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EACH
FACULTY Dented
FacuUy ofl s
to the

./MUSIC ^
f ^P ^^1
Arthur Plettner
and
Isa Mcllwraith

UNIVERSITY
OF TORONTO
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
HIS WORK AND INFLUENCE ON THE
MUSIC OF GERMANY, 1685-1750

BY

PHILIPP SPITTA

TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY

CLARA BELL
AND

J. A. FULLER MAITLAND

IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL. III.

LONDON NOVELLO AND COMPANY, LIMITED

:

NEW YORK THE H. W. GRAY CO., SOLE AGENTS FOR THE U.S.A.
:

1899
MADE IN ENGLAND
7522?
 CONTENTS

BOOK VI.

THE FINAL PERIOD OF BACH'S LIFE AND WORK.

I. DISPUTES WITH ERNESTI. THE COLLEGIUM MUSICUM.

THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCERT J

II. BACH'S MASSES. THE MASS IN B MINOR 23

III. THE LATER CHORALE CANTATAS 64

IV. THE CHORALE COLLECTIONS. THE ECCLESIASTICAL MODES.

AND BACH'S RELATIONS TOWARDS THEM Io8

V. WORKS OF THE LAST (LEIPZIG) PERIOD. CONCERTO

THE LATER WORKS FOR CLAVIER AND ORGAN 135

VI. BACH'S PRIVATE FRIENDSHIPS AND PUPILS; HIS GENERAL

CULTURE. BLINDNESS AND DEATH 222

APPENDIX (A, TO VOL. III.) 279

APPENDIX B 296

MUSICAL SUPPLEMENT 363

INDEX 407

III.
B
 BOOK VI.

THE FINAL PERIOD OF BACH'S LIFE AND WORK.

 BOOK VI.

I.

DISPUTES WITH ERNESTI. THE COLLEGIUM MUSICUM,

THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCERT.

ESNER'S successor as rector of the Thomasschule

\J was Johann August Ernesti,
1
who in 1732 had been
appointed Conrector. Ernesti, born in 1707, was still very
young when he was placed at the head of the school ; but
he was qualified for the post by his learning and accomplish-
ments, grounded on a thorough knowledge of the authors
of antiquity, and by a conspicuous talent for methodical
teaching. Under his guidance the school made wonderful

progress, and in this respect he was worthy to succeed

Gesner, whom he even excelled in his writings by their
lucidity, accuracy, and a high and pure standard of
Latinity. On the other hand, he lacked the geniality, the
sympathetic kindliness, and the breadth of culture by which
Gesner's highly successful work had been carried out, as
well as his judgment and delicate tact. Ernesti held the
place of Rector till 1759, when he accepted a professorial
Chair in the University.
Bach, who was now nearly fifty, was at first on
excellent terms with his superior, whose father he might
very well have been in point of age. His family continued
to increase; in 1733 he had already requested Ernesti
to be godfather to one of his sons, and he did so again on
the birth of his last son, Johann Christian, in September,
1735. But these friendly relations were not destined to b<

See Vol. II., p. 261.

B 3
4 JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH.

of long continuance. In the choir composed of the founda-

tion scholars the prefects filled the office of deputy to the
cantor,and among them the head prefect held a particularly
important place. In 1736 a certain Gottfried Theodor
Krause of Herzberg filled this post. He had been expressly
enjoined by Bach to keep a strict watch over the smaller
boys, and when, in Bach's absence, any disorderly
conduct should arise in church, to meet it with due
punishment. When Krause found that he could no longer
ill behaviour of the troop of boys by admonition,
control the
and when, on a certain occasion of a wedding, their mis-
conduct had gone too far, he proposed to flog some of the
worst. They resisted, and finally had a severer dose of the
cane than had been intended. A complaint was laid before
the rector, who was furious with the prefect. Krause's
previous character was blameless he was on the point
;

of going to the University, and had taken part in the

school speeches of April 2O. 2 In spite of this Ernesti
condemned him to the ignominious punishment of a public
flogging in the presence of the whole school. Bach inter-
posed and took Krause's fault entirely upon himself, but
without success. When a second attempt to obtain re-
mission was angrily rejected by the rector, Krause, to elude
the disgrace that threatened him, took upon himself to quit
the school. His little possessions and singing money, which
had gradually accumulated to thirty thalers and which was
in the rector's hands, Ernesti withheld, but he had to restore
them by order of the Council (dated July 31) whom Krause
petitioned for redress.
Bach felt himself aggrieved in the person of his prefect,
and the proceeding implanted in his heart a dislike to
Ernesti from which evil results were to follow. The school
regulations of 1723 describe it as the duty and right of
the Cantor to compose the four choirs out of the pupils
fitted for each, and select the choir In this last
prefects.
choice he was to obtain the consent of the Superintendent,

* See Ernesti's
school report for April 20, 1736, p. 15, in the Library of the
Thomasschule.
 DISPUTE WITH ERNESTI. 5

and the rector had to give his approval to the composition

of the choirs, though he had no right to any initiative.
Traditional custom allowed the cantor even wider control,
and left him all but unlimited mastery in all matters relating
to the choir ; here, as in many other cases, the old practice
survived in spite of the new regulations. When Gottfried
Krause had refused to submit to the ignominious punishment
to which he was condemned, the rector had suspended him
from his office, and at the same time had, on his own
authority, promoted the second prefect, Johann Gottlob
Krause of Grossdeuben 8 to fill his place pro tern. But
the cantor had for a long time past disapproved of this
individual, and had not concealed the fact. On the twenty-
second Sunday after Trinity (Nov. 6) of the previous year,
Magister Abraham Krugel, of Collmen near Colditz, had
been married to the daughter of pastor Wendt of that place.
Ernesti and Bach had been invited, and as they were return-
ing home together in the evening the conversation fell on
the new appointments to the post of prefect which were
always made before the Christmas perambulations. Johann
Krause had a right to one from his age and place in the
school, but Bach hesitated and said he had always been
"a disreputable dog." Ernesti admitted this, but still opined
that he could not well be passed over, since he was
distinguished for his talents, and seemed to have improved
in morals, if only he possessed sufficient musical knowledge.
Certain pecuniary benefits were attached to the place of
prefect;
Krause might be able in this way to release himself
from his debts, and thus the school would be spared a
discreditable report. In musical matters Bach considered
him sufficiently competent, at any rate as a lower prefect,
so he was made fourth, third, and finally second prefect ;

and even his temporary promotion to be first prefect Bach

had agreed to, though the rector's independent action
annoyed him. However, at the end of a few weeks, he was
convinced that Krause was not equal to this responsible and
onerous position he therefore set him down again to be
;

See Vol. II., p. 240.

 JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH.

second prefect and gave the more competent Samuel Ktittler

4
(orKittler) of Bellgern the first place, and communicated both
nominations in writing to the rector. Ernesti did not like
it, but he yielded ;
not so Krause himself. He complained
to the rector,and was referred by him to the cantor. Now
Bach's vexation and wrath blazed out. He let himself be
provoked into answering that the rector had shoved him
into the place of first prefect on his own authority, and he,
the cantor, turned him out again
to show the rector who
was master here. And herepeated this in the rector's
room, to his face. Ernesti thought he ought not to submit
to such a mode of proceeding, and, fortified by the Superin-
tendent, he required Bach, in writing, to reinstate Krause.
Bach must have seen that he had gone too far he showed ;

himself disposed to an amiable accommodation, and even

promised to yield to Ernesti's demands. But, at the
very next practice, Krause behaved so badly that this was
impossible. On July 20 he went on a journey, and did not
return till August i. Ernesti, who was expecting Krause's re-
appointment and it would seem that Bach's conduct justified
him in this became impatient, and when Bach still took
no action he wrote to him on Saturday, August n, a letter
categorically stating that if Bach did not at once do what
was required of him he himself would re-instate the prefect
on Sunday morning early. Bach remained silent. Ernesti
carried out his threat and allowed Krause himself to inform
Bach of the fact.
It was before Matins Bach went at once to Deyling, the
;

Superintendent, and laid the matter before him, and Deyling

promised, after making enquiries, to do his best to settle the
dispute. Meanwhile the service had begun. Bach fetched
Kiittler, who, as second prefect, had gone by the rector's
order to the Church of St. Nicholas, took him into St.
Thomas' and turned out Krause in the middle of the hymn,
stating, without any grounds, that he was authorised by
the Superintendent. Ernesti saw the proceeding, and after
church he also told his story to the Superintendent, whom
* See Vol. II., p. 240.
 tJISPUT E WITH ERNEST!. 7

he won over to his side. This he reported to Bach, who

retorted with growing indignation that he would not retract
a word in the matter, let it cost what it might, and that he
had besides laid a complaint in writing before the Council.
Before the beginning of Vespers the rector made his
appearance in the organ choir and publicly prohibited the
boys, under penalty of the severest punishment, to carry out
Bach's orders regarding the prefects. When Bach came
and found Krause again in the first prefect's place he once
more turned him out with much vehemence but now, the ;

foundation boys having been intimidated by the rector's

threats, there was no one to lead the motett, and Bach's
pupil Krebs, who had been at the University since 1735, and
who happened to be present, at his master's request under-
took to direct it. The result was a second appeal from the
Cantor, who felt himself deeply aggrieved with regard both
to authority and his self-respect.
his When that same
evening Kiittler came to table, Bach angrily sent him away,
because he had obeyed the rector and not the cantor. 5
On the following Sunday, Aug. 19, these irritating pro-
ceedings were repeated Bach would not allow the prefect
;

nominated by the rector to direct and lead the singing, and

not one of the other scholars dared to take his place. Bach
had to make up his mind to conduct the motett himself,
contrary to custom and a University student once more
;

led it. On this Bach addressed a third appeal to the

Council. He represented that if things went on thus, public
scandal and disorder must continue to increase, and that if
the Council did not at once look into the matter he would
hardly be able to maintain his authority over the scholars.
Meanwhile Ernesti was also required to give his account of
the affair, in which he ingeniously tried to justify himself and
cast all the blame on the cantor. But no interference of the
Council followed, notwithstanding the pressing need of it.
Bach now tried other means. His application for a Court
title, forwarded to Dresden under the date of July 27, 1733,

6
Bach must have been the School Inspector for these weeks, and must
have had to eat with the foundation scholars.
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