Green Building Management and Smart Automation

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Collection Highlights

Advances in Industrial Automation and Smart Manufacturing:

Select Proceedings of ICAIASM 2019 A. Arockiarajan

Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Green

Building, Civil Engineering and Smart City 1st Edition Wei
Guo (Editor)

Advances in Engineering Networks: Proceedings of the 12th

International Conference on Industrial Engineering and
Industrial Management Rodolfo De Castro

Smart Technology Trends in Industrial and Business

Management Dagmar Cagá■ová
Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on
Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 2015
Innovation and Practice in Industrial Engineering and
Management Volume 2 1st Edition Ershi Qi

Green IT Engineering: Social, Business and Industrial

Applications Vyacheslav Kharchenko

The 19th International Conference on Industrial

Engineering and Engineering Management Engineering
Management 1st Edition Chun-Lian Xiong

The 19th International Conference on Industrial

Engineering and Engineering Management Engineering
Economics Management 1st Edition Da Ren

Industrial environmental management: engineering, science,

and policy Das
Green Building
Management and Smart
Automation

Arun Solanki
Gautam Buddha University, India

Anand Nayyar
Duy Tan University, Vietnam

A volume in the Advances in Civil and Industrial

Engineering (ACIE) Book Series
Published in the United States of America by
IGI Global
Engineering Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
701 E. Chocolate Avenue
Hershey PA, USA 17033
Tel: 717-533-8845
Fax: 717-533-8661
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.igi-global.com

Copyright © 2020 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or
companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Solanki, Arun, 1985- editor. | Nayyar, Anand, editor.
Title: Green building management and smart automation / Arun Solanki and
Anand Nayyar, editors.
Description: Hershey, PA : Engineering Science Reference, an imprint of IGI
Global, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019007882| ISBN 9781522597544 (hardcover) | ISBN
9781522597551 (softcover) | ISBN 9781522597568 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Sustainable buildings. | Intelligent buildings. |
Buildings--Environmental aspects. | Building management.
Classification: LCC TH880 .G7436 2020 | DDC 696--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019007882

This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering (ACIE) (ISSN: 2326-
6139; eISSN: 2326-6155)

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the
authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.

For electronic access to this publication, please contact: [email protected].

Editorial Advisory Board
Jafar Al-Zubi, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan
Hanaâ Hachimi, Ibn Tofail University, Morocco
Deepak Kumar Jain, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunication, China
Akshi Kumar, Delhi Technological University, India
Ela Kumar, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University, India
Howard Chuan Ming Liu, Purdue University, USA
Anand Paul, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
Sheng Lung Peng, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
Sandeep Poonia, Amity University Jaipur, India
Om Prakash Sangwan, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, India
Brahmjit Singh, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, India
Sudeep Tanwar, Nirma University, India


 xiii

Foreword

There is a revolution going all over the planet earth, and it’s about time! It is transforming the market-
place for buildings, homes and communities, and it is part of a larger sustainability revolution that will
transform everything the mankind knows, and experience over the next few decades. This revolution is
called “Green Building”. There are essential challenges which are required to be addressed for the future,
like responsible approach towards nature. Also, there is search for environmentally-friendly energy supply
that is easy on resources and climate. In addition of this, serious challenge which has to be combatted
is clean sources of drinking water. Aside from novel and more efficient technologies that are currently
in place, additional efforts are required for energy consumption reduction, clean water requirements
without decreasing comfort level or standard living.
The worldwide building and construction sector uses up to 40% of energy requirements and even
considerable amount of water. Hence, these buildings influence envisioned energy and water needs for
the next 50 to 80 years. This is utmost requirement today, to plan, the construction of these buildings to
be done on principles of energy efficiency, climatic conditions and water conservation. Buildings that
show strong signs of these attributes with regard to sustainability are called “Green Buildings”. Green
Buildings or Green Construction or Sustainable Building is referred to both a structure and the applica-
tion of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building’s
life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition.
The green building expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, util-
ity, durability and comfort.
In 1993, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) was founded and is committed to a sustainable,
prosperous future through LEED, the leading program for green buildings and communities world-
wide. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a set of rating system for the design,
construction, operation and maintenance of green buildings and incorporate emerging green building
technologies. LEED v4 was introduced in November, 2013. Until October 31, 2016, new projects could
choose between LEED 2009 and LEED v4. LEED 2009 encompasses ten rating systems for the design,
construction and operation of buildings, homes and neighborhoods. That suite consists of: LEED for
New Construction, LEED for Core & Shell, LEED for Schools; LEED for Retail: New Construction
and Major Renovations; LEED for Healthcare; LEED for Commercial Interiors; LEED for Retail: Com-
mercial Interiors; LEED for existing buildings: Operations & Maintenance; LEED for Neighborhood
Development and LEED for homes.
Through LEED, business professionals, policy makers, developers, designers, scientists and citizens
are joining together to find solutions to most complex problems of present to have safe future. As today’s
building construction account for 18% of global emissions today, or the equivalent of 9 billion tons of


 Foreword

CO2 annually. If new technologies in construction are not adopted during this time of rapid growth,
emissions could double 2050, according to United Nations Environment Program. The International
Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than
40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of building. Since construction almost
always degrades a building site, not building at all is preferable to green building, in terms of reducing
environmental impact. The second rule is that every building should be as small as possible. The third
rule is not to contribute to sprawl, even if the most energy-efficient, environmentally sound methods are
used in design and construction.
The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy ef-
ficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives for building
green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives
call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of existing
structures. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each
green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.
Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ulti-
mately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes
taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and
photovoltaic equipment, and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of
rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using low-impact building materials or using
packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenish-
ment of ground water.
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy
required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide
services such as heating and power for equipment.
As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater
importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption.
To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building
envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance
windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building de-
sign, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings,
porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the
winter. In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen
the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.
As a result of the increased interest in green building concepts and practices, a number of organi-
zations have developed standards, codes and rating systems that let government regulators, building
professionals and consumers embrace green building with confidence. In some cases, codes are written
so local governments can adopt them as bylaws to reduce the local environmental impact of buildings.
Green building rating systems such as BREEAM (United Kingdom), LEED (United States and
Canada), DGNB (Germany), CASBEE (Japan), and VERDEGBCe (Spain), GRIHA (India) help con-
sumers determine a structure’s level of environmental performance. They award credits for optional
building features that support green design in categories such as location and maintenance of building
site, conservation of water, energy, and building materials, and occupant comfort and health. The number
of credits generally determines the level of achievement.

xiv
Foreword

Green building codes and standards, such as the International Code Council’s draft International
Green Construction Code, are sets of rules created by standards development organizations that establish
minimum requirements for elements of green building such as materials or heating and cooling.
The critical success factors to achieve green building can generally fall into three categories, i.e.
technical, managerial and behavioural.

• Under Technical Category: Utilization of renewable energy technological innovations has been
pivotal for achieving green building objectives and accreditation. The common renewable energy
resources used in buildings include: solar heat water, solar PV, small scale wind turbine, geother-
mal heat pump, etc. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste control also plays a critical role
to achieve green building. One of key elements of sustainable building design is to reduce the
consumption of resources and to improve the resource utilization efficiency.

The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach is one of most popular method to analyse the technical
aspects of green buildings. In essence, LCA considers a building as a system, while quantifying the ma-
terial flow and energy consumption flow across various stages of the life cycle. The advantage of LCA
is to go beyond the traditional study of focusing on a single stage by extending the investigation to other
stages as well, e.g. manufacturing and transportation of materials; energy consumption, water consump-
tion and GHG emissions during the operation stage. Since 1990, LCA has achieved wide implementation
in building assessments. According to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, LCA consists of four phases, i.e. goal
and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and results interpretation. LCA has been
utilized to analyse the water consumption, energy consumption, carbon emission and cost of buildings

• Under Managerial Category: There are multiple managerial aspects of green buildings, i.e. proj-
ect level, company level and market level. At project level, specific project management skill
sets are required for managing green buildings. At company level, the implementation of envi-
ronmental management system (EMS) help to save 90% of energy consumption, reduce 63% of
C&D waste, reduce 70% of water consumption, lower 20% of accident rate and 80% of quality
complaints. In addition, the cost predictability is enhanced which in turn eases the cost manage-
ment pressure.

Managerial issues also exist at the market level, mainly focusing on the health of the entire green
building market. Similar to other sustainability initiatives, green building is to a large extent dependent on
public policies. The function of public policy can be either positive or negative incentives (i.e. penalties
and compensations). As an initiative of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), the Commercial
Building Disclosure (CBD) Program mandates the disclosure of building performance information (e.g.
energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission) to buyers or tenants.
Similar to other sustainability initiatives, green building is to a large extent dependent on public
policies. The function of public policy can be either positive or negative incentives (i.e. penalties and
compensations). As an initiative of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), the Commercial
Building Disclosure (CBD) Program mandates the disclosure of building performance information (e.g.
energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission) to buyers or tenants.

xv
 Foreword

• Under Behavioural Category: The behavioural and cultural factors are also crucial for green-
building developments. Therefore, it is critical to raise the level of awareness of all stakeholders
(e.g. clients, designers, contractors, and end users) on concepts of sustainable development and
green buildings.

The future of green building technology is full of opportunities for us to undo some of the damage
we have done to the planet and the environment. The green building materials market is expected to be
more than $254 billion in 2020, according to Navigant Research. Timothy C. Mack of AAI Foresight
predicts the future of green building materials will hold air cleaning materials, micro-grids, net zero
buildings, and smart glass.
The book “Green Building Management and Smart Automation” is a valuable primer that covers
the basis of green building from single-family homes to large buildings in a clear and concise manner.
The examples in this book show that a building can indeed be run according to the principles of energy
and resource conservation when – from the base of an integrated energy concept – usage within a given
establishment is being consistently tracked and optimized. The contents of this book are based on the
extensive experience of the authors, researchers and scientists in planning, construction and operation
of Green Buildings. It documents, through examples, innovative architectural and technical solutions
for both planning and operation. This book is directed primarily for researchers, architects, construction
planners and building operators, looking for an energy approach that is easy on resources. It is meant as
a guideline for planning, building and operation of sustainable and energy-efficient buildings.
We would be pleased if, by means of this book, we succeeded in raising the level of motivation for
erecting Green Buildings anywhere in the world, whether from scratch or as renovation projects. En-
gineering solutions to make this happen are both available and economically viable. Our sustainability
approach goes even further, incidentally.
We would now like to invite you to join us on a journey into the world of Green Buildings, to have
fun while reading about it, and above all, to also discover new aspects that you can then use for your
own buildings in future.

Hanaâ Hachimi
Ibn Tofail University, Morocco

xvi
 xvii

Preface

Automation is termed as “Futuristic Technology”. All the plans of development laid under automation
are ahead of time. It legitimizes the motivation towards green living. Houses and business structures,
nowadays, are raised on green building ideas. Eco friendly disposed structure material and green building
ideas are being utilized in this procedure. Automation focuses on bringing in smart alternatives for natural
fuel resources with man-made creative options. This is a clear indication of sustainable development for
a considerable length of time. The dangers floating over planet earth on account of the disturbed environ-
mental balance can be well dealt via automated green living. In addition to the developing enthusiasm for
manageable green buildings in the course of recent years, another energy ecosystem system is rising i.e.
Smart Green Buildings. A ‘Green building’ is a structure that, in its plan, development or task, lessens
or disposes of negative effects, and can make positive effects, on the earth’s atmosphere and indigenous
habitat. Green buildings safeguard valuable normal assets and improve our personal satisfaction. Be that
as it may, it is important that not every single green building is and should be the equivalent. Diverse
nations and locales have an assortment of attributes, for example, distinctive climatic conditions, one
of a kind societies and conventions, various building types and ages, or wide extending environmental,
monetary and social needs – all of which shape their way to deal with green building.
Green Buildings carefully bolsters installation of vitality effective appliances in every nook of
automated homes. Subsequently, a green home surely has something much beyond the greenery in
its environment. With the more noteworthy effect of automated solar energy panels and predominant
setups, SMEs and greater businesses are becoming environmentally friendly. Reliance of businesses on
synthetic power is diminishing or to be exact, it is moving towards common vitality assets for example
solar energy. Earlier than presentation of such more prominent parts of automation, it was almost difficult
to perceive and use this exponential intensity of the sun. The exponential development of the lodging
division over the most recent couple of years has profited the Indian economy colossally. Be that as it
may, simultaneously, it has represented some genuine difficulties to nature. To guarantee comparative
continued development in years to come, selection of green home building ideas and strategies in lodg-
ing part is the need of great importance.
Green Smart Buildings are associated with a smart grid to optimize energy flows. As the advance-
ments of brilliant building structures and smart grids meet, they’ll give immense advantages in terms
of more efficient energy use, incorporation of on location energy demand and generation with the grid,
and better-working structures that are better and provide a more secure work environment and to live.
Automated green structures open a door for energy efficiency and productivity and mass-scale sustainable
generation, as well as automated Demand-Response (DR) systems: While some interest is moved to bring
lower-cost, off-peak times, the peak power generation that’s avoided often comes from the most pollut-


 Preface

ing power plants. The frameworks that empower DR are a foundation of, by and large energy-efficiency
programs. They give itemized energy use data that settles for smart energy decisions overall. Up to this
point, a building manager gets a call from the utility and actually strolls around to turn off hardware and
appliances. Smart green buildings will have advanced control frameworks that automate the procedure
and the outcome will be more environmentally friendly, energy efficient building.
Smart automated green building energy efficiency control innovation is backed by a software protocol
called ‘ZigBeeTM’. ZigBeeTM depends on IEEE Standard 802.15.4, which was sanctioned in 2003.
ZigBeeTM characterizes a new open-architecture, Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) technol-
ogy, which is planned explicitly for connecting gadgets that perform observation and control. It gives a
standard to low-controlled computerized Radio Frequency (RF) transceivers that work basically in the
unregulated modern, logical, and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 GHz. For green buildings, these gadgets
can incorporate anything from a simple light switch or thermostat to more complex security and life-
safety gadgets. Since ZigBee items depend on an industry standard and no other organization’s restrictive
framework and any control gadget that is ZigBee agreeable can be utilized. This will open the entryway
for the ZigBee wireless building monitoring and controlling gadgets. ZigBee innovation characterizes
how these gadgets cooperate and gives an affirmation program to help guarantee consistence. ZigBee
can be considered as the next big thing in building automation and building owners cum managers need
to be aware of this advanced wireless technology.
The automation of smart green building is not possible without the Internet of Things. IoT is enhanc-
ing green buildings in following ways:

• Enabling Edge Analytics: Greater instrumentation and sensing, embedded computing and stor-
age in various building devices and equipment, and embedded fault detection and diagnostics in
connected systems.
• Creating Adaptive Building System: Self-optimization of building equipment and systems, re-
sponsiveness to changing environmental and other factors, and the ability to implement multiple
outcome-based strategies, like model predictive controls or “extreme seeking controls,” machine
learning and artificial intelligence.
•Life and reliability modeling of various building equipment and systems.
• Predictive Maintenance and Operations: Earlier predictive interventions were schedule and
issue-based; now they are event cum model-based due to real-time data monitoring and analytics.
• Easily solve difficult integration issues between varied building devices and management systems.
• Overcomes security and privacy issues regarding building technologies.

All of these changes will impact significant growth in building technologies. The commercial build-
ing systems market is expected to grow beyond $75 billion in the next five years. Out of this, 39 percent
will come from automation, metering, and lighting control systems. Building Energy Management Sys-
tems (BEMS) which comprise of software, hardware, and services is an intersection point in this space.
Traditionally, the buildings industry has transformed slowly. Rapid changes in technology, stakeholder
expectations, and environmental concerns will drive much faster changes. Social media has created
more engagement between people and their environments, which is also impacting the industry. IoT will
provide the foundation for the next big-step change in making green buildings smart. To help realize the
full potential of Green Building Management and Smart Automation, this book addresses the numerous
aspects and challenges for integrating them and discusses the conceptual and technological solutions for

xviii
Preface

tackling them. The challenges include the deployment of Cloud-based IoT model, security cum privacy
issues, novel architectures integrating Cloud and IoT, renewable energy distribution and techniques for
sustainable design and development of Green Buildings. The book contains 12 chapters authored by
several leading academicians, researchers and experts in the field of Green Buildings, IoT and Automa-
tion. The book is presented in a coordinated and integrated manner starting with the fundamentals, and
followed by the technologies that implement them. The content of the book is organized as follows:

CHAPTER 1: GREEN SMART BUILDING – REQUISITES,

ARCHITECTURE, CHALLENGES, AND USE CASES

In this chapter, a comprehensive discussion on the green and smart building is presented, considering
how the buildings are made green and smart and how they support in development of sustainable cities.
Though smart buildings are the positive catalyst towards sustainability, the excessive use of electronic
devices requires a check in attaining the overall green goal. This chapter suggests merging green and
smart technologies to have Green Smart Building (GSB) with the aim of offering the population a smart
and eco-friendly living.

CHAPTER 2: ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNIQUES TO

DESIGN AND DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE GREEN BUILDING

This chapter presents the role of renewable energy techniques to design and develop a sustainable
framework for green building. The first viewpoint is identified with the earlier structure and the low
encapsulated energy building materials for the design and development of a framework for green build-
ing. The primary perspective is to manage energy protection using renewable energy techniques in the
green building. Green building interchangeably can be used with the term’s sustainable construction or
green construction. So, durable construction means using environmentally responsible and resource-
efficient procedures in development to be ensure sustainability throughout the lifetime of the building.
The chapter also presents the combination of renewable energy-based technology for green building
construction and sustainability with the economics of renewable energy.

CHAPTER 3: IMPROVED DESIGN OF VERTICAL CAVITY

SURFACE EMITTING LASER USING 3D SENSING TECHNOLOGY
FOR INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS

Internet of Things (IoT) and Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) future can be seen together,
since VCSEL technology-based 3D sensors are introduced for IoT applications. This chapter presents the
improved VCSEL structure design with fixed wavelength using ‘a thermally’ actuated cantilever structure.
This improvised structure of VCSEL will support realizing ‘athermal’ VCSEL. In ‘athermal’ VCSEL the
dependency of VCSEL on temperature will be very less because it will not require temperature control-
lers. Realizing fully temperature independent VCSEL i.e. ‘athermal’ VCSEL is still a challenge but we
can reduce it to some extent. In this chapter, recent diversification of application of VCSEL technology

xix
 Preface

from data communication to sensing has been discussed. The proposed VCSEL structure provides an
opportunity to improvise the existing VCSEL technology. Therefore, smart 3D sensors based on VCSEL
will help in making Internet of Things (IoT) applications more reliable and will directly or indirectly
serve the concept of smart homes, smart cities and green smart buildings in the near future.

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

– MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR GREEN BUILT ENVIRONMENT

The chapter discusses the role of sustainable development without any sort of destruction to the natural
resources. In this point of view, selecting building materials according to their energy and health per-
formances gains importance in sustainable design of Green buildings. 3Rs reducing, reusing, recycling
and supplying a healthy, non-hazardous indoor air for building occupants are two important parameters
of environmental life-cycle assessment for materials.

CHAPTER 5: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF IOT-BASED GREEN

BUILDINGS – ISSUES, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES

The chapter summarizes that green building assures sustainability for better living of citizens. It is to
be noted that, not only the structure of the building, but throughout the life cycle of the building like
designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, renovating and demolishing must ensure responsibility
towards environmental and use of natural resources. However, there are numerous factors that influence
the effect of Green Building. Further factors such pollution control, air quality monitoring, adaptability
to evolving environment, materials used also need to be handled by Green Building. Hence, this chap-
ter focuses on exploring the various issues, challenges and opportunities of Green Building concepts.
Further, this chapter addresses how IoT based Green building will assist in achieving it using cloud
computing techniques.

CHAPTER 6: GREEN BUILDING EFFICIENCY

AND SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS

This chapter presents indicators to define, manage, measure, and enhance efficiency and sustainability
phenomena for proposing a green building. A primary objective of this study is to identify influencing
factors and set forth viable indicators and framework in term of energy-efficient green building from
different standpoints hiring innovative tangible and non-tangible tools and techniques.

CHAPTER 7: GREEN AND SMART BUILDINGS – A KEY

TO SUSTAINABLE GLOBAL SOLUTIONS

The aim of this chapter is to present a comprehensive and significant research conducted till date with
regard to Green Buildings. The chapter provides comprehensive analysis of design technologies i.e.

xx
Preface

Passive and Active technologies which lay a strong foundation for Green Building. The chapter also
highlights the smart automation technologies that supports energy conservation along with various
performance metrics.

CHAPTER 8: CLOUD-BASED IOT ARCHITECTURE IN GREEN BUILDINGS

The chapter highlights that the concept of “Green building” as a strong solution to varied critical
environmental issues apart from promoting eco-friendly activities. IoT lays the foundation of having
buildings that are energy efficient enough via networked sensors that not only helps in managing the
assets better but also reduces harmful impacts on Human health and the environment. The chapter talks
regarding the concept of the Green Building and the smart automation achieved through IoT as well as
Cloud architecture termed as “Green Cloud”. In addition to this, significant future challenges are also
rounded off in this regard.

CHAPTER 9: IOT-BASED GREEN BUILDING –

TOWARDS AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT FUTURE

The chapter shows the application of IoT in Green Buildings. With the advent of IoT, the concept of
green buildings has taken a broader perspective. Incorporating intelligence into the current Building
Management Systems can revolutionize the legacy buildings into energy efficient buildings. The chapter
explores some sound benefits of integrating IoT into a green building. It offers insight into the various
technologies used in Green construction, followed by some IoT based architectures. The chapter points
out various machine learning algorithms that can lay a strong base for IoT devices efficiency. Finally,
the chapter dives into the future of IoT enabled green buildings, and explore the challenges in achieving
zero-energy buildings, while addressing the questions it raises.

CHAPTER 10: RENEWABLE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

AND MANAGEMENT IN GREEN BUILDINGS

Construction of building plays also a significant role in pollution. To reduce the harmful effects in
construction buildings it is necessary to move on to sustainable architecture. In this chapter different
advantages of green buildings are enlisted. The green building structure is compared with traditional
conventional buildings. In addition to this, different organization contributing towards green environment
are mentioned along with various sensors assisting towards detection of energy wastage and prediction.

CHAPTER 11: A STUDY OF GREEN BUILDING PROSPECTS

ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING

This chapter lays a strong foundation regarding discussion of sustainable management decision making
with regard to prospects of green building. Nowadays, the world faces many environmental crises such

xxi
 Preface

as increased threat of climate change, the depletion of key natural resources, increasing air and water
pollution and growing levels of solid wastes. These issues are becoming the major aspects of value in
real estate and a key driver in the decision-making processes. The strategic sustainability process as
called “the halo effect” was more worldwide which is affected by the popularity in environmental actions
criteria. It showed consequence that green concept has not only focused on technical or moral issue but
also need to base more on the economic and financial imperative.

CHAPTER 12: SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN BUILDING

PRACTICES IN RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS

A green building is a sustainable building that has minimal impacts on the environment throughout its
life. This chapter elaborates that green building makes efficient use of energy and resources in every
aspect which includes the production of building materials, and the design, use and eventual demolition
of a building in any sector (commercial, residential, industrial, public buildings) and at all stages, from
new buildings to ‘retrofitting’ or adapting existing ones.

xxii
Table of Contents

Foreword..............................................................................................................................................xiii

Preface................................................................................................................................................. xvii

Chapter 1
Green Smart Building: Requisites, Architecture, Challenges, and Use Cases........................................ 1
Pijush Kanti Dutta Pramanik, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, India
Bulbul Mukherjee, Bengal Institute of Technology, India
Saurabh Pal, Bengal Institute of Technology, India
Tanmoy Pal, Bengal Institute of Technology, India
Simar Preet Singh, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, India

Chapter 2
Role of Renewable Energy Techniques to Design and Develop Sustainable Green Building............... 51
Pradeep Tomar, Gautam Buddha University, India

Chapter 3
Improved Design of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser for 3D Sensing in Internet of Things
Applications........................................................................................................................................... 64
Priyanka Goyal, Gautam Buddha University, India
Prachi Singh, Gautam Buddha University, India

Chapter 4
Environmental Analysis of Construction Materials: Material Specifications for Green Built
Environment........................................................................................................................................... 90
Aysem Berrin Cakmakli, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

Chapter 5
A Comprehensive Overview of IoT-Based Green Buildings: Issues, Challenges, and 
Opportunities....................................................................................................................................... 111
Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India
Dhanalekshmi G., Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India





Chapter 6
Green Building Efficiency and Sustainability Indicators..................................................................... 128
Mir Sayed Shah Danish, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
Tomonobu Shah Senjyu, University of the Ryukyus, Japan

Chapter 7
Green and Smart Buildings: A Key to Sustainable Global Solutions.................................................. 146
Rudra Rameshwar, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, India
Arun Solanki, Gautam Buddha University, India
Anand Nayyar, Duy Tan University, Vietnam
Bandana Mahapatra, SOA, India

Chapter 8
Cloud-Based IoT Architecture in Green Buildings.............................................................................. 164
Abhinav Singh, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, India
Utsha Sinha, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, India
Deepak Kumar Sharma, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, India

Chapter 9
IoT-Based Green Building: Towards an Energy-Efficient Future........................................................ 184
Rachna Jain, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, India
Vaibhav Goel, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, India
Jusleen Kaur Rekhi, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, India
Jafar A. Alzubi, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan

Chapter 10
Renewable Energy Distribution and Management in Green Buildings............................................... 208
Suman Kumar, Delhi Technological University, India
Gurjit Kaur, Delhi Technological University, India

Chapter 11
A Study of Green Building Prospects on Sustainable Management Decision Making....................... 220
Subhra Mondal, Duy Tan University, Vietnam
Kalyan Kumar Sahoo, African University College of Communications (AUCC), Ghana

Chapter 12
Sustainability of Green Building Practices in Residential Projects..................................................... 235
Subhankar Das, Duy Tan University, Vietnam

Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 250

Related References............................................................................................................................. 280

About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 303

Index.................................................................................................................................................... 311
Detailed Table of Contents

Foreword..............................................................................................................................................xiii

Preface................................................................................................................................................. xvii

Chapter 1
Green Smart Building: Requisites, Architecture, Challenges, and Use Cases........................................ 1
Pijush Kanti Dutta Pramanik, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, India
Bulbul Mukherjee, Bengal Institute of Technology, India
Saurabh Pal, Bengal Institute of Technology, India
Tanmoy Pal, Bengal Institute of Technology, India
Simar Preet Singh, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, India

Non-sustainable buildings have threatened the ecosystem globally. In this chapter, a comprehensive
discussion on the green and smart building is presented, considering how the buildings are made
green and smart and how they support in developing sustainable cities. Though smart buildings are the
positive catalyst towards sustainability, the excessive use of electronic devices puts a check in attaining
the overall green goal. This chapter suggests merging green and smart technologies to have green smart
building (GSB) with the aim of offering the populations a smart and eco-friendly living. Promises and
challenges in attaining this goal are meticulously explored. The GSB concept is discussed in detail,
suitably supported with the architectural models of overall and the various components of a GSB. The
communication architecture is also presented emphasizing on various entities and activities in different
levels of communication between various digital components of a GSB. A few cases have been presented
showing practical applications of green and smart technologies in buildings.

Chapter 2
Role of Renewable Energy Techniques to Design and Develop Sustainable Green Building............... 51
Pradeep Tomar, Gautam Buddha University, India

This chapter presents the role of renewable energy techniques to design and develop a sustainable
framework for green building. The first viewpoint is identified with the earlier structure and the low
encapsulated energy building materials for the design and development of a framework for green building.
The primary perspective is to manage energy protection using renewable energy techniques in the green
building. Green building interchangeably can be used with the term’s sustainable construction or green
construction. So, durable construction means using environmentally responsible and resource-efficient
procedures in development to be ensured of sustainability throughout the lifetime of the building.
This chapter also presents the combination of renewable, energy-based technology for green building
construction and sustainability with the economics of renewable energy.



Chapter 3
Improved Design of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser for 3D Sensing in Internet of Things
Applications........................................................................................................................................... 64
Priyanka Goyal, Gautam Buddha University, India
Prachi Singh, Gautam Buddha University, India

Internet of things (IOT) and Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) future can be seen together,
since VCSEL technology-based 3D sensors are introduced for IoT applications. The improved VCSEL
structure design with fixed wavelength using a thermally actuated cantilever structure is presented.
This improved structure of VCSEL will help us in realizing athermal VCSEL. In athermal VCSEL
the dependency of VCSEL on temperature will be much less because it will not require temperature
controllers. Realizing fully temperature-independent VCSEL (i.e., athermal VCSEL) is still a challenge
but we can reduce it to some extent. In this chapter, recent diversification of application of VCSEL
technology from data communication to sensing has been discussed. This proposed VCSEL structure
may give us an opportunity to improve the VCSEL technology. Therefore, smart 3D sensors based on
VCSEL will help in making internet of things applications more reliable and will directly or indirectly
serve the concept of smart homes and smart cities.

Chapter 4
Environmental Analysis of Construction Materials: Material Specifications for Green Built
Environment........................................................................................................................................... 90
Aysem Berrin Cakmakli, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

There is a growing universal awareness of protecting the living and non-living environment and making
enlightened decisions to achieve a sustainable development without destruction of the natural resources.
In this point of view, selecting building materials according to their energy and health performances
gains importance in sustainable design. 3Rs (reducing, reusing, recycling), and supplying a healthy, non-
hazardous indoor air for building occupants are two important parameters of environmental life-cycle
assessment for materials. Information on exposure to gases and vapors from synthetic materials made
from petrochemicals, to heavy metals and pesticides, and to some combustion pollutants that cause acid
rain should be determined by analyzing environmental product declarations or material specifications.
After studying on building materials individually, they are analyzed in the form of tables for four different
stages; manufacturing, application, usage, demolition phase. Consequently, this chapter can guide the
designer and engineer to think on the elements of design and construction activity.

Chapter 5
A Comprehensive Overview of IoT-Based Green Buildings: Issues, Challenges, and 
Opportunities....................................................................................................................................... 111
Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India
Dhanalekshmi G., Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India

Green building defines the way buildings are designed, constructed, operated, and maintained in such
a way that the negative impacts are reduced and eliminated. The green building ensures to impart the
sustainability of a building environment for quality living of citizens. It is to be noted that, not only the
structure of the building, but its entire life cycle—including designing, constructing, operating, maintaining,
renovating, and demolishing—must ensure responsibility towards environmental and natural resources.
However, there are numerous factors that influence the effect of green building. Further factors such as
 

pollution control, air quality monitoring, adaptability to evolving environment, and materials used also
need to be handled by the green building. Hence, this chapter focuses on exploring the various issues,
challenges and opportunities of green building concepts. Further, this chapter addresses how IoT-based
green building will assist in achieving the goal through other emerging technology such as cloud computing.

Chapter 6
Green Building Efficiency and Sustainability Indicators..................................................................... 128
Mir Sayed Shah Danish, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
Tomonobu Shah Senjyu, University of the Ryukyus, Japan

A rapid change in technology trend and lifestyle around the globe has induced a drastic increase in energy
production, delivery, distribution, and consumption. That forced building planners, designers, scholars,
researchers, and practitioners to come up with a sustainable solution within constrained economic and
environmental dimensions. With a proper definition and usage of efficiency and sustainability dimensions
in terms of green building design and construction, global challenges (global warming, climate change,
poverty, global health and education, etc.) can be mitigated, leading to long-run sustainability. This chapter
presents indicators to define, manage, measure, and enhance efficiency and sustainability phenomena
for proposing a green building. A primary objective of this study is to identify influencing factors and
set forth viable indicators and framework in terms of energy-efficient green building from different
standpoints hiring innovative tangible and non-tangible tools and technique.

Chapter 7
Green and Smart Buildings: A Key to Sustainable Global Solutions.................................................. 146
Rudra Rameshwar, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, India
Arun Solanki, Gautam Buddha University, India
Anand Nayyar, Duy Tan University, Vietnam
Bandana Mahapatra, SOA, India

Buildings across the world consume a significant amount of energy which is equivalent to one third of
total primary energy resources available. This has led to lots of challenges with regard to supplies of
energy, energy resources quick depletion, increase in building service demands, improvised comfort
lifestyle along with time increase spend in builds; this all has increased the energy consumption. Even the
global sustainability is also pushing the implementation of green buildings in the real world. Researchers
and scientists have been working on this issue for a very long time, but still the issue is prevalent. The
aim of this chapter is to present comprehensive and significant research conducted to date with regard to
green buildings. The chapter provides in-depth analysis of design technologies (i.e., passive and active
technologies) that lay a strong foundation for green building. The chapter also highlights the smart
automation technologies which help in energy conservation along with various performance metrics.

Chapter 8
Cloud-Based IoT Architecture in Green Buildings.............................................................................. 164
Abhinav Singh, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, India
Utsha Sinha, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, India
Deepak Kumar Sharma, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, India

The development and expansion of mankind in addition to the advancement of technology have a
substantial impact on the environment. The construction, design, and operation of buildings account for


a large consumption of natural resources. Due to the exploitation of natural resources on a large scale
through these buildings, it has become necessary to have a better-designed building for the efficient use
of resources. The concept of “green building” solves the aforementioned issues apart from promoting
eco-friendly activities. IoT makes the idea of having buildings that are energy sufficient possible through
networked sensors that not only help in managing the assets better but also reducing harmful impacts on
human health and the environment. This chapter talks about the concept of the green building and the
smart automation achieved through IoT as well as cloud architecture for the green building also referred
to as green cloud. While it explains the basic cloud architecture in green building, it also proposes future
challenges for the aforementioned subject.

Chapter 9
IoT-Based Green Building: Towards an Energy-Efficient Future........................................................ 184
Rachna Jain, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, India
Vaibhav Goel, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, India
Jusleen Kaur Rekhi, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, India
Jafar A. Alzubi, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan

Among the various domains of IoT, one domain that is highly emerging in recent years is the application
of IoT in green buildings. With the advent of IoT, the concept of green buildings has taken an even
broader perspective. Incorporating intelligence into the current building management systems could
revolutionize the buildings in terms of energy efficiency. The chapter explores some sound benefits
of integrating IoT into a green building. It offers insight into the various technologies used in green
construction, followed by some IoT-based architectures. Some machine learning algorithms that can be
used to boost the efficiency of IoT devices are also discussed. Finally, the chapter dives into the future
of IoT-enabled green buildings, and explores the challenges in achieving zero-energy buildings, while
addressing the questions it raises. It focuses on how a green building, together with the internet of things,
may lead to zero-energy buildings, thus carving our path towards a secure and energy-efficient future.

Chapter 10
Renewable Energy Distribution and Management in Green Buildings............................................... 208
Suman Kumar, Delhi Technological University, India
Gurjit Kaur, Delhi Technological University, India

There are various environmental problems (i.e., “global warming,” air and water pollution), which need
to be prevented. Construction of buildings plays a significant role in pollution. To reduce the harmful
effects in constructing buildings, it is necessary to move on to sustainable architecture. In this chapter,
different advantages and standards for green buildings will be discussed. Different organizations are
contributing towards a green environment. There are even different sensors that are able to detect wastage
of energy and can predict the requirement of energy. Machine learning, a hot topic these days, can also
play its role in demand prediction. In this chapter, role of network communication and sensing to optimize
the energy of green buildings and machine learning-based demand prediction to optimize the energy of
green buildings are discussed. Further predicting energy harvesting from weather forecasts, return on
investment of green buildings, and potential benefits of energy-efficient green buildings are also discussed.
 

Chapter 11
A Study of Green Building Prospects on Sustainable Management Decision Making....................... 220
Subhra Mondal, Duy Tan University, Vietnam
Kalyan Kumar Sahoo, African University College of Communications (AUCC), Ghana

The world faces many environmental crises such as increased threat of climate change, the depletion of
key natural resources, increasing air and water pollution, and growing levels of solid wastes. These issues
are becoming the major aspects of value in real estate and a key driver in the decision-making processes.
The strategic sustainability process called “the halo effect” was more worldwide which is affected by the
popularity in environmental actions criteria. It showed consequence that green concept has to not only
focus on technical or moral issues, but also need to base more on the economic and financial imperative.

Chapter 12
Sustainability of Green Building Practices in Residential Projects..................................................... 235
Subhankar Das, Duy Tan University, Vietnam

A green building is a sustainable building that has minimal impacts on the environment throughout its
life. For the purposes of this report, “green building” is understood to mean construction that makes
efficient use of energy and resources in every aspect. This includes the production of building materials,
and the design, use, and eventual demolition of a building in any sector (commercial, residential,
industrial, public buildings) and at all stages, from new buildings to “retrofitting” or adapting existing
ones. The construction sector, which accounts for 10% of global GDP, has direct and indirect impacts
on the environment. It produces 23% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and buildings are
responsible for between 30% and 40% of all material flows. A green building is a sustainable building
that has minimal impacts on the environment throughout its life.

Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 250

Related References............................................................................................................................. 280

About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 303

Index.................................................................................................................................................... 311
 1

Chapter 1
Green Smart Building:
Requisites, Architecture,
Challenges, and Use Cases

Pijush Kanti Dutta Pramanik

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9438-9309
National Institute of Technology Durgapur, India

Bulbul Mukherjee
Bengal Institute of Technology, India

Saurabh Pal
Bengal Institute of Technology, India

Tanmoy Pal
Bengal Institute of Technology, India

Simar Preet Singh

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2443-7835
Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, India

ABSTRACT
Non-sustainable buildings have threatened the ecosystem globally. In this chapter, a comprehensive
discussion on the green and smart building is presented, considering how the buildings are made green
and smart and how they support in developing sustainable cities. Though smart buildings are the posi-
tive catalyst towards sustainability, the excessive use of electronic devices puts a check in attaining the
overall green goal. This chapter suggests merging green and smart technologies to have green smart
building (GSB) with the aim of offering the populations a smart and eco-friendly living. Promises and
challenges in attaining this goal are meticulously explored. The GSB concept is discussed in detail,
suitably supported with the architectural models of overall and the various components of a GSB. The
communication architecture is also presented emphasizing on various entities and activities in different
levels of communication between various digital components of a GSB. A few cases have been presented
showing practical applications of green and smart technologies in buildings.

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9754-4.ch001

Copyright © 2020, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
 
Green Smart Building

INTRODUCTION

As a result of continuous urbanization globally, the number of buildings (residential and commercial) is
on the steep rise, be it in small cities or the metropolis. In some of the global cities, nearly 50 residents
turn up to settle down every hour (State of Green, 2019). This shows the high-rate increase in urban
population and the demand and need for buildings, especially the residential buildings. Because of the
high density of population in the cities, they have become one of the primary sources of CO2 emissions.
Particularly, the buildings are accountable for more than 40 percent of global energy consumption and
an almost equal amount of CO2 emissions (State of Green, 2019). This is way beyond that of the other
two major culprit’s - the industrial sector and transportation, which account for 30% and 29% of total
energy consumption respectively. In the U.S., about 73% of the country’s electricity consumption is at-
tributed to the buildings (BossControls, 2019).
Not only the high energy consumption and CO2 emissions, but also the inefficiency of today’s build-
ing plans and constructions, in terms of optimized use of resources and recycling, has posted a great
environmental and societal challenge. For instance, in the European Union (EU), nearly 30 percent of
total waste generated is accounted to the cast off and waste materials from construction and demolition
(State of Green, 2019). According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in the U.S., around
170,000 commercial buildings are built every year, while 44,000 are demolished (BossControls, 2019).
This vast amount of waste materials put pressure on the overall ecology and the environment of the urban
structure. The absence of sustainable urban planning sets a big threat to the city’s natural resources like
water, energy, and clean air as these resources are wanted in large volumes by the buildings (construc-
tion and maintenance) and their occupants (operation and use).
The traditional building construction concepts have a significant negative impact on the global envi-
ronment due to the huge emission of greenhouse gas from this kind of building, huge amount of water
uses (13.6% of all potable water is consumed by buildings (BossControls, 2019)) as well as wastewater,
using non-sustainable construction materials which produces CO2 and the building wastes such as plastic,
concrete, glass, wood, metals, etc.
To have green and sustainable cities, we need to make buildings green and sustainable. Not only in
the new buildings, but it is important to adopt and implement green and sustainable technologies in the
existing buildings as well. Green building means to apply green technologies to a building throughout
its life cycle, i.e., from construction to operation to demolition so that the negative environmental impact
of buildings can be minimized as far as possible. Using sustainable building materials and recycling
and reusing these materials, reduce waste significantly. A planned and strategic approach in designing
buildings, selecting building materials, and the use of modern, efficient construction technologies is the
key to have sustainable buildings.
Besides using sustainable materials, curbing the energy consumption of buildings and reducing
CO2 emissions are the crucial factors for green buildings. Focusing on energy efficiency solutions
and operations should be widely implemented in all categories of buildings across the globe. Several
existing solutions such as energy-efficient windows, proper insulation, heat/cold regulators, ventilation
systems, efficient pumps, smart meters, intelligent management systems, etc., if properly implemented,
can reduce energy consumption by 50 percent (State of Green, Energy efficiency in buildings, 2019).
Also, a sensible choice of building materials in constructing green buildings can reduce the emission of
greenhouse and other harmful gases considerably.

2

Green Smart Building

The idea of constructing smart buildings has fueled the green building goals towards minimizing
the environmental hazards of buildings. Smart building technologies with advanced digital services and
analytics make a building management system more sustainable and cost-effective. The state-of-the-art
sensors for automated controlling of lighting, air quality, and climate, along with the smart meters and
energy management systems have enabled smart buildings in achieving intelligent control of energy
consumption that results in considerable energy savings, flexibility, and comfort, benefitting the people
as well as the climate. The smart buildings can also play a vital role in power management by integrat-
ing with the energy networks from beyond the levels (e.g., state or country level) through the smart
grid (Tuballa & Abundo, 2016). The efficient distribution of electricity among each building and also
throughout the city leads to a sustainable energy efficient city.
The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and associated technologies not only have eased our
lifestyle greatly (Pramanik, Pal, & Choudhury, 2018) but also enabled structuring smart buildings while
unlocking the viable potential to build sustainable buildings. IoT (Pramanik & Choudhury, 2018) is the
principal architect of automated, safe, secure, comfortable, energy efficient building. The continuous
use of IoT that includes smartphones, smart gadgets, and various sensors enhances our building expe-
rience more comfortable, more people friendly, but with a cost of increased power consumption and
other environmental hazards such as radiations and rising carbon footprints from the electronic gadgets
and the mobile towers (Pramanik, Pal, & Choudhury, 2019). Hence, the smart buildings need to be
made further green, giving rise to the green smart building (GSB). Green design of a smart building is
now becoming a challenge to maintain sustainability with nature, to conserve non-renewable sources
of energy and to make our earth cool and green. The principle of 3Rs (Reduce Reuse Recycle) is ap-
plied in design, construction, and operation of a smart building to make it green which helps to sustain
the world pollution-free. The goal of a GSB is not only to minimize the adverse effects of buildings to
the environment by adopting energy efficiency measures and intelligent design, but also to provide the
citizens with a good indoor climate that can be adapted to the users’ varying activities and needs over
time. The vision of smart buildings is to provide a smart, livable, and sustainable city.
In view of the statements as mentioned above, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview
of the GSB considering the different aspects of it. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section
2 discusses green building highlighting its benefits and challenges. The key factors of the green building
along with different means of making buildings, green are also explained. The lifecycle of a green build-
ing is presented along with the different dimensions that make buildings green and sustainable are also
discussed. Likewise, Section 3 talks about smart buildings covering the components of a smart building
and the benefits and challenges of smart buildings. The different approaches to make a smart building
are also appropriately elaborated. Section 4 asserts the need for merging of these two concepts (green
and smart), i.e., the importance of GSB. Its emphases on the vision and benefits of GSBs. Section 5
presents the architectural model of a standard GSB while discussing in detail the different components
of a GSB with suitable model diagrams. The communication architecture of GSBs has been elaborated
appositely in Section 6. It describes the layered framework of a GSB and the requirements, components,
and services offered by each layer. Several assessment tools and standards for GSB are also cited. Section
6 points out the benefits of GSBs. The technical challenges in implementing GSB are discussed in Sec-
tion 7 while Section 8 draws attention to other associated issues. Several real-life examples of existing
buildings where green smart technology are adopted are mentioned in Section 9. Section 10 lists some
building assessment tools and standards followed by various countries to assess the green and smart
buildings. Finally, Section 11 concludes the chapter.

3
 
Green Smart Building

BASICS OF GREEN BUILDING

What Is a Green Building?

Though the idea of the green building is transfiguring day by day, a green building in generic could be
said as one whose life-cycle focuses on reducing the negative impact on nature through better design,
siting, construction, operation, maintenance, and better waste management. Due to self-sufficiency and
less energy consumption, the green buildings are often said as a sustainable or high-performance build-
ing (Howe, 2010).

Key Factors of a Green Building

Making green building needs to consider certain key factors like the material used for construction, energy
sources, and management. Each key factor has effective roles which are being discussed subsequently.

Materials Used in Green Building

Materials used for green building are generally obtained from natural and renewable sources, keeping
in mind some important factors like durability, energy cost in transportation, waste minimization, etc.
Table 1 shows some recycled products which are being used in green building construction along with
their sources of production.

Table 1. Recycled materials used in green building construction

Product Name Sources & Uses

Newspaper wood Every year in Norway, 1 million tons of paper and card wood are recycled.
Polymers are extracted from the thrown away nappies and sanitary products and used for manufacturing different
Nappy roofing
construction materials.
Colorful bricks produced from plastic bags which are difficult to recycle. These plastic bags are forced together
Recy blocks
to form blocks by applying heat.
Animal blood, which is considered to be a waste product is one of the powerful bio-adhesive. According to
British architecture student Jack Munro, a mix of frozen and dried blood powder with sand can be used for
Blood brick
making bricks. This is very helpful to communities in remote place, where animal slaughter blood is easily
available.
Cuboid or other tessellation shaped bottles are used for forming the building structure as these are easily
Bottle bricks transportable. The bottleneck slots of the bottle are placed into the base of another one to form an interlocking
line which makes it a more rigid structure.
One of the biggest waste repositories is air. In Bangkok, peoples have designed a system which consists of an
Smog insulators electrically charged metal mesh which is capable of attracting smog particles and sticks them to form a silvery fur
over the building.
Mycelium bacteria, found in a rotten organism like a tree trunk and many agricultural by-products, if placed in
Mushroom walls
some mold these grow to the desired shape which is used as an insulating and packing materials.
One of the major building components produced from plastic waste. The idea is recycling the plastic by mixing
Plasphalt
with asphalt which makes it more rigid, with water-resistant quality.
Wine cork panels Granulated cork combined with wine bottle cork form this kind of panels, which can be used as floor tiles.
(CityMetric, 2015)

4

Green Smart Building

Energy Systems

The efficient design of the energy system is an important clause for making a building green. If natural
light is utilized methodically, it can reduce the electricity cost and ameliorate the people’s health and
productivity. Low energy appliances, energy efficient lighting and also some renewable energy technolo-
gies can be incorporated in the green building. Figure 1 shows the natural lighting and the heating and
cooling effect of the building by the natural conduction, convection, and heat radiation process.

Figure 1. Heating and cooling effect by conduction, convection, and radiation of heat wave in a building

Passive Solar Design: The concept of passive solar design is used to heat, cool and light the homes
without the intervention of any kind of electrical or mechanical devices. Placement of windows and
skylights are part of the design for making the building green. Figure 2 represents a passive solar design
of a typical house model where the elements like a sunshade, panels, heat absorbents, etc. are used in
capturing and distribution of natural heat and light.
Passive Solar Heating: Capturing the sun’s heat in building materials and use that heat inside the
building when the sun is not shining. The absorbed heat also used for later usage like making the space
comfortable without overheating.

Health Components of Green Building

Nontoxic, emission-free, less volatile organic compounds (VOC) content and moisture resistant materi-
als and products are used as building materials which can reduce the asthma rate, allergy by improving
the indoor air quality. The proper ventilation system of the building and using humid control materials
can also enhance the building’s health.

5
 
Green Smart Building

Figure 2. Elements of passive solar design

(Williams, 2012)

How Can a Building Be Made Green?

Technological Aspects

As discussed in the previous section, the use of renewable sources of energy, proper waste management,
and natural resource management are the key factors for making a building green. But besides these,
there are other factors – technological aspects which plays a major role in making a building green.

Energy Savings

The electrical appliance used in daily jobs consumes a lot of energy, proper selection of standard electrical
appliance and their careful operations can lead to minimize energy consumption. Use of electrical appli-
ances with energy star rating though, looks small but is a major step in decreasing energy consumption.
Besides using energy optimizing, techniques can lead to energy conservation and preservation. Using
modern technologies like occupancy sensors, dimmers, and daylight controllers can reduce the energy
consumption up to 22% (Grainger, 2019). Besides these, using open column systems for air circulation,
cable management, and newer power distribution systems help in reducing overheating and thus depends
on the air conditioner and thereby reducing the power consumption (Grainger, 2019).

Space Efficiency

Space utilization is one of the important key factors which need to be considered when designing the
building. Open floor plan raised floor system and reduced building height are some of the ways for ef-

6

Green Smart Building

ficient use of space that could lead to making a building green. The open space help in good air circula-
tion and spread of light. This reduces the heating and lighting problem and thus lessens the dependency
on air conditioners and lights.

Other Associated Factors

Rain Water Harvesting

Water is one of the essential commodities in our daily life. Water plays a significant role in the exis-
tence of animal kind. But for the last few years, the shortage of this natural resource raised a question
mark on our survival. Multiple reasons like rapid climate change, wastage of water, unplanned usage,
and deforestation have caused the water shortage problem. Different techniques have been found useful
in water conservation. Among the different types of water conservation techniques, one of the easiest,
eco-friendly, and cost-effective method is rainwater harvesting (Go Smart Bricks, 2017). In this method,
rainwater is stored efficiently for future use. Generally, water is collected from different surface layers
and stored for future use.

Objectives of Rainwater Harvesting

We have already discussed that a green smart concept not only makes a building green, but it is also
responsible for making a pollution free environment. Following are some major objectives of rainwater
harvesting:

• Recharging and raising the groundwater level.

• To prevent soil erosion or flooding of the surrounding area.
• Prevent the rainwater from becoming polluted.
• Meeting the demand for water in the dry season.

Different Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

There are two types of water harvesting techniques (Padmanabhan, 2018):

1. Surface Runoff Harvesting: In this method, rainwater flowing away as surface runoff, are stored
and kept for later use.
2. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting: In the rooftop rainwater harvesting technique, rainwater is collected
over a rooftop of a house and then it can be channelized through small PVC pipes to underground
pits or sumps or wells. The stored water can then be later used on the requirement.

Different Components
The different components of rainwater harvesting are:

1. Catchments: Catchment of the rainwater harvesting system is the surface which receives the
rainfall directly. It can be our terrace or courtyard. Paved or unpaved open ground could be used
as a catchment. Flat RCC or stone roof or sloping roof is ideal for catchments. In short, we can
consider the catchment as the supplier of the rainwater harvesting system.

7
 
Green Smart Building

2. Transportation: Collected rainwater can be transported through UV resistant pipes to the harvest-
ing system. Sloping roof water can also be caught through gutters.
3. First Flush: The First flush is a kind of device which is used to flush off first shower water to
avoid harmful components of the first rainwater. It is also useful to clean up the roof by cleaning
the deposited materials during dry seasons. For the first flushing, first rain separator should be
present at the outlet of each drainpipe.
4. Filter: There is always some chance that rainwater can contaminate the groundwater. To avoid this
kind of situation, the proper filtration mechanism should be installed. Another important factor that
should be taken care of is to regular checking of underground sewage drain which has chances of
leakage. In spite of that proper water treatment process should be carried out to remove the turbid-
ity, color, and microorganisms.

Wall Gardening
Wall gardening is another approach to green smart building. In this approach, plants are grown vertically
from the wall. This is an alternative to potted plants. But potted plants have some benefits like it can
be placed anywhere inside the building. The disadvantage is that it acquires some space. Following are
some benefits of wall gardening (Plant Connection, 2019):

• It can reduce the urban heat effect and smog.

• By absorbing outside air of pollutants and CO2 gas, dust, and fuel emissions, it purifies the
atmosphere.
• It also removes harmful toxins like benzene and formaldehyde.
• It also acts as a soundproofing wall.
• Water flowing through the wall can also be filtered by this natural plant filter.
• Wall gardening is a good insulator which keeps the building cool and also protects from harmful
elements.
• It has a major role in increasing biodiversity by creating habitats for birds and insects.
• Wall gardening cans also be used for growing food in urban areas which support and control the
local food source.
• It speeds up the recovery process for patients through Biophilia.
• Reduces the people stress and boost them.

Rooftop Agriculture
Rooftop Agriculture is also called as ‘vegetated roofs,’ or ‘eco-roofs’ is agriculture for the production
of fresh vegetables over building rooftop. This consists of a waterproofing membrane, along with the
growing medium (soil) and plants overlying a traditional roof. This rooftop agriculture not only sup-
ports the local vegetable demands, but also help to reduce the usage of artificial cooling components
due to absorption of heat by the bare roof and also absorbs the fuel emission produced by industries and
vehicles and act as an air filter.
Properly designed and maintained green roofs have multiple social and environmental benefits. It is
an important tool to enhance sustainability and biodiversity by reducing energy consumption, greenhouse
gas effect and urban heat island impacts.

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