Responses and Relief Efforts for the January 27, 2025

Flooding in Bongao, Tawi-Tawi

Omisha Y. Tahil

Sitti Khadija A. Awadi

Fatima Aisha A. Jumah

Mr. Altan I. Ishmael

April 21, 2025

Table of Contents
 I. Introduction

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….1

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………………….1

Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………..1

Review of Related Literature……………………………………………………………………2

Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………………..3

II. Discussions

Background of the Study…………………………………………………………………….….3

Cause and Effects of the Flood………………………………………………………………...4

Findings……………………………………………………………………………………...……5

III. Conclusion

Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………….....
8

Concluding Statement…………………………………………………………………………..
 INTRODUCTION community action and the need for effective
disaster and risk management strategies in
Flooding remains one of the most addressing natural disasters such as floods.
devastating natural disasters in the
Philippines, causing widespread damage to
homes and severely affecting families and
their livelihoods. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Our country lies within the Pacific Ring of The main objective of this study is to
Fire and the typhoon belt, making it more examine the responses and relief efforts of
prone to typhoons and, in turn, more the local authorities of Bongao and other
vulnerable to flooding and other water- organizations in combating the January 27,
related disasters. 2025 with the following specific objectives:

The Philippines has experienced multiple

flooding events since January 2025;
however, there is limited data on the exact 1. To examine the preparedness
number of flooding incidents during this measures taken by local authorities
period. Nevertheless, several significant and communities before the
events have been documented including January 27, 2025, flooding.
including Mindanao, Palawan, and even
distant places like Bongao, Tawi-Tawi.
2. To assess the emergency response
On January 27, 2025, at least eight
actions implemented during and
barangays in Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
after the flooding, including rescue
experienced flooding. The flooding was
operations and community
triggered by intense rainfall caused by
initiatives.
easterlies and a shear line. The heavy
downpour, combined with clogged
drainages, led to rising floodwaters that
submerged communities. 3. To provide recommendations for
improving future flood response
This flooding was one of the most severe strategies and disaster
and unexpected incidents the municipality preparedness in Bongao, Tawi-
had experienced in recent years, especially Tawi.
since Bongao is not typically prone to
floods.

This paper examines the responses and METHODOLOGY

relief efforts undertaken to mitigate the
effects of the Bongao flooding, focusing on The study was accomplished by employing
the actions of local authorities, emergency a mixed-methods approach to analyze the
responders, and non-governmental responses and relief efforts for the January
organizations. By discussing these efforts, 27, 2025 Bongao flooding incident.
we can better understand the importance of

1
Primarily, publicized information was It was reported by the Philippine Mindanao
obtained from various media organizations Floods (2025) that on January 16-17, 2024
as well as the official Facebook pages of the shear line affected Mindanao, bringing
local government authorities in order to light to heavy scattered rain and
derive preliminary insights regarding the thunderstorms that began weakening by
flood. January 17. Three days following the
weather events, on January 20, 2024 the
To further comprehend the flood’s impacts shear line no longer had an effect on the
in affected areas, a Facebook post inviting country. However by January 28 until
individuals to share their experiences at the February 2, 2024 the Northeast Monsoon
time of the flood was uploaded on April 12, began affecting Mindanao and caused
2025. The post gave the viewers a general discontinuous light to heavy rainfall. But by
understanding of the ongoing study and February 3, 2024 the low pressure area
clarified that no commenter shall be named dissipated and its weather impact finally
in the final output. The post’s metrics ended. This report reveals the inconsistent
comprised 83 reactions, 45 reposts, and 3 weather patterns in Mindanao. Although the
comments sharing personal experiences as effects of each event lessened in severity
of April 20, 2025. over time, the closeness of their timelines
caused prolonged rainfall, flooding, and
Among the comments was a response from landslides. Affected residents were forced to
the Bongao Disaster Risk Reduction and evacuate, and roads and bridges were
Management (DRRM) Office, expressing rendered impassable due to the impacts of
willingness to contribute more information. the weather events making it difficult to
This resulted in an interview with a access the supplies and relief needed.
Municipal DRRM Officer conducted on April
15, 2025. The interview provided detailed In the context of Bongao, Tawi-Tawi,
insights into the impacts of the flooding, the closely timed weather events such as what
response and recovery efforts, and included has been reported by the Philippine
relevant documents that thoroughly Mindanao Floods is a serious matter as it
described the situation during and after the challenges the resilience and emergency
flood. response capacity of a particular area.
Tawi-Tawi is located on the southwestern
Ethical considerations were paramount Sulu archipelago in the Philippines, and in
throughout the duration of this study. All terms of risk and vulnerability, Tawi-Tawi
sources used were either publicized or has varying scores in the National Disaster
given with consent. Moreover, this study Preparedness Baseline Assessment
comprises only factual information provided, (NDPBA). Although it has a very low Multi-
no subjective opinions were expressed in Hazard Risk and Multi-Hazard Exposure
the study. ranking 76 and 84 respectively out of the 84
provinces that were assessed, it has very
low Resilience and Coping Capacity,
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ranking 81 out of 84 in both areas, coupled
with very high Vulnerability ranking 5 out of
the 84 assessed provinces. Moreover, Tawi-

2
Tawi ranks 78 out of 84 in Health Care community members, this research provides
Capacity, and 82 out of 84 in Emergency valuable insight into the effectiveness of
Services Capacity having 0 evacuation current disaster risk reduction strategies.
centers and only 1 fire station per 100k
persons. (Pacific Disaster Center [PDC], For local government units (LGUs) and
2021). This report highlights the challenges disaster risk reduction and management
Tawi-Tawi faces given its lack of offices (DRRMOs), the study offers an
infrastructure dedicated to the prevention of opportunity to evaluate existing policies and
calamities and response to emergencies. improve early warning systems, drainage
And while emergency response is infrastructure, and inter-agency
important, the preparedness of an area and coordination. It sheds light on what worked
its detection of potential disaster is just as and what needs to be strengthened in future
vital. The Mindanao Sentinel cited the disaster response efforts.
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical
Astronomical Services Administration At the same time, the study recognizes the
(PAGASA) in a weather update for essential role of communities in disaster
Mindanao which included a forecast for key management. It highlights how residents
areas as well as detailing provincial and grassroots groups participated in
outlooks. According to PAGASA, Dinagat response efforts and underscores the value
Islands, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, of community-based initiatives, awareness,
and Davao Oriental were expected to and preparedness. The findings can
experience cloudy skies with scattered rain empower communities to demand better
showers and thunderstorms, and the rest of support and actively participate in shaping
Mindanao was forecasted to experience more resilient local disaster plans.
partly cloudy to cloudy skies with isolated
In a broader context, this research will
rain showers or thunderstorms on January
benefit non-governmental organizations
27, 2025. In the same forecast, the
(NGOs), policy makers, and academics by
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim
providing a case-specific analysis that
Mindanao (BARMM) was predicted to have
contributes to the national conversation on
partly cloudy skies transitioning to scattered
disaster resilience. Ultimately, this study
thunderstorms with temperatures ranging
aims to support the development of safer,
from 21°C to 32°C.
more responsive, and community-centered
approaches to managing future hydrological
disasters.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant as it explores the

response and relief efforts during the BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
January 27, 2025 flooding in Bongao, Tawi-
On January 27, 2025, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi,
Tawi — a critical event that reflects the
experienced significant flooding that
growing threat of climate-induced disasters
affected at least eight barangays: Lapid-
in the Philippines. By assessing the
Lapid, Sanga-Sanga, Pahut, Pasiagan,
preparedness and actions of local
Nalil, Poblacion, Pag-asa, and Tubig-Boh.
authorities, emergency responders, and

3
The primary cause of the flooding was serious flooding that affected 123 houses,
heavy rainfall resulting from the interaction with 11 remaining submerged and one
of easterly winds and the shear line, leading completely destroyed. Schools such as Nalil
to substantial precipitation in the area. Elementary, TTSAT, and MBHTE were also
flooded, damaging equipment and forcing
Compounding the situation, floodwaters the suspension of classes. Health services
from the uplands flowed into these were disrupted as facilities like the Pahut
barangays but were unable to drain properly Health Center were submerged and
due to clogged drainages and canals, declared unserviceable. Power outages
exacerbating the flooding. occurred in multiple barangays, although
electricity was restored later that day.
Local officials noted that the volume of Families were temporarily evacuated to
rainfall was unprecedented for Bongao. centers such as the Barangay Pahut Hall
Typically, rainwater would drain into the until the waters receded. Significant
sea, but the combination of intense damage to infrastructure was also recorded,
precipitation and clogged waterways led to with the MBHTE-TESD office reporting
unusual flooding levels. (GMA Network | losses of ₱983,690, and certain walls and
News and Entertainment) structures either damaged by the flooding or
manually broken to redirect water flow.

The flooding in Bongao left not just physical

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE FLOOD
damage but emotional impact on many
The flooding that occurred in Bongao, Tawi- residents. One local shared, “Hi, I felt so
Tawi on January 27, 2025 was primarily afraid during that time. Though our house
caused by heavy rainfall brought about by was not flooded, our things like basins,
the shear line and easterlies, which began slippers, and plastic rugs were floating in
around 3:00 PM and quickly led to our lawn. It was a scary thing for me.” What
widespread flooding across multiple troubled her even more was what came
barangays. According to the situation after the rains: floodwaters brought down
reports dated January 27 and 28, the not only water, but piles of trash from the
intensity of the rain was far greater than uplands—proof of careless waste disposal.
usual, overwhelming both natural and man- She coined the term "BAHASURA" to
made drainage systems. Floodwaters describe this mix of floodwater and garbage.
flowing from upland areas were unable to “Let this be a reminder,” she said, “that what
drain properly due to clogged canals and we throw away doesn’t just disappear—it
culverts, especially in Barangay Pahut. This flows back to us.” Her call to action was
issue was further worsened by insufficient clear: care for the environment, dispose of
infrastructure maintenance, as fallen trees waste properly, and teach the youth
and scattered debris blocked roads and responsibility with sayings like “Tapat mo,
culverts, delaying emergency response linis mo” and “Basura mo walang
operations. matapunan, ibulsa muna para hindi
makaharang sa lansangan.”
As a result, several barangays—including
Pahut, Nalil, and Tubig Boh—experienced Beyond personal experience, others voiced
frustration over long-standing issues. One

4
resident noted, “Disaster preparedness in need structural support, environmental
the Philippines continues to fail, not only in discipline, and honest leadership to weather
remote areas like Tawi-Tawi, but across the future storms.
entire country.” He pointed out how the lack
of proper drainage systems, worsened by The flooding that struck Bongao on January
irresponsible waste disposal and poor 27, 2025, was the result of several
governance, leaves communities vulnerable interrelated factors. The primary cause was
to floods, landslides, and other disasters. the heavy rainfall brought by the
“We cannot blame the people alone,” he convergence of the shear line and easterly
added, calling out government agencies winds, which unleashed an unusually
such as the DPWH for substandard or intense downpour over the municipality. As
unfinished infrastructure projects, despite the rain poured steadily, floodwaters began
the billions allocated to them. Corruption, to flow from the upland areas into the low-
weak oversight, and political manipulation lying barangays. However, instead of
continue to plague disaster preparedness draining into the sea as it normally would,
efforts. “Until our government takes real the water was trapped—held back by
action to fight corruption and prioritize long- clogged canals and drainage systems that
term solutions, preparedness will always be had not been cleared. According to the
more reactive than preventive. Tawi- Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and
Tawians deserve better.” Management Office (MDRRMO), this
blockage significantly worsened the
A civil engineer also chimed in, comparing situation, as the trapped water continued to
his experience in Saudi Arabia to the rise and inundate communities. Local
situation in Bongao. “Before we constructed officials noted that the volume of rainfall was
roads, we first built a drainage system from unprecedented in Bongao’s recent history.
the highest point to the shoreline. We used With both natural and man-made systems
proper slopes, culverts, and manholes— overwhelmed, the municipality found itself
tested the system for 24 hours to ensure facing a major flood event that disrupted
proper flow—then and only then did we lives, damaged infrastructure, and exposed
build the roads.” He contrasted this to what the vulnerabilities in its disaster
he witnessed in his hometown: “In Bongao, preparedness.
the LGU and DPWH constructed the road
first, without drainage—only gutters. It
should be the other way around.” His
message was technical but urgent: if we FINDINGS
want to prevent recurring floods, drainage
A. Preparedness Measures Taken by Local
systems must be planned and constructed
Authorities and Communities Before the
according to international standards, such
Flooding
as IBC and American codes.
When subjected to extreme weather events,
Together, these voices echo a common
Bongao, Tawi-Tawi proves to have minimal
truth: disasters may be natural, but their
preparedness measures taken and a lack of
impact is worsened by human negligence,
resources to cope with disasters.
broken systems, and misplaced priorities.
The people of Bongao are resilient, but they

5
In the case of the January 27, 2025 severe lack of necessary facilities of the
flooding, there were no published reports or evacuation sites in Bongao, the water being
flood alerts in Bongao, Tawi-Tawi . Only a undrinkable becomes a minimal concern.
general weather report was issued by the There are 50 evacuation sites in the
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical municipality, majority being schools, and the
Astronomical Services Administration rest being health centers, covered courts,
(PAGASA) on the entirety of Mindanao halls, and mosques. The problem these
forecasting isolated rain showers and sites present is the lack of basic utilities for
thunderstorms. The closest and more locally temporary living. The availability of light and
directed weather report is the weather water vary greatly among these sites, with
forecast for the BARMM region on the same some only having a limited water supply and
day, predicting partly cloudy skies only solar powered lights. The poor
transitioning to scattered thunderstorms with condition of these evacuation facilities
temperatures ranging from 21°C to 32°C, reflects a serious lack of disaster
but there was no mention of potential preparedness, leaving communities with no
flooding in Tawi-Tawi or any part of the safe place to turn to when calamities occur.
region. Another important detail is the inadequacy
of complete DRRM teams in some
However, an interview with an officer of the barangays, causing a delay in emergency
Bongao Disaster Risk Reduction and responses in those areas.
Management Office (MDRRMO) revealed
that preceding the January 27 flooding, Awareness, proper infrastructure, and well-
intermittent rainfall was present in the equipped response teams go hand in hand
municipality. And while there was no in ensuring disaster preparedness. The
publicized report or flood advisory, the absence or the insufficiency of any one of
MDRRMO advised all barangays in Bongao these elements undermines the
to alert their emergency response and be effectiveness of the others and disrupts the
prepared in the event of a flooding. Being balance of emergency response. Bongao
aware of the possibility is vital, but having exemplifies the serious consequences of
the infrastructure is just as, if not more so not having an up to par emergency service
than awareness. An assessment done by capacity, leaving both the citizens and
the Philippine Disaster Center (PDC) in limited emergency personnel vulnerable to
2021 showed that Tawi-Tawi has a very low risks that could have been mitigated with
emergency response capacity with 0 proper alerts, adequate facilities, and
evacuation centers per 100k persons. But sufficient trained responders.
from the interview conducted, it was
explained that Bongao has 2 emergency
operations centers, and 2 evacuation
centers having adequate facilities, with one B. Emergency Response Actions
capable of accommodating 250 people Implemented During and After the Flooding
while the other capable of receiving 650.
In response to the flooding and resulting
The only problem of these evacuation
debris in affected areas, the Bongao
centers is the water being unsuitable for
Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and
drinking. However, when compared to the
Management Office (MDRRM) took

6
immediate and coordinated action, diver was dispatched to inspect the
establishing contact with the Office of Civil blockage, but the mixture of water and mud
Defense-Bangsamoro Autonomous Region obscured visibility and made it difficult to
(OCD-BAR) Tawi-Tawi focal and advised assess the situation underwater. During this
Barangay Chairpersons to initiate time, the whole area of Pahut was
evacuation procedures if necessary, submerged in water, confirming the intense
directing affected household to the nearest volume of the rain on the day of the
evacuation center/site. A request was made flooding.
by the Bongao MDRRM Office to the Marine
Battalion Landing Team-4 (MBLT4) for Further exacerbating the situation, a
rescue and debris clearing operations. PNP- massive tree fell over, blocking the road in
MPS patrol cars were mobilized to monitor front of the Budjang Tawi-Tawi Beach
the situation while municipal rescue Resort, confining the residents of Pahut as
volunteers were deployed to assist in well as the emergency responders to one
affected barangays. side. While culvert clearing operations were
ongoing, another team worked on clearing
According to the information obtained from the massive tree that was blocking the road.
the interview, the first distress call was from Credited to its size, an excavator and a
Barangay Sanga-Sanga, reporting flooding dump truck had to be used to relieve the
and heavy rainfall causing trees to topple blockage and many responders were on site
over and cause road blockages. In moving away large parts of the tree.
response to the call, the MDRRMO
personnel arrived on site with other local A long distance away from Pahut, the
government emergency responders. Upon MBHTE compound located in Barangay
arrival, MDRRMO found that the DRRM Poblacion was severely flooded due to the
team of the Barangay had already cleared walls of the compound confining the water
most of the road blockage and further inside. In order to alleviate the situation, an
assistance was immediately provided to opening was created using a hammer to
fully restore road access. Meanwhile, allow accumulated floodwater to flow out.
Barangay DRRM teams were deployed to As community restoration efforts and flood
begin clearing operations and facilitate the management were being conducted, 100
disaster management of their respective families were evacuated at Barangay Pahut
barangays. Hall due to their homes being temporarily
unfit to house individuals. Relief boxes were
The second emergency report received was given to the affected families by the Bongao
from Barangay Pahut. The flooding situation DRRM Office.
in Pahut proved to be the most severe in
contrast to the situation in Sanga-Sanga On January 28, 2025 the Bongao MDRRM
and other barangays. Ongoing construction Office conducted a comprehensive
in the area led to debris blockage in culverts monitoring of affected areas in coordination
meant to drain the water accumulated in the with the Municipal Police Station and
land side of Pahut into the ocean. Clearing general clearing operations persisted with
the culverts took up a lot of manpower and the availability of a dump truck deployed by
heavy machinery due to the excessive the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) and the
amount of debris left by construction. A efforts of MBLT4 soldiers. The MBHTE

7
compound in Barangay Poblacion was ● Elevate important home fixtures like
among the areas given priority in the water heaters and electrical panels.
clearing operation by MPS-PNP personnel ● Move to higher ground immediately
due to the extent of debris reported. if flash flooding is possible.
Municipal volunteers were also deployed for
clearing operations of fallen trees in (National Disaster Management Authority,
Barangay Pahut and Barangay Nalil while 2020)
some assisted with the clearing operations
at Nalil Elementary School as it was the
most affected site during the flooding.
When a flood threatens:
Throughout and after the January 27, 2025
(Source: weather.gov – Flood Safety)
flooding in Bongao, the local government
emergency services promptly responded to ● Keep informed of where flooding is
the disaster with proper coordination and expected or occurring.
well-executed disaster management ● Store a supply of drinking water in
strategies. From real-time monitoring to clean bathtubs and in large
rescue and restoration, efforts were made containers.
not only to respond to immediate needs but ● Get out of areas subject to flooding.
also to recuperate normalcy in all affected This includes dips, low spots,
areas. floodplains, etc.

During flooding:

RECOMMENDATIONS (Source: weather.gov – Flood Safety)

Flood Safety: Before, During, and After ● Stay Informed: Listen to radio and
TV outlets, check the Internet and
Before flooding:
social media for information and
(Sources: weather.gov – Flood Safety, updates as well.
NDMA – Do’s and Don’ts) ● Get to Higher Ground: If you live in a
flood prone area or are camping in a
● Prepare a family disaster plan and low lying area, get to higher ground
assemble a disaster supplies kit. immediately.
● Find out where you can go if ordered ● Obey Evacuation Orders: If told to
to evacuate. evacuate, do so immediately. Lock
● Make a keep-in-touch arrangement your home when you leave. If you
with relatives and friends. have time, disconnect utilities and
● Keep insurance, important appliances.
documents, and other valuable items ● Avoid driving or walking through
in a safe deposit box. floodwaters.

(weather.gov, 2018)

8
 ● Keep children from playing in ● Modify existing drainage systems to
floodwaters or near culverts and reduce the impact of flooding.
storm drains. ● Evaluate and improve sewer line
systems.
● Maximize the use of existing
Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs)
After flooding: in all barangays to enhance proper
waste management.
(Sources: weather.gov – Flood Safety,
● Establish and maintain properly
eather.gov/media/owlie/FloodSafety-
managed dump sites to ensure
OnePager-2018.pdf)
proper waste management and
● Pay attention to authorities for reduce garbage accumulation that
information and instructions. If may worsen flooding during heavy
evacuated, return home only when rains.
authorities say it is safe.
● Boil drinking water before using. If
fresh food has come in contact with Flood Mitigation Measures:
floodwaters, throw it out.
● Use flashlights, not open flames, (Source: NT Gov – Flood Mitigation
during inspection. Measures)
● Do not handle live electrical
equipment in wet areas. Electrical Structural Flood Mitigation
equipment should be checked and
dried before being returned to ● Construct and maintain
service. infrastructure such as dams, levees,
bridges, and culverts to reduce the
(weather.gov, 2018) impact of flooding on properties or
catchments.
● Keep following news and updates to ● Evaluate the effectiveness of
understand the current situation, individual structural measures before
including the safety of drinking water implementation, as some may offer
in your area. minimal benefit to those most
● Don’t return to flood-impacted areas affected.
until authorities confirm it’s safe to ● Maintain existing infrastructure,
do so. including creeks and stormwater
drainage systems, to preserve
(weather.gov/media/owlie/FloodSafety- hydraulic performance.
OnePager-2018.pdf, 2018) ● Schedule regular maintenance for
flood-prone areas to significantly
help during seasonal rains.
Additional Local Recommendations (Based ● Conduct targeted clearing of creek
on Interview with the Municipal DRRM systems to help mitigate smaller,
Office) more frequent floods.

9
 ● Install Individual flood-proofing to ensure preparedness for extreme
measures for areas where the weather events.
floodwater inundation below 700mm, ● Stay informed through local radio
such as solid fences, raising stations or TV news for the latest
windows, stop boards on doors, and updates on emergencies, including
reflux or backflow valves to limit flooding and extreme weather.
sewage contamination. ● Follow official social media pages of
● Improve flood resilience for roads to local government units or
ensure that residents can escape emergency services for real-time
floods and that emergency services updates.
can access affected areas. ● Understand the local flood history
● Ensure key routes to essential and monitor tide and rainfall
services such as hospitals and forecasts to anticipate potential
emergency shelters should have at flooding conditions.
least a Q100 flood immunity level.

CONCLUDING STATEMENT
Non-Structural Flood Mitigation
This study examined how the local
● Conduct property surveys on flood- government, emergency teams, and other
affected areas to increase the groups responded to the January 27, 2025
accuracy of flood modeling and flooding in Bongao, Tawi-Tawi, using a
improve understanding of actual mixed-methods approach that included
flood impacts. interviews, social media engagement, and
● Implement strategic land use publicized reports.
planning to identify flood-impacted
areas and limit development in The findings revealed that while barangays
vulnerable urban and rural zones. were advised to prepare for possible
● Follow building regulations that flooding, there was a lack of formal alerts
mandate habitable floor levels be at and many evacuation sites had poor
least 300mm above Q100 flood utilities. These gaps in preparedness placed
levels for new homes and communities at higher risk. Despite these
substantial renovations. shortcomings, the emergency response was
● Maintain up-to-date catchment flood swift, with coordination between agencies
models to assess the impact of new like MBLT4, PNP, and local DRRM teams.
developments on current residents. In severely affected areas like Pahut, where
● Manage stormwater flow in new land blocked culverts and fallen trees worsened
developments to match pre- the situation—clearing and relief efforts
development flow rates. were quickly executed, showing strong
● Establish early warning systems, collaboration and commitment from
especially for flash flood events, to emergency teams. This contrast
enable timely resident response. emphasizes the need to not rely solely on
● Develop a household emergency response efforts, but also to invest in early
plan and prepare an emergency kit warning systems, proper infrastructure, and

10
preparedness plans to minimize damage cbn.com/news/weather-traffic/2025/2/10/pal
before disasters strike. awan-records-heaviest-24-hour-rainfall-due-
to-shear-line-1248
Ultimately, improving disaster response
strategies and fostering community GMA Regional News TV. (2025, January
resilience will not only save lives but also 28). 8 brgys in Tawi-Tawi town experience
ensure that future events are managed flooding.
more effectively, creating communities that https://www.gmanetwork.com/regionaltv/ne
are capable and ready for disasters. ws/106309/8-brgys-in-tawitawi-town-
experience-flooding/story/

National Disaster Management Authority.

(n.d.). Flood do’s and don’ts. Retrieved
from:
REFERENCES https://ndma.gov.in/Natural-Hazards/Floods/
Do-Donts
Pacific Disaster Center. (2021). Tawi-Tawi
provincial profile. Retrieved from: U.S. National Weather Service. (n.d.). Flood
https://dev.pdc.org/wp-content/uploads/Tawi safety and preparedness. Retrieved from:
-Tawi.pdf https://www.weather.gov/afc/FloodSafety
Philippines Mindanao Floods - DREF U.S. National Weather Service. (2018,
Operation (MDRPH053) Final Report November 29). Flood safety one-pager
(2025). Retrieved from: [PDF]. Retrieved from:
https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippi https://www.weather.gov/media/owlie/Flood
nes-mindanao-floods-dref-operation- Safety-OnePager-11-29-2018.pdf
mdrph053-final-report
Northern Territory Government. (2025).
The Mindanao Sentinel. (2025, January 27). Flood mitigation measures. Retrieved from:
Weather Update for Mindanao. Retrieved https://environment.nt.gov.au/lands-
from: planning/flood-mitigation/flood-mitigation-
https://themindanaosentinel.com/2025/01/w measures
eather-update-for-mindanao-january-27-
2025/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

ReliefWeb. (2025, January 9). Philippines:

Floods and flash floods (DROMIC, DSWD,
PAGASA) - ECHO Daily Flash, 09 January
2025.
https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippi
nes-floods-and-flash-floods-dromic-dswd-
pagasa-echo-daily-flash-09-january-2025

ABS-CBN News. (2025, February 10).

Palawan records heaviest 24-hour rainfall
APPENDICES
due to shear line. https://www.abs-

11
 https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=122202430514057461&set=pcb.12220
2433424057461

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=122202432824057461&set=pcb.12220
2433424057461

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=122202430760057461&set=pcb.12220
2433424057461

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=122202431816057461&set=pcb.12220
2433424057461

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=122202431330057461&set=pcb.12220
2433424057461

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=122202463706057461&set=pcb.12220
2467426057461

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=122202431852057461&set=pcb.12220
2433424057461

12
https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=122202464786057461&set=pcb.12220
2467426057461

13