or
reference to both the author and the reader. In other words, impersonal style is that fashion
of writing which is free of personal opinion, prejudice, bias, or even involvement. It is an
academic responsibility of the author to render his/her piece of writing impersonal as far as
practicable. Impersonality of academic writing can be achieved by means of the following
ways:

•The omission of first person pronouns like 'T', 'we' and 'me' in the writing as far as
practicable. Use of the first person indicates some kind of familiarity that is acceptable in a
presentation but should be avoided in writing. For example, instead of writing 'as I argued
when continuing with an argument it is better to write 'as has been argued. In English there
is a practice of using introductory there' and 'it'. The following examples will give some idea
about these usages:

Let me first explain to you the laws of demand and supply in Economics.

Instead, it may be put as

Firstly, it is necessary to explain the laws of demand and supply in Economics.

Or
There are laws of demand and supply in Economics that need to be explained.
•The use of the second person is to be monitored as well. Sometimes an indefinite
third person like 'one' or 'the student, in appropriate situations, may be used to maintain the
impersonality of writing. For example,If you want to write good English you must pay
attention to grammatical correctness.
Instead, it may be written as To write good English, one must pay attention to grammatical
correctness.

Alternately, it may be written as

The student needs to pay attention to grammatical correctness to write in good English.

This leads to another important convention of academic writing, that is, writing in the
passive voice, which makes impersonal writing easy. In the active voice, the verb expresses
action performed by the subject and in the passive voice, the verb expresses what is done to
the object as a result of the action performed by the subject.
 There are occasions in academic writing where command, instruction or some
suggestions need to be made. In a presentation, if active voice is used in such cases, that
sounds good; but academic writing should not read like an instruction manual and hence the
use of passive voice is recommended. Here are a few examples that will underscore the
advantage of using passive voice in academic writing.

CHAPTER-4

6) How is an electronic source evaluated in research work? Discuss with proper

example.
Ans:-In academic research, evaluating a printed source involves assessing its
credibility, relevance, and reliability. Here are some key factors to consider when evaluating
a printed source:-

Author's credentials:Consider the author's qualifications and expertise in the subject area.
Check their educational background, professional affiliations, and previous publications.
Example:If you are researching a topic related to astrophysics and come across an article
written by a renowned astrophysicist with multiple publications in reputable journals, it
indicates their expertise in the field.

Publication details:Examine where the source was published. Reputable publishers or

established academic journals often have rigorous review processes that ensure high-quality
content.
Example:A book published by a well-known university press or an article appearing in a
peer-reviewed journal holds more credibility than self-published material or articles from
unknown sources.

Citations and references:Assess whether the source includes proper citations and
references to support its claims. This demonstrates that the author has relied on credible
sources while conducting their research.
Example:An academic paper that includes extensive citations from other scholarly works
provides evidence of thorough research conducted by the author.

Objectivity and bias:Evaluate whether there is any apparent bias or subjective viewpoint
presented in the source. It is crucial for scholarly work to maintain objectivity and present
balanced arguments based on evidence rather than personal opinions.
Example:A news article discussing political issues should strive for neutrality rather than
promoting one specific perspective without considering opposing viewpoints.

Timeliness:Consider how recent the publication is when assessing its relevance to current
research topics as new discoveries could impact understanding within certain fields over
time.
Example:When researching advancements in medical treatments, it would be important to
prioritize recent studies as they may reflect newer methodologies or findings compared to
older studies.
 Remember that these criteria can vary depending on your specific discipline or
research area; thus, it is essential to consult relevant guidelines provided by your academic
institution or the requirements of a particular assignment.

7)How is an electronic source evaluated in research work? Discuss with proper

example.
Ans:-Evaluating electronic sources in research work is crucial to ensure the
credibility, reliability and relevance of the information being used.With the vast amount of
information available online,it becomes essential for researchers to apply critical evaluation
techniques.
Firstly,when evaluating an electronic source, it is important to consider the authority and
expertise of the author or organization responsible for creating the content. A reliable source
should clearly indicate who authored or published it and provide their credentials or
affiliations. For instance, if researching climate change, a scholarly article authored by a
renowned climatologist from a reputable university would carry more weight than an
anonymous blog post.
Secondly,assessing the accuracy and currency of information is vital. One must verify
whether facts presented are supported by evidence or referenced from credible sources.
Additionally, determining when the material was published or last updated helps establish its
relevance to current research inquiries. For example, if investigating recent advancements in
medical treatments for cancer patients using gene therapy techniques, utilizing scientific
journals published within the last few years would offer more up-to-date insights compared to
outdated articles.
Thirdly,evaluating objectivity and bias plays a significant role in ensuring balanced
perspectives. It is crucial to identify any potential biases that might influence how information
is presented or interpreted. Biases may stem from political leanings, commercial interests,
personal beliefs/prejudices etc., which can impact objectivity and undermine credibility.
Researchers need to critically analyze content for neutrality and consider multiple viewpoints
on controversial topics.
Fourthly,examining peer review processes adds another layer of assessment while
working with electronic sources such as academic journals Peer-reviewed articles undergo
rigorous scrutiny by experts in relevant fields before publication; this process ensures higher
standards regarding quality control compared to non-peer reviewed sources like blogs or
opinion pieces.
Fifthly,scrutinizing website domains aids in determining credibility. Government
(.gov), educational institutions (.edu), and established research organizations (.org) tend to
be more reliable sources, as they often adhere to strict standards of accuracy and quality.
Conversely, personal websites or those ending in ".com" might have commercial interests or
subjective views.
Lastly,cross-referencing information from multiple reputable sources is a valuable
practice. Consistency across different credible sources enhances the reliability of the
information being used. If multiple scholarly articles published by experts in the field support
a particular finding or theory, it Strengthens its validity within research work.
In conclusion,evaluating electronic sources in research work requires critical thinking
skills and careful analysis. Considering factors such as authority, accuracy, objectivity/bias,
peer review processes, website domains, and cross-referencing information can help
researchers determine the credibility and reliability of electronic sources. By employing these
evaluation techniques consistently throughout their work, researchers can ensure that their
findings are based on sound evidence from trustworthy electronic sources.

CHAPTER-5

8)How is the answer to a question developed through argument?

Ans:-Answering a question through argument is a methodical process in which the
question is engaged by presenting a series of structure arguments with supportive
evidence.This methodology allows for the provision of a comprihensive and convensing
response. It not only furnishes and answer but also demmonested a deep thought with
arguments and counter arguments to reach re conclusion.
Answering a question also can be developed through three parts just like writing a
research paper-introduction, interjection and conclusion.
• Introduction:-
• The întroduction part of answering to a question is different from the introduction part
of writing a research paper. In a research paper the act of writing starts with writing down the
research question,but here the question is already there. So, the student does not need to
read întroduced the question. Therefore the introduction part of writing an answer to a
question will focus on the background. The material and by methodology is more or less
dicteted by the question.
•We may take an example to understand a matter.Supposs the students are given a
question like " Discuss the Macbeth as a Tragedy.”In this case the students may be begin
with Aristotle's definition of tragedy and go on to discuss how shakespeare differed from the
aristotelien concepts.Students may avoid, while beginning the answer to start with hyperbolic
praise for the dramatist, student may concerned to the oparative word, as in this case
Tragedy' is the apparative word.
•Interjection:-
•Interjection is the most crucial part or the body of the answer. For writing a answer the
interjection part is different from writing a paper. Here the student should analyes the
definition already introduced. Student should articulet supporting arguments and should
present evidence in support. The body of the answer also engaged counter argument and
rubettle of the arguments. Student should analysed all possible nuances and should property
up hold his/her own argument with clear evidence.
•For example, if we take the question already mentioned,the interjection part of the
question is required to explain one by one all the features of tragedy mentioned by
aristotle.A detailed analysis of Macbeth may be make to show how the fall of the mighty hero
creats a tragic spectacle.It should be also shown the fatal flaw the vaulting
ambition,emotional, purgation of pity and fair etc.
• Thereafter, the differences between Aristotelien and shakespearean tragedy may be
pointed out. The quality of interjection part should be enhanced the text in support of
argument.
•Conclusion:-
•Conclusion is the final part of writing answer or research paper. Here the student is
aspected to sumup the argument or analysis that has been presented in the main body.It
must repite the inessential argument, may recapitulate in brief the major arguments and
come to conclusion.
 •The answer to the question on Macbeth, already noted before, may be concluded with
the following note:-
•Macbeth, though it does not follow all the rules of classical tragedy, is an artistic
success.Shakespeare has been able to hold the imagination of the audience contemplating
a great fall, a poetic hero, a sense of loss and finally a reconciliation of the idea of sin and
punishment. So, Macbeth can not be called a classical tragedy but it can be called a
shakespearean tragedy.

9)How is a research paper developed through argument?

Ans:-A research paper is developed through certain argumentative methods. It is a
technique in academic writing that aims to persuade the reader of a particular viewpoint on a
specific topic. It involves presenting evidence and reasoning to support a claim or thesis
statement. Here's how it typically works:
i) Formulating a Research Question: The process begins with a clear and focused
research question that guides the investigation. This question should be debatable and invite
different perspectives.
ii) Conducting Thorough Research: The researcher gathers relevant information from
credible sources, such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites. This research
provides the foundation for the argument.
iii) Developing a Thesis Statement: The thesis statement is the central argument of the
paper. It presents the main point the researcher aims to prove. It should be specific,
debatable, and clearly stated.
iv) Organizing the Argument: The paper is typically structured in a logical order, often
using the following format:
a) Introduction: Introduces the topic, provides background information, and presents the
thesis statement.
b) Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph focuses on a specific supporting argument or
piece of evidence. It includes a topic sentence, evidence, and analysis that connects the
evidence to the thesis.
c) Counter Arguments: Acknowledges and addresses opposing viewpoints. This
demonstrates a well-rounded understanding of the topic and strengthens the argument.
d) Conclusion: Summarizes the main points, restates the thesis, and provides a final
thought or implication.
e) Using Evidence Effectively: The argument is supported by strong evidence, such as:

•Facts and Statistics: The write-up should be provided with objective data to support
claims.
•Expert Opinions: The write-up is required to cite the views of respected authorities in
the field.
•Examples and Case Studies: The points of a research paper should be illustrated with
concrete examples and case studies.
•Logical Reasoning: A research paper should use sound logic and reasoning to connect
evidence to the thesis.
•Maintaining a Clear and Concise Style: The paper should be written in a clear, concise,
and formal style. It's necessary to avoid jargon and unnecessary complexity.
•Proper Citation: All sources used in the paper must be properly cited to avoid
plagiarism. This includes in-text citations and a bibliography or works cited page.
 By following these steps, a researcher can develop a strong and persuasive argument in
his/her research paper.

CHAPTER -6
10)What is Book Review?Discuss verious aspect of Book Review?
Or:-Write a brief note about book review?
ANS:- A Book Revier is a concise evaluation of a book that provides readers with a
critical analysis of its content, style and overall worth. It is a kind of critical thinking. It
provides readers with insights into its content and style. A Book Review subjective, reflective
reaction to the book. T.S. Eliot once remarked that crities are only better readers.So the
reviewer is considered to be a person Who is better equipped than ordinary readers.The
reviewer should give a judgment which may influence the reader.A book review can be
published in a journal, magazin, newspaper or reviewer's own book. A Book Review should
focus on different area of specialisation, orientation and target readership.
Verious aspect of Book Review:-
Or:-Basic requirement of a Book Review:-
•Book reviews are usually not too long, often not exceeding a thousand words.
•Target readership must be taken into consideration. When one is writing for a regular
newspaper column it is necessary to provide names of the author and the publisher, the title
of the book, total page count, kind of cover and price. Many people take these reviews as a
guide to their choice of reading material.
•If the review is published in a scholarly journal, the target readership is different and
information about cover, page number or price may not be important.
•The reviewer must read the book thoroughly because the review needs to be
well-planned and written within a tight word limit. Precision is an important component of a
review.
•There are three basic sections in a book review. First, there should be a summary of the
content so that even if the reader has not read the book she can get a fairly good idea of
what it is about.
•Analysis of the major ideas/themes that the author has tried to deal with comes next.
This part should be objective and never venture out of the scope of the book. It is the book
that is at the centre of attention and not references drawn from outside or comparisons with
other books of a similar kind.
•The third part is the reviewer's considered opinion about the book. Comparisons and
references may be a part of this opinion. Finally, the reviewer gives a judgement about the
book's success and shortcomings and whether the author has been able to do justice to the
subject. The reviewer may, sometimes, also include suggestions for improvement.

11) Write a brief note about Film Review?

Ans:-Like a book review, a film review is also fraught with enormous scope and
depends on the kind of film that is under review, the expertise of the reviewer and the target
readership. If the film under scrutiny is Maqbool, for example, the reviewer must be familiar
with the Shakespearean play Macbeth, of which the former is an adaptation. An exposure to
other films based on the play is also necessary. An adaptation of a classic text in a different
language, culture and time period is a doubly distilled text. From page to stage or celluloid is
the process of adaptation and creation of a different kind of text. Removal from the original
by language, culture and time period requires enormous creative energy and the reviewer
must point it out. In a film that does not have such serious intentions and is mostly geared
towards entertainment, the reviewer's job becomes much less demanding.

•Like book reviews, film reviews should be short.

•Target readership has to be taken into consideration.
•The film should be watched carefully, if necessary more than once because, as in the
case of a book review, here too the reviewer has a length constraint and must chalk out the
plan well before writing it down.
•There are at least five basic sections in a film review. The story should be outlined in
the beginning, so that even if the reader has not watched the film she gets a fairly good idea
of what it is all about. Development of the plot should be discussed and the main characters
should be identified in relation to one another.
•Analysis of the major ideas/themes of the film comes next. This part should be
objective and never venture out of the scope of the film. Again, as in a book, it is the film that
is at the centre of attention and not references drawn from outside or comparisons with other
films of a similar kind.
•Since the film is a performance text, the reviewer should comment on the performance
of the actors, the score and choreography.
•There are technical aspects of a film and the reviewer must be familiar with these.
Cinematography and editing demand attention and to some extent make or mar the film.
Critical observation about these aspects is expected in a film review.
•The final part is the reviewer's considered opinion about the film. Comparisons and
references, may be a part of this opinion. I hemtention of the director should be underscored
by the reviewer, as it is central to a pinion. The intention of the dy express his own views
about the director's success and shortcomings, make recommendations for the viewers and
also include suggestions for improvement. Recommendations are appropriate for review in a
newspaper or magazine, though not so much for a scholarly journal devoted to film studies.

12) What is editing? Describe the task of editing?

Or:-Discuss the functions of an editor?

Ans:-Editing in academic writing plays a crucial role, as it brings about clarity,

precision and accuracy in a piece of writing. When a research paper is written by a scholar
or an academician. it is checked, examined and rectified by an editor.

•The job of an editor begins after the paper is submitted for publication. There are two
aspects of an editor's job: the first one is focussing on the content, the second one on the
format. Editing the content involves an extensive range of activity starting from checking the
spelling and grammatical correctness of the writing to evaluating the acceptability, validity
and legality of the content. Editing is a pre-publication job and it has to introduce a uniform
style, starting from margin to citation, so that when it reaches the typesetter the final process
becomes smooth.

•Editing of the content begins with checking the spelling and grammatical correctness.
With the use of computers, the author can do it herself to some extent. Even then it remains
the editor's responsibility to apply a human mind to the job because the artificial intelligence
of the computer cannot always take a judgement call as to the structure of a sentence or the
use of a particular punctuation; if a word is not there in the computer vocabulary, it is
underlined as incorrect. In such situations, the discretion of the editor is invaluable.

•The editor has to keep in mind the thrust area of the paper and pay particular attention
to the development of thought in it. Consistency of argument is a seminal point in academic
writing and the editor, if necessary, can suggest changes to the author. The final print-ready
paper should make sense and be easily accessible to the reader. The editor must have
reasonable exposure to the subject that the paper covers to be able to do the job properly.

•The job of the editor also involves checking the validity of the information provided by
the author. The editor must make sure that all the borrowings are acknowledged and as far
as practicable, remove the possibility of plagiarism.

•Editing the format or the style requires familiarity with the accepted style sheet. For
example, an editor who is working in the humanities must have knowledge about the MLA
style sheet. Attention must aiso be paid to maintaining uniformity in the use of quotation and
punctuation marks, margin, indentation, font size, spacing and citations. This is particularly
relevant for an anthology or a journal where there are multiple authors who, in their individual
contributions, may have used different styles or formats.