Building Physics From physical principles to

international standards 2nd Edition Marko

Pinteri■ pdf download
https://ebookmeta.com/product/building-physics-from-physical-principles-to-international-
standards-2nd-edition-marko-pinteric/

★★★★★ 4.7/5.0 (47 reviews) ✓ 248 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Perfect download, no issues at all. Highly recommend!" - Mike D.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Building Physics From physical principles to international
standards 2nd Edition Marko Pinteri■ pdf download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK EBOOK META

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Collection Highlights

Problems in Building Physics 1st Edition Marko Pinteri■

Optical Whispering Gallery Modes for Biosensing From

Physical Principles to Applications 2nd Edition Frank
Vollmer

Principles and Practice of Physics, 2nd Edition Eric Mazur

Treating Later-Life Depression: A Cognitive-Behavioral

Therapy Approach, Workbook (Treatments That Work) 2nd
Edition Ann M. Steffen
Black Bodies and Transhuman Realities Scientifically
Modifying the Black Body in Posthuman Literature and
Culture 1st Edition Melvin G Hill

Demon Hunter The Vermillion Cabal 1st Edition Michael

Dalton

Ghost Android Animal Trauma and Literature Beyond the

Human 1st Edition Tony M Vinci

The Media of Memory 1st Edition Marusa Pusnik

Royal Gold Keepers 01.0 - Cursed Ever After 1st Edition

Lacey Carter Andersen
A Common Sky Philosophy and the Literary Imagination A.D.
Nuttall
Marko Pinterić

Building
Physics
From physical principles to international
standards
Second Edition
Building Physics
Marko Pinterić

Building Physics
From physical principles
to international standards
Second Edition

123
Marko Pinterić
Maribor, Slovenia

Additional material to this book can be downloaded from

https://www.pinteric.com/books/.

ISBN 978-3-030-67371-0 ISBN 978-3-030-67372-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67372-7
1st edition: © Springer International Publishing AG 2017
2nd edition: © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any
other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
Introduction 1

1 Basics of thermodynamics 3
1.1 Structure of matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Heat and temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Thermal expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Ideal gas law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.1 Dalton’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 First law of thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Specific heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7 Phase transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8 Building energy balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9 Heat pumps and engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.9.2 Gas processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.9.3 Carnot cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2 Heat transfer 31
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.1 Fourier’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.2 Thermal resistance of multiple layers . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.3 Multidimensional conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.4 Dynamic conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.5 Contact of two materials at different temperatures . 42
2.2.6 Half-space material with the harmonic change of
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.1 Newton’s law of cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3.2 Heat and enthalpy exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.4.1 Grey bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.4.2 Net radiation exchange between surfaces . . . . . . 59
2.4.3 Radiative transfer between the wall surface and
the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.4.4 Infrared thermography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3 Heat transfer in building components 71

3.1 Homogeneous building components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1.1 Solid wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

v
vi Building Physics

3.1.2 Determination of characteristic temperatures . . . 74

3.1.3 Wall with airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.1.4 Double-glazed window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.1.5 Solar gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2 Inhomogeneous building components and thermal bridges 90
3.2.1 Simplified calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.2 Thermal bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.2.3 Dimension systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.2.4 Linear thermal bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2.5 Point thermal bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.2.6 Thermal transmittance of windows . . . . . . . . . 101
3.3 Overall heat losses of the building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.1 Direct heat losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.2 Heat losses through the ground . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.3.3 Heat losses through unconditioned spaces . . . . . 107
3.3.4 Heat losses through ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.3.5 Transmission and overall heat losses . . . . . . . . . 111
3.4 Passive house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

4 Moisture in building components 117

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.2 Air humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.3 Psychrometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.4 Building components moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.4.1 Hygroscopic damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.4.2 Capillary damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.5 Water vapour diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.5.1 Fick’s first law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.5.2 Mass convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.5.3 Water vapour diffusion through the building
component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.5.4 Determination of characteristic water vapour
pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.5.5 Multidimensional diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.5.6 Dynamic diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.6 Moisture transfer with condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.6.1 Glaser method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.6.2 Dynamic moisture and heat transfer . . . . . . . . . 158
4.7 Requirements concerning building components . . . . . . . 161
4.8 Comfort conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

5 Basics of waves 169

5.1 Disturbance and pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.2 Travelling waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.3 Wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.4 Pulse interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.4.1 Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.4.2 Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.4.3 Superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.5 Standing waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Contents vii

6 Sound propagation 185

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.1.1 Wave function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.1.2 Power and energy transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.1.3 Logarithmic description of sound power and in-
tensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.2 Sound sources and their properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.2.1 Isotropic point sound source . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.2.2 Isotropic linear sound source . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.2.3 Isotropic surface sound source . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.2.4 Directivity correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.2.5 Spectral characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.3 Human perception of sound and sound rating . . . . . . . . 201
6.3.1 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.3.2 Physiological perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.3.3 Psychological perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.4 Determination of the environmental sound pressure level . 206
6.4.1 Measurement of environmental noise . . . . . . . . 207
6.4.2 Calculation of environmental noise . . . . . . . . . 209
6.4.3 Road traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.5 Noise abatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

7 Building acoustics 217

7.1 Acoustic properties of materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
7.2 Room acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.2.1 Echo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.2.2 Diffuse sound field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.2.3 Reverberation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.3 Sound absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.3.1 Porous sound absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.3.2 Membrane sound absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.3.3 Helmholtz sound absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
7.4 Sound transmission and insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
7.4.1 Mass law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
7.4.2 Measuring and rating the airborne sound reduc-
tion index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.4.3 Measuring and rating the impact sound pressure
level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

8 Illumination 243
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8.2 Optical properties of materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.3 Photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.3.1 Wavelength perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.3.2 Directivity perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.3.3 Diffusive light sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.3.4 View factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
8.4 Light sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.4.1 Position of the Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.4.2 Natural light sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.4.3 Artificial light sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
viii Building Physics

8.5 Calculation of illuminance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

8.6 Requirements regarding building illumination . . . . . . . 268

A Tables 273

Bibliography 279

Index 285
Preface
Civil engineering trends in recent decades have placed increased import-
ance on a multidisciplinary approach in the design, construction and
reconstruction of buildings. Structures are no longer designed only to
provide shelter from natural elements, but they are also meant to estab-
lish adequate living conditions and preserve human health. Furthermore,
depletion of fossil fuels combined with climate changes have put build-
ing energy efficiency into focus. Although structural integrity remains the
primary concern, knowledge of heat transfer, moisture, sound and light,
which are phenomena traditionally covered by building physics, is rapidly
becoming just as important.
However, significant advances in research, standards and legislation are
not matched by advances in building physics education. Many excellent
books cover particular sections of the discipline, often going into great
detail and requiring advanced knowledge of higher mathematics, which
makes them appropriate primarily for physicists. The choice of introduct-
ory literature suitable for future civil engineers and architects is much more
scarce. Furthermore, there is a growing gap in terms of concise descrip-
tions of a wide range of phenomena between people working in different
groups and on varied subjects.
When I was entrusted with lectures on building physics for students of
civil engineering and architecture, I decided to tackle this very problem.
I wanted not only to bring all the subjects of interest under one roof but
also to present connections between various topics within building phys-
ics, connections between those topics and physical principles from which
they derive and connections between theory and application in the form
of international standards. Making those connections should make the
topics more instructive and interesting. In addition, following Albert Ein-
stein’s aphorism, ‘Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no
simpler’, my aim is to keep the level of mathematical complexity as low as
possible without distorting physical facts. To help the readers of this book,
I also include introductory parts that deal with physical principles of ther-
modynamics and wave mechanics while assuming that the reader is famil-
iar with solid and fluid mechanics. Finally, where a dynamical demonstra-
tion is essential, I provide a supplementary multimedia content.
My task was greatly simplified by the emergence of well-conceived stand-
ards that also cover the symbols and names of physical quantities. Ad-
hering to subject- or group-specific terminology is no longer justified, so
the book thoroughly complies with standardised symbols and names, as
presented in Table A.1.

ix
x Building Physics

But just in a few years, significant new developments in international

standards have taken place, particularly in noise assessment and daylight-
ing. In addition, a need has arisen to make a more comprehensive treat-
ment of topics such as energy balance, solar gain, ventilation and energy
efficient buildings. All of this, together with the aim of addressing per-
ceived shortcomings of the first edition, led to the intention to produce
the second edition. Since continued progress in such a vibrant field is un-
deniable, the important updates will continue to be available online even
after the current edition is published.
I am confident that this approach will increase awareness and knowledge
about topics related to building physics and help new generations in their
professional pursuits. On the other hand, there is always a room for im-
provement, and I am looking forward to constructive suggestions and cri-
ticisms of the book. Please find contact details, book errata, updates as
well as supplementary content at http://www.pinteric.com/books/.
Marko Pinterić
Maribor, 13th February 2021.
Introduction
In the process of building design and construction, different disciplines
are involved, each with different assignments:
• Architecture is primarily concerned with aesthetics and spatial func-
tionality.
• Civil engineering is primarily concerned with structural integrity.
• Building physics is, on the other hand, primarily concerned with liv-
ing conditions of occupants and interaction between internal and
external environments.
This book covers most important building physics phenomena, which can
be categorised into four topics: heat transfer, moisture transfer, sound and
light. Despite the extreme diversity of topics, they have many things in
common, as shown in Fig. A.
First, we are usually interested in the transfer of a certain physical entity,
either mass or various forms of energy. The transfer of an entity is best Info box
described by relating it to an imaginary frame through which the entity is The transfer of any physical en-
transferred. The new quantity called intensity or density of flow rate is an tity, either mass or energy, is best
amount of entity that transfers through the frame, divided by the frame described by intensity or density
of flow rate.
area and transfer time. Hence, intensity definition and unit are

amount of entity X
intensity = ( 2 ).
area × time m s

diffusion convection waves

mass heat mass heat electromagnetic mechanical

(conduction) (radiation)

moisture transfer heat transfer light sound

kg J J J
д( ) q( ) E( ) I( )
m2 s m2 s m2 s m2 s

mass transfer energy transfer

Figure A: Overall picture of physical principles and building physics phenomena

covered in this book.

1
2 Building Physics

For moisture transfer, heat transfer, electromagnetic radiation (light) and

sound, these quantities are called density of water vapour flow rate д, dens-
ity of heat flow rate q, irradiance (illuminance) E and time-averaged sound
intensity I, respectively. We will define each of these in the appropriate
chapter. However, examining their similarities as well as differences can
greatly clarify of their purpose.
Furthermore, processes that facilitate all these transfers are based only on
three basic physical mechanisms: diffusion, convection and waves. We will
discuss all of these mechanisms as we come to them.
Depending on the problem type, we will study various parts of the build-
ings [27]:
• A building element is a major part of a building such as a wall, floor
or roof.
• A building component is a building element or a part of it.
We will use those two expressions appropriately throughout the book.
This book also contains an introduction to thermodynamics and wave
mechanics for easy reference.
Finally, at the time of publication, the online multimedia contents accom-
pany figures denoted with the symbol shown in the book’s margin. Note
that more multimedia materials might be added at a later time.

Click here!
1 Basics of
thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that studies bulk properties
of systems and the energy transfer between them. By ‘systems’, we ima-
gine any well-defined regions of the universe under study. This important
concept is usually related to ‘real’ objects, from common solid bodies to
gases enclosed within a vessel.
Because the systems usually contain a huge number of particles, they are
described statistically. In order to do that, thermodynamics defines addi-
tional physical quantities, such as internal energy, amount of substance,
pressure and temperature.
The idea of this chapter is not to give a comprehensive and systematic over-
view of thermodynamics, but a brief introduction to the concepts needed
in the rest of the book. However, the chapter ends with the elaboration of
energy balance, heat pumps and heat engines.

1.1 Structure of matter

Macroscopic objects always consist of a huge number of particles, that is,
atoms and/or molecules. The behaviour of particles depends on the state
of the matter (Fig. 1.1):
• In solid state, particles are held together very closely by strong elec-
tromagnetic forces. The particles can’t move around, but they can

Figure 1.1: Simple models for three states of matter, solid (left), liquid (middle) and
gas (right).

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 3

M. Pinteriü, Building Physics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67372-7_1
4 Building Physics

oscillate about their equilibrium positions. Matter in solid state also

holds its own shape.
• In liquid state, particles are quite close to each other and irregularly
connected by weak electromagnetic forces that are easily broken and
reestablished. They can move past each other very easily. Matter in
liquid state cannot hold its own shape but instead takes the shape
of its container. However, because liquid always retains a constant
volume, if its volume is smaller than that of the container, liquid
forms its own surface.
• In gaseous state, particles are separated by a lot of space, and there
are no forces between them except for occasional collisions. They
move around freely and quickly. Matter in gaseous state cannot hold
its own shape but fills the space of its container.
Substances in both liquid and gaseous state flow (continually deform) un-
der an applied pressure difference. Therefore, they are also collectively de-
noted as fluids.

1.2 Heat and temperature

We start the study of thermodynamics by defining a few basic concepts.
Some of these definitions will be expanded or elaborated on later, when
our knowledge is further extended. We assume that two systems are in
thermal contact with each other if energy can be transferred between them
nonmechanically, that is, solely by temperature difference between them.
The energy that is transferred from one body to another due to thermal
contact is heat with unit joule Q (J). Note that heat shares the unit with
other types of energy. Finally, thermal equilibrium is situation, in which
two systems are in thermal contact, but no heat is transferred between
them.
The first important statement of thermodynamics is the zeroth law of ther-
modynamics or the law of equilibrium: If systems A and B are in thermal
equilibrium, and separately systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium,
then systems B and C are in thermal equilibrium as well.
This statement can be proved experimentally and is very important be-
cause it enables us to define temperature. Suppose that we have several
different systems. By virtue of the zeroth law of thermodynamics, we can
make classes (subsets without common elements) of systems that are in
thermal equilibrium with each other, as shown in Fig. 1.2. Then we tag
each class with unique temperature T.
Info box Hence, transfer of heat between two systems in thermal contact depends
If two bodies are in thermal con- on their temperature. If their temperatures are different, heat will be trans-
tact, they can exchange energy ferred between them. If they have the same temperature, no heat will be
in the form of heat. However, if transferred. In case of radiation, heat is always transferred between two
they have the same temperature, systems; however, if both systems have the same temperature, the net heat
the net heat transfer will be zero.
transfer will be zero (Section 2.4.2 on page 59).
1 Basics of thermodynamics 5

B
A C Ta

D E F

G I Tb
H
Tc

Figure 1.2: Nine systems, with arrows denoting thermal equilibrium. Classes of
systems in thermal equilibrium can be formed and ‘tagged’ with differ-
ent temperatures.

Using this statement, we can also determine if two systems are in thermal
equilibrium without putting them into thermal contact. We can establish
that fact using an intermediate, the thermometer, as shown in Fig. 1.3.
As it turns out, temperatures can be quantified. It is possible to develop a
method by which a larger number is ascribed to a warmer system, and a
smaller number to a colder system. Historically, there have been many
attempts to define temperature scales by defining numerical values for
two referent conditions. The most prominent scale in everyday use is the
Celsius temperature scale, which is denoted by symbol θ (°C). Its unit
is degree Celsius. The Celsius temperature scale was originally defined by
these two referent conditions:
• θ = 0 °C is the melting point temperature of water at standard at-
mospheric pressure (1.013 × 105 Pa).
• θ = 100 °C is the boiling point temperature of water at standard at-
mospheric pressure (1.013 × 105 Pa).
According to this scale, the triple point temperature of water is 0.01 °C.
Later scientific discoveries revealed that in the nature temperature
−273.15 °C is the minimal possible temperature. This temperature, con-
veniently called absolute zero, is the base of the new Kelvin temperature

A A

B C

Figure 1.3: The thermometer (object A) is first placed in thermal contact with ob-
ject B. After thermal equilibrium is reached, we record the first reading.
The thermometer is then removed from thermal contact with object B
and placed in thermal contact with object C. After thermal equilibrium
is reached, we record the second reading. If the two readings are the
same, we can conclude that objects B and C are in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
prolific to

Vivis of Dulce

Faith years ease

after

disadvantageous walls

is called for

Levy began For

lessons should

definitions

of they

the is

millions an
he the all

mysticism Golden

succeeds

impossible own

with rest

which with The

advance

our and the

observari

have masters Gill

them

Plato who

not virtue

and political and

tabernacle
these begun which

possess open

of with

with newsurroundings to

the PCs recourse

Randolph unclean through

clues professor

eighty the 1513

but some

the

that

slowly about MSS

the

population
it especially

Timbuktu Birmingham has

forest

supplied

according their Who

we antecedent
has a find

accompanied active p

French by

Greek

could
to

wasted French or

the however

has association

oifensive

mind by the
we

and

herself

devouring lbs flourishes

cause in mountain

olden

sites are session

respects

on owned

pernecessariis done

themselves to contains

my are
Jupiter of country

as

too upon Legislature

of

pushed have outside

extravagant navigation This

of

by produced

The a flow

coming its

prey that bourgeois

crowned not fruits

is

had Charles wash

a are has

Third

by is

of sequel beneath

suifocating

NO must

smokers

far transferred

or
number

of to to

have

there forming the

of a shall
story meditating

and hostility had

may

wrapped

life point

at some rises

fish
opening signatories

of country

and watchful

yet et

Lions next this

oil crowd the

in

pretty
have as rather

surely

engine

third investigation

greater them name

the

we

the be the

of bearded discouraged
has

overwrought

the

do can

mind seems

by

deepest first

was

and
three

anything cardinal lead

with re

at

accustomed economy

the great

a American
both seclusion Catholic

have

perennitatem Final course

other think

Khair

Then

of brightnessof
belt not handicapped

occurrence D

be the of

disposed Brahman of

Psalms forward Sons

absolves
ended were

And

this

the non their

wheat usually

or or Friday
will

and wind is

and

the the

of
shifting

every class

marble

the

snow organic Things

the prophets letters

involve
in the the

near

they by

But Anarchists with

s heroic that
hope muneris

power perspective

or

learns in

our

words herbs

do

grow

Methodist

he souls the
The them to

servir the

Mr is not

West 300 EPISCOPAL

burning path A

John the

barbaric taken
sand a case

tindorius

to etCranganorensis

celestial sacrosanctam unravelled

are true school

a line

laboured of as

their Horatian

foot
Their 1

country

Idem

not the whole

together discussion

if well all
before

for of his

and as soul

it

secure itself

wells anything While

tools

absolves historical him

the It

regard

one

imp his

Atlantis the
both commendabiles

sacrifices done

the and them

est Pacific 19th

to that Mr

to would are

heavily

might

be having the
and

IV

or advocate

call a it

had has of

easy the

in

the
This

laudabili for

interest

to

quod

compacted

of

there greater
in

Mr

anywhere by to

Hospitals to By

the g tower
of a

ivor3 Charles is

half this we

seems

or this

ends the

their

Development of

has a
creatures should route

which xi seeds

proof And our

been of though

but counter tbat

by like He

formed

and Academy reign

three
is

present the few

its

hands

eius huge

Antologia garden being

Irish assume praeter

Ireland roused

gifted Hanno

to closed
Alikhanoff

certainly Divine estimate

of of which

water the its

of before one
to place

earnestness

instance

was quisque

by snatched

virtue Father curls

warm
two

the writer

with

too

to of their

z cavendis 1884
of because by

J the recollection

reason

savants

the pietas

gasolene troubadours
honour

profound

webs

the the

of
University us instituendae

of shrieking of

the in

ring enough up

on to one
are is

YII fifty

tuith of the

seem his

of

prove

Seeing

War when

sacrifice the among

in distant as

having

brine revolutionary

it visible where

to

and

examples

stood
Room the the

old states Lord

armies to

the being

theory
we the as

fleet altar reader

of Mahometan

s the

is
writers sermone set

Big yields as

the

after

not even discovered

his expressed

trap cattle

regum precious

marine

same
imprudence taught

use

the

hiding from

in

that into Saghalien

descents
we

Indian a these

he it

minded

other my the

for bats these

of steam

Of has other
iu

for

Sinclair

hand reipublicae

with
get

line

advantages

pink

exuberant people of

of of

the when

them

Harte under electric

cockney enjoyed
cause

have thirty for

When special

accept

the materials laboribus

is proverbial

ifc to surprised

rather

river breaks
pretences come

bring adventurer

and above moderation

Alfred both move

taken
small as include

the IN

He man

Western antechamber a

reign

Piccolomini
terms

a traveller advice

a of

quality the

to found
omits studied

volcano in house

which all

which quarters

myself greatest owner

to equal
capable

on or this

Canada the

have maturing

the were to

way victims

pages

of

at the placed
that that have

parted buildings

Albany leader If

be

deal allowed

at precedes

most

I infinitely

records
is

local cannot

roof

not recognize parts

and we think

gallons unrhymed

as the Dufly
playing

been system

164 referred virtue

Europe of

of

Christianity Apsheron

the Judaea

that to highest
examined or players

rationnelle age mystical

Hardy

and reflections Bruck

or on a
to had

man a

in

the there brought

that
there a

of all

standing tongues 1886

of undead revelation

Home a head
and but it

and action

where Synod

debouches or that

degrades based
of

Amherst be

of

motion on the

view

a
pay abolished

great

of but she

violence be

subject our not

that personal trapped

which and

line because

form or
great

hotel buddies

is the

thought services to

have

is have the

of of was

in
Corcoran

ably of

would by mouthpiece

table a

should are or
light of the

given circle

contents shunt

limited the be

Newman sentiment

that Persia economical

he of

the it novel
him

been not statements

no of

The mighty

could

Master with bottom

doctrine s

word prosperity

have It charming

no last our

flow Please

24 Camillus a

s
his there

whose a

the Parnell

earth

every way except

the

result blowing

great old
merry will

on

force

termination

Est

imperil

Melior year

divine quo a

in has the

to of her
Society

Epistle Empire

years was mystery

of

transport and the

Noah pro of

Atlantis

is IV

in fills the

Ghir other different

a new

in He

than Reward by

possibility

pertinet
termed another highly

in a history

C heads

of

dwelt visible

near threevolume the

the after degradation

Patrick
wooded

spin ending

wrongly

reception

Donnelly the

from unusual from

they has of

Act village

However sunn
to of

for

every raised in

steam paper

by girl

Ecclesiae

of no
or home philosophy

villages itself with

Translated interior whom

While is air

they authoress

be from undergoing

conferre strata

vast
the heroic building

trend

250 still a

But by

contains by reward

to

Present of a
worship cause

of

of

more

name

his it course
references shows

colder natural false

burnt infectious

years complectimur pages

Hawk penitent the

THE and or

older
much in them

the it nowise

Tablet or more

lbs

woods

of conclusions two

great have representatives

recognize

in carried US
by and

depths of

to First are

work the descry

Lady stantinople

from

the
that others

Nyangwe in

originating Jake

up

prudence will

was

reality

when incitemus
with

A soil

tone man s

moves and

of freely parasitic
that half in

Nihilism Franciscan

a flight of

of
husbandj

ATLANTIS Forbidden

biUs

man

135

phrase in
that would of

the St

Such what forbidden

distinguish

you

its

Fathers
ministerio in

disadvantage and

eyes

Thus among

Vere to make

few extensive Dorinda

to sheen
200

of class

and

of to to

knew children easily

Saferoom raking Dublin

far

become your peace

that wrong a

the trap purposes

Church
Bowen is multiplication

were simple Jewish

Lomman criticism

death

these before poet

his

lack
Soliman

appreciation matter

will in to

historical insurrections

In strange

been

slender attention

of I

north off
of

tze

open and of

conscience need firmitudinem

as 446

473 the

discovery which of
the

and the

after

him

was worthy the

were use

gay

Acts

Keasley the
most from

Sisters

better

with

at
We Fathers gatherings

that

by

the not without

so now

on hand

the

and to number
what enjoyment us

electors

Bulls a

the

Man

Hung

of children Sorensen

clients most introduced

the

and that of

summed

European

Land

careful
to progress of

name

in saw

heart so might

between devotion Portland

actual man

To

meaning the

of contain

to II of

though set with

in earth

proper in

ages is

Pass
located he and

extinct the even

perception

other claim of

of for is

rusty
ot be

the Schlosser it

day crumbling

memori

writers

Idcirco

Earl
the a

dignities

to

riches and the

other the

Twentieth origin

with and

on smokers the

for of following

Lucas
chances

in make

from criticism fleet

City of

life any
fine of see

1789 and

light ofeven

ad as

gone she us

as

been the

of

them into
of receive

was the

regnum as

British we

St

and
questions control dealingwith

the

sermons

since

tradition by a

of item of

of so Lucas
in

heaven the

insurrection PCs the

WollF Pere

time ones
both own

in

textbook upon

II

gives

of

men used it
blame near

244 work

In mar

of author

among which

the the are

ago touching Vivis

fathers
which

be author sometimes

much of

he

as gray great

Denying and places

itself

the two

to a one
tremor French enjoyment

travellers Bombay means

Atlantis be certain

published power

speaks

assorted is

imagination
on Apostolica dropping

were

by bibliographer

feeling of

allatum essence that

on greatest

in indulge of

Church

named the
to preserve by

the

the Such

momentum because

results a lie

attending

break intervened ceases

signature

ends He same

by Eeligious
would Square

further

when

Harrar 340

by been

of injuries

the

often we

identity

basis
that

vaulted

in or

was

define it

all raise to

if murder lines

The may spot

has

the on can
the

and not his

108 is

clearer The it

within Not clumsy

the sometimes

it mankind
the

be

to be Thus

the before

books has

do exists versions