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 Surgery
Pre-Test Self-Assessment and Review

FM.indd 1 15-11-2019 12:13:22

 Notice

Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broad-

en our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors
and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in
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FM.indd 2 15-11-2019 12:13:22

 Surgery
Pre-Test Self-Assessment and Review
Fourteenth Edition

Lillian S. Kao, MD, MS

Professor
Department of Surgery
McGovern Medical School at the University of
Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Casey B. Duncan, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Surgery
McGovern Medical School at the University of
Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Ethan Taub, DO
Assistant Professor
Department of Surgery
McGovern Medical School at the University of
Texas Health Science Center at Houston

New York  Chicago  San Francisco  Athens  London  Madrid  Mexico City  

Milan  New Delhi  Singapore  Sydney  Toronto

FM.indd 3 15-11-2019 12:13:22

Copyright © 2020 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the
United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
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whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.
 Student Reviewers
Jacob Nouriel
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Class of 2019

FM.indd 5 15-11-2019 12:13:22

 Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Pre- and Postoperative Care

Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Critical Care: Anesthesiology, Blood Gases, and

Respiratory Care
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Skin: Wounds, Infections, and Burns;

Plastic Surgery
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Trauma and Shock

Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Transplant, Immunology, and Oncology

Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Endocrine Problems and the Breast

Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver, and Pancreas

Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

vii

FM.indd 7 15-11-2019 12:13:22

 viii   Contents

Cardiothoracic Problems
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Vascular Surgery
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Urology
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Orthopedics
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Neurosurgery
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Otolaryngology
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Pediatric Surgery
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

FM.indd 8 15-11-2019 12:13:23

 Introduction
Surgery: PreTest Self-Assessment and Review, Fourteenth Edition, is intended
to provide medical students, as well as house officers and physicians, with a
convenient tool for assessing and improving their knowledge of surgery. The
450+ questions in this book include multiple-choice, matching, and quick fire
questions. The multiple-choice questions are similar in format and complexity
to those included in Step 2 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination
(USMLE). They may also be a useful study tool for Step 3.
For multiple-choice questions, the one best response to each question
should be selected. For matching sets, a group of questions will be preceded by a
list of lettered options. For each question in the matching set, select one lettered
option that is most closely associated with the question. The quick fire ques-
tions have free text answers. Each question in this book, except for the quick fire
questions, has a short discussion of various issues raised by the question and its
answer. A listing of references for the entire book follows the last chapter.
To simulate the time constraints imposed by the qualifying examinations
for which this book is intended as a practice guide, the student or physician
should allot about 1 minute for each question. After answering all questions in
a chapter, as much time as necessary should be spent in reviewing the explana-
tions for each question at the end of the chapter. Attention should be given to
all explanations, even if the examinee answered the question correctly. Those
seeking more information on a subject should refer to the reference materials
listed or to other standard texts in medicine.

ix

FM.indd 9 15-11-2019 12:13:23

 Pre- and Postoperative
Care
Questions

1. A 48-year-old woman develops constipation postoperatively and self-

medicates with milk of magnesia. She is noted to have an elevated serum
magnesium level. Which of the following represents the earliest clinical
indication of hypermagnesemia?
a. Loss of deep tendon reflexes
b. Flaccid paralysis
c. Respiratory arrest
d. Hypotension
e. Stupor

2. An asymptomatic middle-aged woman is found to have a serum sodium

level of 125 mEq/L after routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Which of
the following is the most appropriate management strategy for this patient?
a. Administration of hypertonic saline solution
b. Administration of normal saline
c. Administration of sodium chloride tablets
d. Restriction of free water
e. Diuresis with furosemide

3. A 52-year-old morbidly obese man with no other medical problems is

scheduled to undergo an elective sigmoid colectomy for recurrent diverticu-
litis. Which of the following is part of an enhanced recovery after surgery
protocol?
a. Nasogastric tube until return of bowel function
b. Foley catheter for at least 48 hours postoperatively
c. Intravenous fluids until return of bowel function
d. Sugar-free gum 3–4 times per day
e. Daily suppository administration

ch01.indd 1 15-11-2019 10:48:02

 2   Surgery

4. Following surgery a patient develops oliguria. Which of the following

values supports the diagnosis of hypovolemia?
a. Urine sodium of 28 mEq/L
b. Urine chloride of 15 mEq/L
c. Fractional excretion of sodium less than 1
d. Urine/serum creatinine ratio of 20
e. Urine osmolality of 350 mOsm/kg

5. A 75-year-old man with unstable angina, peripheral vascular disease

with symptoms of claudication after walking half a block, hypertension, and
diabetes presents with a large ventral hernia that he desires to be repaired.
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in his preoperative
workup?
a. Exercise stress test
b. Persantine thallium stress test
c. Transesophageal echocardiography
d. Cardiac catheterization
e. Coronary artery bypass

6. A previously healthy 55-year-old man undergoes elective right hemico-

lectomy for a stage I (T2N0M0) cancer of the cecum. He has a prolonged
postoperative ileus requiring nasogastric decompression for 5 days. Physical
examination reveals diminished skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, and
orthostatic hypotension. Pertinent laboratory values are as follows:
Arterial blood gas: pH 7.45, Pco2 50 mm Hg, Po2 85 mm Hg
Serum electrolytes (mEq/L): Na+ 132, K+ 3.1, Cl− 80; HCO3− 42

What is the patient’s acid–base abnormality?

a. Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis
b. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis
c. Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
d. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
e. Combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosis

ch01.indd 2 15-11-2019 10:48:02

 Pre- and Postoperative Care   3

7. An 18-year-old previously healthy man with multiple fractures after a

motor vehicle collision develops a left femoral deep venous thrombosis on
hospital day 5 despite being on prophylactic low-molecular-weight hepa-
rin since admission. His platelet count was noted to have dropped from
385,000/μL on admission to 90,000/μL. In addition to cessation of all anti-
coagulation therapy, which of the following is the most appropriate next
management step?
a. No additional therapy
b. High-dose warfarin
c. Low-molecular-weight heparin
d. Argatroban
e. Platelet transfusion

8. A 65-year-old man undergoes a technically difficult abdominal–

perineal resection for a rectal cancer during which he receives 3 U of packed
red blood cells. Four hours later, in the intensive care unit (ICU), he is bleed-
ing heavily from his perineal wound. Emergency coagulation studies reveal
normal prothrombin, partial thromboplastin, and bleeding times. The fibrin
degradation products are not elevated, but the serum fibrinogen content is
depressed and the platelet count is 70,000/μL. Which of the following is the
most likely cause of his bleeding?
a. Delayed blood transfusion reaction
b. Autoimmune fibrinolysis
c. Inadequate surgical hemostasis
d. Factor VIII deficiency
e. Hypothermic coagulopathy

9. A 78-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease and an

asymptomatic reducible inguinal hernia requests an elective hernia repair.
Which of the following would be a valid reason for delaying the proposed
surgery?
a. Coronary artery bypass surgery 3 months earlier
b. A history of cigarette smoking
c. Jugular venous distension
d. Hypertension
e. Transient ischemic attack 3 years prior

ch01.indd 3 15-11-2019 10:48:02

 4   Surgery

10. A 30-year-old otherwise healthy woman in her last trimester of preg-

nancy is diagnosed with a right common femoral deep venous thrombosis.
Which of the following is the best treatment option until delivery?
a. Aspirin
b. Subcutaneous heparin
c. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin
d. Warfarin
e. Inferior vena cava filter

11. A 65-year-old man undergoes a low anterior resection for rectal can-
cer. On the fifth day in hospital, his physical examination shows a tempera-
ture of 36.5°C (97.7°F), blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, pulse of 75 beats
per minute and regular, and respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute. His
midline incision shows a localized area of erythema and induration. White
blood cell count is 9000/mm3. Which of the following is the best treatment
option?
a. Topical antibiotics alone
b. Intravenous antibiotics alone
c. Incision and drainage alone
d. Incision and drainage and topical antibiotics
e. Incision and drainage and intravenous antibiotics

12. A 62-year-old woman undergoes a pancreaticoduodenectomy for a pan-

creatic head cancer. A jejunostomy tube is placed to facilitate nutritional
repletion as she is expected to have a prolonged recovery. Which of the fol-
lowing is a contraindication to enteral feeding via the jejunostomy tube?
a. Delirium
b. Delayed gastric emptying
c. Acute pancreatitis
d. Pancreatic leak
e. Ileus

ch01.indd 4 15-11-2019 10:48:02

 Pre- and Postoperative Care   5

13. A 71-year-old man develops dysphagia for both solids and liquids
and weight loss of 60 lb over the past 6 months. He undergoes endoscopy,
demonstrating a distal esophageal lesion, and biopsies are consistent with
squamous cell carcinoma. He is scheduled for neoadjuvant chemoradiation
followed by an esophagectomy. Preoperatively he is started on total paren-
teral nutrition, given his severe malnutrition reflected by an albumin of
less than 1. Which of the following is most likely to be a concern initially in
starting total parenteral nutrition in this patient?
a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hypermagnesemia
c. Hypoglycemia
d. Hypophosphatemia
e. Hypochloremia

14. An elderly diabetic woman with chronic steroid-dependent broncho-

spasm has an ileocolectomy for a perforated cecum. She is taken to the ICU
intubated and is maintained on broad-spectrum antibiotics and a rapid ste-
roid taper. On postoperative day 2, she develops a fever of 39.2°C (102.5°F),
hypotension, lethargy, and laboratory values remarkable for hypoglycemia
and hyperkalemia. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for
her deterioration?
a. Sepsis
b. Hypovolemia
c. Adrenal insufficiency
d. Acute tubular necrosis
e. Diabetic ketoacidosis

15. Ten days after an exploratory laparotomy and lysis of adhesions, a

patient, who previously underwent a low anterior resection for rectal cancer
followed by postoperative chemoradiation, is noted to have succus drain-
ing from the wound. She appears to have adequate source control—she is
afebrile with a normal white blood count. The output from the fistula is
approximately 150 cc per day. Which of the following factors is most likely
to prevent closure of the enterocutaneous fistula?
a. Previous radiation
b. Previous chemotherapy
c. Recent surgery
d. History of malignancy
e. More than 100-cc output per day

ch01.indd 5 15-11-2019 10:48:02

 6   Surgery

16. A 26-year-old man is resuscitated with packed red blood cells follow-
ing a motor vehicle collision complicated by a fractured pelvis and resultant
hemorrhage. A few hours later the patient becomes hypotensive with a nor-
mal central venous pressure (CVP), oliguric, and febrile. Upon examination,
the patient is noted to have profuse oozing of blood from his intravenous
(IV) sites. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Hypovolemic shock
b. Acute adrenal insufficiency
c. Gram-negative bacteremia
d. Transfusion reaction
e. Ureteral obstruction

17. A 63-year-old man undergoes a partial gastrectomy with Billroth II

reconstruction (gastrojejunostomy) for intractable peptic ulcer disease.
He presents several months postoperatively with a megaloblastic anemia.
Which of the following is the best treatment for this surgical complication?
a. Packed red blood cell transfusion
b. Oral iron supplementation
c. Oral vitamin B12 supplementation
d. Intravenous vitamin B12 supplementation
e. Oral folate supplementation

18. A 52-year-old woman undergoes a sigmoid resection with primary

anastomosis for recurrent diverticulitis. She returns to the emergency
room 10 days later with left flank pain and decreased urine output; lab-
oratory examination is significant for a white blood cell (WBC) count of
20,000/mm3. She undergoes a CT scan that demonstrates new left hydro-
nephrosis, but no evidence of an intra-abdominal abscess. Which of the
following is the best test to confirm the diagnosis?
a. Urinalysis
b. Renal ultrasound
c. Intravenous pyelogram
d. Renal scintigraphy
e. Cystoscopy

ch01.indd 6 15-11-2019 10:48:02

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• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 4: Study tips and learning strategies
Example 30: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 32: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 33: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 35: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 37: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
Example 40: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 41: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 42: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 46: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 47: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 51: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 52: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 56: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 7: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Practice Problem 60: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 62: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 8: Historical development and evolution
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 76: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 78: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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