Black Decker The Complete Outdoor Builder

Updated Edition Black & Decker pdf download

https://textbookfull.com/product/black-decker-the-complete-outdoor-builder-updated-edition-black-
decker/

★★★★★ 4.9/5.0 (34 reviews) ✓ 162 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Perfect download, no issues at all. Highly recommend!" - Mike D.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Black Decker The Complete Outdoor Builder Updated Edition
Black & Decker pdf download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK TEXTBOOK FULL

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Collection Highlights

Black Decker Codes for Homeowners Updated 3rd Edition

Black & Decker

Black Decker the Complete Guide to Plumbing 7th Edition

Completely Updated to Current Codes Black & Decker
Corporation (Towson

Black+Decker • The Complete Guide to Outdoor Carpentry,

3rd Edition • Complete Plans for Beautiful Backyard
Building Projects Editors Of Cool Springs Press

Black+Decker • The Complete Guide to Outdoor Carpentry,

3rd Edition • Complete Plans for Beautiful Backyard
Building Projects Editors Of Cool Springs Press
The Complete Guide to Wiring Current with 2017 2020
Electrical Codes Updated 7th Ed 7th Edition Black &
Decker Corporation

Black Decker The Complete Guide to Plumbing Completely

Updated to Current Codes 7th Edition Editors Of Cool
Springs Press

Black Decker Complete Guide to Bathrooms 5th Edition

Editors Of Cool Springs Press

Black Decker The Complete Photo Guide to Home Repair

Editors Of Cool Springs Press

Black Decker The Book of Home How to Updated 2nd Edition

Editors Of Cool Springs Press
THE COMPLETE
OUTDOOR
BUILDER
UPDATE D E DITIO N

FROM ARBORS TO WALKWAYS

150 DIY PROJECTS

MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
© 2016 Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

First published in 2016 by Cool Springs Press, an imprint of Quarto Names: Black & Decker Corporation (Towson, Md.)
Publishing Group USA Inc., 400 First Avenue North, Suite 400, Title: Complete outdoor builder.
Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA. Telephone: (612) 344-8100 Other titles: Black & Decker the complete outdoor builder
Fax: (612) 344-8692 Description: Minneapolis, MN, USA : Cool Springs Press, an imprint
of Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc., 2016.
quartoknows.com Identifiers: LCCN 2015042670 | ISBN 9781591866671 (plc)
Visit our blogs at quartoknows.com Subjects: LCSH: Garden structures--Design and construction--
Amateurs’ manuals. | Building, Wooden--Amateurs’ manuals. |
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any Outbuildings--Design and construction--Amateurs’ manuals. |
form without written permission of the copyright owners. All images Woodwork--Amateurs’ manuals. | Masonry--Amateurs’ manuals. |
in this book have been reproduced with the knowledge and prior Do-it-yourself work--Amateurs’ manuals.
consent of the artists concerned, and no responsibility is accepted Classification: LCC TH4961 .C655 2016 | DDC 690/.89--dc23
by producer, publisher, or printer for any infringement of copyright LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015042670
or otherwise, arising from the contents of this publication. Every
effort has been made to ensure that credits accurately comply with Acquiring Editor: Mark Johanson
information supplied. We apologize for any inaccuracies that may Project Manager: Alyssa Bluhm
have occurred and will resolve inaccurate or missing information in a Art Director: Brad Springer
subsequent reprinting of the book. Layout: Danielle Smith-Boldt

Cool Springs Press titles are also available at discounts in bulk Printed in China
quantity for industrial or sales-promotional use. For details contact
the Special Sales Manager at Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc.,
400 First Avenue North, Suite 400, Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN: 978-1-59186-667-1
Digital edition: 978-0-76035-082-9
Softcover edition: 978-1-59186-667-1

BLACK+DECKER and the BLACK+DECKER logo are trademarks of

The Black & Decker Corporation and are used under license. All
rights reserved.

NOTICE TO READERS
For safety, use caution, care, and good judgment when following the procedures described in this book. The publisher and
BLACK+DECKER cannot assume responsibility for any damage to property or injury to persons as a result of misuse of the
information provided.
The techniques shown in this book are general techniques for various applications. In some instances, additional
techniques not shown in this book may be required. Always follow manufacturers’ instructions included with products,
since deviating from the directions may void warranties. The projects in this book vary widely as to skill levels required:
some may not be appropriate for all do-it-yourselfers, and some may require professional help.
Consult your local building department for information on building permits, codes, and other laws as they apply to
your project.
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .............................................................7 Walkways, Steps & Patios

Design Considerations .....................................30

Planning Patio & Walkway Plans .....................................36

Building Materials .............................................10 Layout & Surface Preparation ..........................42

Lumber ..............................................................10 Edging ...............................................................48

Metals & Plastics ..............................................12 Loose Rock Landscape Path .............................56

Cast Blocks .......................................................13 Stepping Stone Landscape Path ......................62

Natural Stone ....................................................14 Sandset Brick Walkway ....................................66

Concrete ...........................................................15 Poured Concrete Walkway ...............................72

Mortar ...............................................................15 Decorative Concrete Path ................................78

Estimating & Ordering Materials .....................16 Mortared Brick Over a Concrete Path..............82

Basic Tools.........................................................18 Boardwalk Deck on a Slab ...............................86

Power & Rental Tools .......................................19 Timber Garden Steps ........................................91

Masonry Tools ...................................................20 Flagstone Garden Steps .................................101

Fasteners & Hardware......................................21 Sandset Brick Patio ........................................106

Codes & Courtesies ..........................................22 Cobblestone Paver Patio ................................113

Measuring .........................................................26 Circular Paver Patio ........................................120

Challenges ........................................................27 Flagstone Patio ...............................................127

CONTENTS (CONT.)

Creating a Permeable Subbase ......................132

Fences & Walls
Spaced Masonry Pavers .................................136
Fence & Wall Materials ..................................238
Concrete Slab Patio ........................................143
Wood Panel Fences ........................................240
Mortared Paver Patio......................................150
Picket Fence ...................................................248

Post & Board Fences ......................................252

Decks Split Rail Fence ..............................................258
Deck Building Codes .......................................156
Virginia Rail Fence ..........................................262
Building a Deck: A Step-by-Step Overview ....162
Wood Composite Fence ................................266
Installing a Ledger ..........................................166
Vinyl Panel Fence ...........................................270
Locating Post Footings ...................................172
Ornamental Metal Fence ................................274
Digging & Pouring Footings ............................178
Chain Link Fence & Gate ...............................278
Installing Posts ...............................................184
Bamboo Fence ................................................286
Installing Beams .............................................190
Invisible Dog Fence .......................................290
Hanging Joists .................................................196
Patio Wall ........................................................296
Laying Decking................................................202
Outdoor Kitchen Walls & Countertop ............302
Building Stairs .................................................206
Dry Stone Wall ................................................306
Deck Railing Basics .........................................210
Interlocking Block Retaining Wall ..................310
Floating Octagon Island Deck ........................220
Timber Retaining Wall.....................................316
Deck Benches .................................................228
Stone Retaining Wall ......................................318
Deck Skirting ..................................................234
Yard & Garden Structures Classic Tree Swing ..........................................488

Skateboard Ramp ...........................................490

Arbor Retreat ..................................................324
Bocce Court ....................................................496
Patio Enclosure ...............................................336

Patio Arbor/Trellis Enclosure ..........................350

Adding a Trellis to an Arbor ...........................356

Outdoor Furnishings & Accessories
Deck Planters ..................................................502
Under-deck Enclosure.....................................358
Privacy Screen ................................................506
Runoff Gutters ................................................365
Mailbox Stand .................................................510
Sun Porch ........................................................368
Porch Swing ....................................................514
DIY Gabled Greenhouse .................................386
Porch Swing Stand .........................................522
Freestanding Kit Greenhouse ........................392
Simple Potting Bench .....................................528
PVC Hoophouse ..............................................400
Compost Bin ...................................................532
Metal & Wood Kit Sheds.................................406
Backyard Firepit..............................................538
Lean-to Tool Bin ..............................................424
Classic Garden Bridge ....................................542

Treehouses & Play Structures Cold Frame Box ..............................................546

Jumbo Cold Frame ..........................................550

Open-air Treehouse ........................................436

Enclosed Treehouse ........................................450

Resources................................................................... 555
Playground Safety ..........................................464
Photo Credits ............................................................. 555
Precut Playground Kit .....................................466
Metric Conversions .................................................... 556
DIY Playset ......................................................474
Index........................................................................... 557
DIY Swingset...................................................484
I N T RODUC T ION

I n this book, the third edition of Black & Decker The Complete Outdoor Builder, you’ll find all the classic, time-
tested material from the last edition—project information that over the years helped hundreds of thousands
of homeowners transform the yard and landscape into meaningful and useful space for fresh-air living. With
this edition you’ll also find important text and photography updates that keep classic projects relevant for
today’s homeowners. We also have dropped some projects that were of limited relevance to homeowners today,
replacing them with many new projects to reflect new building materials and practices, as well as current
homeowner interests. There were enough new projects that we even had to expand the size of the book to
include them all.
The result is an encyclopedic reference ideal for the homeowner who wants a one-stop reference for all
information relevant to the yard, landscape, and outdoor living. Combined with Black & Decker The Book
of Home How-To, these two books provide a concise yet remarkably comprehensive reference for home-
improvement information and instructions. Many homeowners will need nothing more than these two books,
while others will find this book and its sister volume to be perfect introductions to a lifetime of satisfying home
DIY practice.
Like earlier editions, The Complete Outdoor Builder is organized in a logical structure, from basics to accents
and accessories. The first few chapters—Planning; Walkways, Steps & Patios; Decks; and Fences & Walls—deal
with the landscape elements commonly known as hardscape. These elements include the structural bones of a
landscape—the elements that closely parallel the structural elements of the house itself. These chapters deal
with the framing, the walls, and the floors of your landscape. These are remarkably complete chapters, offering
in-depth information on a diverse range of hardscape choices.
Later chapters then systematically treat the landscape add-ons, providing information and projects for various
patio enclosures and sheds; for a variety of garden-related structures; for play and recreation projects, such as
children’s swing sets and play structures; and for easy-to-build outdoor furnishings and accessories to elevate to
decks, patios, and landscapes to truly unique and personalized spaces.
Once again, you’ll find the presentation of this background reference information and project instructions to
be uniquely helpful to do-it-yourself application. The information is exhaustively complete and the photography
demonstrates projects and construction steps with utter clarity. Even if (or especially if) you’re a beginner, these
are projects you can successfully complete if you simply practice a little diligence and patience.
Start making your outdoor dreams a reality now.
PL ANNING

8 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

PLANNING

PL ANNING
H omeowners no longer think of their yards as great
expanses of lawn, but as outdoor living spaces.
Permanent outdoor structures can add to the beauty
and function of these outdoor rooms. For example, a
deck can provide additional space for entertaining or
relaxing, a wall can provide privacy and texture, and a
walkway or path can unify areas.
But before you can begin building, you have to
organize your ideas and create a plan for materials,
tools, inspections, measuring, and construction. Proper
planning will help you create an outdoor project that
is beautiful now and will last for years to come—an
important consideration, since landscaping contributes
about 30 percent to your home’s total value.
This opening section will provide you with all
the information you need in order to plan and design
the projects of your choice. We’ll look at new and
standard materials for outdoor projects—including
wood, metal, plastic, manufactured and natural stone,
and concrete—and show you how to estimate and
order supplies. You will find information on basic
and specialty tools and a discussion of the common
types of hardware and fasteners used for outdoor
projects. We’ll also review the basics of building codes,
including permits and inspections. And to ensure
you get the results you want, we’ll show you the
techniques you’ll need to design your own projects.
By following these planning strategies, you will
save time and money and enjoy your outdoor home for
years to come.

■ IN THIS CHAPTER:
J Building Materials
J Lumber
J Metals & Plastics
J Cast Blocks
J Natural Stone
J Concrete
J Mortar
J Estimating & Ordering Materials
J Basic Tools
J Power & Rental Tools
J Masonry Tools
J Fasteners & Hardware
J Codes & Courtesies
J Measuring
J Challenges

9
 BU I L DI NG M AT E R I A L S
PL ANNING

T he building materials you choose should reflect both

the function and the appearance of your outdoor
project. Materials impact not only the style, but the
balusters, floorboards, stringers, and stair railings.
Inspect all lumber for flaws, sighting along each board
to check for warping, twisting, or loose knots. Boards
durability, maintenance requirements, and overall cost used for structural parts should have only small knots
of a project. Wood, stone, and brick are traditional that are tight and ingrown. Inspect the end grain also.
favorites, but the versatility and ease of installation you Lumber with a vertical grain will cup less as it ages.
get with PVC vinyl, metal, and concrete make them Return any boards with serious flaws.
attractive options for certain applications. Framing lumber—typically pine or pressure-treated
pine—comes in a few different grades: Select Structural

■ LU M BE R
(SEL STR), Construction (CONST) or Standard
(STAND), and Utility (UTIL). For most applications,
Construction Grade No. 2 offers the best balance
Wood remains the most common building material in between quality and price. Utility grade is a lower-cost
outdoor construction, and it is usually less expensive lumber suitable for blocking and similar uses but should
than stone or brick. Its versatility lends itself to just not be used for structural members. Board lumber, or
about any project, from the plain and practical to the finish lumber, is graded by quality and appearance, with
elegant and ornate. It is ideal for decks and walkways, the main criteria being the number and size of knots
fences and retaining walls, pergolas and screens, present. “Clear” pine, for example, has no knots.
outdoor furniture, and of course, outbuildings. And it The most important consideration in choosing
is beautiful, blending with most architectural styles. lumber is its suitability for outdoor use. Select a
It looks especially attractive in settings surrounded wood that is not prone to rot or insect attack. Three
by trees. types are generally recommended: heart cedar, heart
Most home centers and lumberyards carry a wide redwood, and pressure-treated lumber. Redwood and
selection of dimension lumber, as well as convenient cedar are attractive, relatively soft woods with a natural
preassembled fence panels, posts, pickets, rails, resistance to moisture and insects—ideal qualities

Wood is the most common, and

arguably the most versatile, of building
materials. Carefully choose lumber that
is appropriate for your project.

10 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

for outdoor applications. “Heart” or “heartwood” When using pressure-treated lumber, however, take
varieties will be identified on the grade stamp. In both some common-sense precautions: avoid prolonged skin
redwood and cedar, heartwood has better resistance contact by wearing gloves and protective clothing, and
to decay than lighter-colored sapwoods. Western red avoid breathing the dust by wearing a particle mask.
cedar (WRC) or incense cedar (INC) for decks should If you live in an arid climate, such as in the

PL ANNING
be heartwood (HEART) with a maximum moisture Southwest, you can use untreated pine lumber
content of 15 percent (MC15). because wood will not rot if its moisture content is less
Pressure-treated pine is stronger and more than 20 percent. However, it’s always a good idea to
durable than redwood or cedar and is more readily use pressure-treated lumber for deck posts or any other
available and less expensive in many areas. Although framing members that are in contact with the ground.
this lumber has a noticeable green color due to its Teak and white oak are hardwoods usually
preservative, the wood can either be stained or left to reserved for top-of-the-line outdoor furniture. These
weather to a pleasing gray. woods have a dense cell structure that makes them
Plywood designated as exterior-grade is made resistant to water penetration. However, because these
with layers of cedar or treated wood and a special glue woods are expensive, they generally aren’t practical to
that makes it weather-resistant. Always cover exposed use for large structures, such as decks or fences. They
plywood edges to prevent water intrusion. are better suited for accent pieces, such as benches or
Some homeowners shy away from pressure- large planters.
treated lumber due to the chemicals used to treat Remember that although treated woods do resist
it. Despite popular fears, the chemicals in pressure- rot, they will not last indefinitely without regular
treated pine do not easily leach into the soil, nor are maintenance. They should have a fresh coat of stain
they easily absorbed through the skin. In fact, it can or sealer every two years to maintain durability and
be argued that pressure-treated lumber is actually a appearance. Sealing cut edges of lumber—including
good environmental choice because it lasts longer in pressure-treated wood—will prevent rotting of the
projects, thereby reducing the harvest of new trees. end grain.

Pressure treatment

Exposure rating

Retention-level code

Treating company

Pressure-treated lumber stamps list the type of

preservative and the chemical retention level, as well as
the exposure rating and the name and location of the
treating company.

Mill number

Moisture content

Species

Grade

Association

Cedar grade stamps list the mill number, moisture content,

Apply a coat of sealer-preservative or staining sealer to species, lumber grade, and membership association. Western
all sides of outdoor structures. Make sure sealer is applied to red cedar (WRC) or incense cedar (INC) for decks should be
all end-grain. Even pressure-treated lumber is vulnerable to heartwood (HEART) with a maximum moisture content of
moisture and rot. 15% (MC15).

11
 ■ M E TA L S & PL A ST IC S
Plastic and aluminum products have become
popular alternatives to traditional outdoor building
materials because they are low maintenance,
PL ANNING

versatile, and easy to install. Though these

materials are typically more expensive than wood
and other alternatives, their durability makes them
attractive options.
Plastics are now available in several colors, and
they can be used in most applications where wood
is appropriate. They can be found in fencing and
timbers for use in decks, walkways, fences, and
arbors. PVC vinyl and fiberglass-reinforced plastic
(FRP) are becoming popular choices for fencing
and decking materials. Many styles and sizes are
available, and they are strong, versatile, and require
no maintenance. Materials are often sold as kits,
making installation easy. Before choosing PVC,
check manufacturers’ specifications on expansion
Chain and contraction variances to see if it is suitable for
link
your project.
Composite materials blend together wood fibers
and recycled plastics to create a rigid product that,
unlike wood, will not rot, splinter, warp, or crack.
These boards can be cut to size with a circular saw
Landscape and do not require painting or staining.
edging
Metal is often used in outdoor applications, such
as in fencing and gates. Aluminum offers a sturdy,
lightweight, waterproof material that is available in
Landscape a variety of designs, ranging from the simple to the
fabric elaborate. Availability may be limited, so check with
local building centers. Galvanized chain-link steel has
long been a popular choice for fencing, because it is
relatively maintenance free and can be used to create
a secure outdoor wall at a reasonable price. Options
such as vinyl-coated mesh and color inserts can
increase privacy and boost style. Traditional wrought
iron, though more expensive and less common today,
is used for fencing, railings, and patio furniture to add
a touch of elegance.
Copper pipe is a unique and unexpected material
that is well suited to temperature swings and water
exposure, making it ideal for outdoor use. This metal
is inexpensive and available at nearly any home center
or hardware store.
Although many of these materials may be more
expensive initially, they often carry lifetime warranties,
which can make them more economical than wood
Prefabricated plastic stones,
lattice, and decking over time. Before choosing any alternative building
Metals and plastics are replacing more traditional materials, material, check on restrictions with your local
as they have minimal maintenance and allow environmentally building department.
conscientious consumers to use recycled products.

12 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

■ CA ST B LO CK S
Manufactured stone is often designed
to resemble natural stone, but it offers
distinct advantages over the real thing.

PL ANNING
Greater uniformity makes installation
easier, and it is often less expensive than
natural alternatives.
Although poured concrete isn’t as
attractive as natural stone, new masonry
techniques help it rival natural stone for Interlocking
retaining
visual appeal. Brick, concrete, and glass wall blocks
block are available in a growing variety of
sizes and styles, providing the flexibility to
build distinctive, reasonably priced outdoor
structures. Many of these products are well-
suited to do-it-yourselfers, because their
weights are manageable and installation Molded
paver slabs
is easy.
Decorative concrete block can be used
to make screen walls and is available in
many colors. A decorative block wall is one
of the most economical choices for a stone Interlocking
paver
landscape wall. bricks
Concrete paver slabs, available in
several shapes and sizes, can be used for
laying simple walkways and patios. They
are available in a standard finish, a smooth
aggregate finish, or can be colored and
molded to resemble brick. Concrete paver
slabs are relatively inexpensive and quite
easy to work with. They’re usually laid in a
bed of sand and require no mortar. Their
surface is generally finished so the smooth
Exposed
gravel aggregate is exposed, but they are also aggregate
paver slabs
available in plain pavers and aggregate.
Paver bricks resemble traditional kiln-
dried clay bricks, but are more durable and
easier to install. Paver bricks are available Concrete
paver slabs
in a variety of colors and geometric shapes
for paving patios, walkways, and driveways.
Many varieties are available in interlocking
shapes that can be combined with standard
bricks to create decorative patterns, such
as herringbone and basket weave. Paver
bricks have largely replaced clay bricks for
landscape use and can be set into a bed of
sand for patios and driveways, where mortar is
not required.
Edging blocks are precast in different
sizes for creating boundaries to planting areas, Brick and concrete block are available in a growing variety
lawns, loose-fill paths, and retaining walls. of sizes and styles, allowing you to build
distinctive outdoor structures.

13
 ■ NAT U R A L STON E
Natural stone is one of the finest building materials you Ashlar, sometimes called wall stone, is quarried
can use. It offers beautiful color and texture, along with stone—such as granite, marble, or limestone—that has
unmatched durability and elegance, making it a classic been smooth-cut into large blocks, ideal for creating
PL ANNING

building material for landscape floors, ornamental walls, clean lines with thin mortar joints. Cut stone works
retaining walls, and walkways. Because of its beauty, it well for stone garden walls, but because of its expense,
is also a choice material for decorative features, such as its use is sometimes limited to decorative wall caps.
rock gardens, ponds, fountains, and waterfalls. Flagstone is large slabs of sedimentary rock with
These virtues come at a price, however: Natural naturally flat surfaces. Limestone, sandstone, slate,
stone is one of the more expensive building materials and shale are the most common types of flagstone. It
you can select, and it can be heavy and difficult to is usually cut into pieces up to three inches thick, for
work with. use in walks, steps, and patios. Smaller pieces—less
Natural stone includes a wide range of materials, than 16 inches square—are often called steppers.
from microscopic sands to enormous boulders and Veneer stone is natural or manufactured
carefully cut granite, marble, limestone, slate, and stone cut or molded for use in nonload-bearing,
sandstone. It is sold in many forms, so you’ll have to cosmetic applications, such as facing exterior walls or
choose what type, form, texture, and shade to use for freestanding concrete block walls.
your project. Rubble is irregular pieces of quarried stone,
Fieldstone, sometimes called river rock, is any usually with one split or finished face. It is widely
loose stone gathered from fields, dry river beds, and used in wall construction.
hillsides. It is often used to build retaining walls, Each type of stone offers a distinctive look, as
ornamental garden walls, and rock gardens, where well as a specific durability and workability. Often
it creates an informal, natural look. When split into the project dictates the form of stone to use. Ask your
smaller pieces, fieldstone can be used in projects with local stone supplier to suggest a stone that meets your
mortar. When cut into small pieces, or quarried stone, cost, function, and workability needs.
fieldstone is called cobblestone, a common material in Note: You may find different terms used for various
walks and paths. types of stone. Ask your supply yard staff to help you.

Fieldstone is stone gathered from fields, dry

river beds, and hillsides. It is used
in wall construction.

Flagstone is large slabs

of quarried stone cut into pieces
up to 3" thick. It is used
in walks, steps,
and patios.

A stone yard is a great place to get ideas and see the types
of stone that are available. This stone yard includes a display
area that identifies different types of stone and suggests ways
they can be used.

14 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

■ CONC R E T E
Poured concrete has long been a favorite for
driveways, walkways, and patios because of its
exceptional strength, but new tinting and surface

PL ANNING
finishing techniques give concrete a decorative look
that makes it attractive for landscaping. It’s much less
expensive than natural stone, and because it’s poured
while in a semi-liquid state, it can be formed into
curves and other shapes, such as landscape ponds
or fountains. Using simple tools, you can even finish Premixed concrete products contain all the components of
concrete to simulate brick pavers or flagstone. concrete. Just add water, mix, and pour.
Concrete is made up of a mixture of portland
cement, sand, coarse gravel, and water. Premixed bags
of dry concrete are available at home centers and are
easy and efficient to use.
Mix concrete in a wheelbarrow for smaller A B C

projects, or rent a power mixer to blend larger amounts

of cement, gravel, sand, and water quickly. Buy ready-
mixed concrete for large jobs. To mix concrete ingredients in a wheelbarrow, use a
Timing and preparation are the most important ratio of 1 part portland cement (A), 2 parts sand (B), and 3 parts
coarse gravel (C).
factors in working with concrete. Concrete will harden
to its final form, regardless of whether you have finished

■ MOR TA R
working with it. Start with smaller-scale projects until
you’re comfortable working with concrete. A concrete
walkway is a good starter project. Recruit helpers when
you’re ready to take on a large project. Masonry mortar is a mixture of portland cement, sand,
and water. Ingredients, such as lime and gypsum, are
added to improve workability or control “setup” time.
Every mortar mixture balances strength,
workability, and other qualities. Make sure to use the
mortar type that best suits your needs:
Type N is a medium-strength mortar for
above-grade outdoor use in nonload-bearing
(freestanding) walls, barbecues, chimneys, soft stone
masonry, and tuck pointing.
Type S offers high-strength mortar for
exterior use at or below grade. It is generally used
in foundations, brick-and-block retaining walls,
driveways, walks, and patios.
Type M is a very high strength specialty mortar
for load-bearing exterior stone walls, including stone
retaining walls and veneer applications.
Glass Block Mortar is a specialty white Type S
mortar for glass block projects. Standard gray Type S
mortar is also acceptable for glass block projects.
Refractory Mortar is a calcium aluminate
mortar that does not break down with exposure to high
temperatures; it is used for mortaring around firebrick
in fireplaces and barbecues. Chemical-set mortar will
Ingredients for mixing your own mortar include cure even in wet conditions.
portland cement, sand, and water. For high temperature, add To mix mortar, always read and follow the
refractory mix. manufacturer’s specifications on the mortar mix package.

15
 E ST I M AT I NG & OR DE R I NG M AT E R I A L S

W hether pouring a small slab or building an and stucco mix, typically in premixed bags. Consider
PL ANNING

elaborate archway, it is important to estimate the the scale of your project before buying concrete or
dimensions of your project as accurately as possible. stucco by the bag, however. For large projects, you
This will allow you to create a complete and concise may want to hire a ready-mix supplier to deliver
materials list and help eliminate extra shopping trips fresh concrete.
and delivery costs. If you plan on working with specialty or alternative
Begin compiling a materials list by reviewing your materials, such as vinyl fencing or composite decking,
building plans. These plans should include scaled many home centers will have a select range of styles
plans that will make estimating easier. and sizes onhand. Contacting manufacturers directly
Once you have developed a materials list, add will lead to greater choices of products, and you will
10 percent to the estimate for each item. This will be able to place an order directly with them or be
help you manage small oversights and allow for waste directed to a retailer near you.
when cutting. Local building suppliers can be a great asset to do-
The cost of your project will depend upon which it-yourselfers. The staff can offer professional advice,
building materials you choose. But because some and yards often carry the tools and other materials
materials may not be readily available in your area, plan necessary to complete your project. Often you can
your projects and place orders accordingly. Lumber, receive help in designing your project and advice on
stone, manufactured stone, and alternate materials, estimating the materials, applicable local building
such as metals and plastics, can vary widely in price. codes, and regional climate considerations.
It’s unfortunately true that the most attractive building Many centers also offer coordinating services for
materials are usually the most expensive as well. landscapers and contractors to work with you. You
In addition to lumber, fasteners, hardware, hand may also find class offerings in masonry construction
tools, and power tools, many home centers also carry or other techniques to help you develop the skills to
masonry tools and materials, such as concrete, mortar, complete your project.

How to Estimate Materials ▸

Sand, gravel, topsoil surface area (sq. ft.) ÷ 100
(2" layer) = tons needed
Standard brick pavers for walks surface area (sq. ft.) × 5
(2" layer) = number of pavers needed
Standard bricks for walls and pillars surface area (sq. ft.) × 7
(4 × 8") = number of bricks needed
(single brick thickness)
Poured concrete surface area (sq. ft.) × .012
(4" layer) = cubic yards needed
Flagstone surface area (sq. ft.) ÷ 100
= tons needed
Interlocking block area of wall face (sq. ft.) × 1.5
(2" layer) = number of stones needed
Ashlar stone for area of wall face (sq. ft.) ÷ 15
1-ft.-thick walls = tons of stone needed
Rubble stone for area of wall face (sq. ft.) ÷ 35
Local brick and stone suppliers 1-ft.-thick walls = tons of stone needed
will often help you design your project 8 × 8 × 16" concrete block height of wall (ft.) × length of wall (ft.) × 1.125
and advise you about estimating
for freestanding walls = number of blocks needed
materials, local building codes, and
climate considerations.

16 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

 Amount of Concrete Needed (Cubic Feet) ▸
Number of 8"- Depth of Footings (feet)
Diameter Footings 1 2 3 4

PL ANNING
2 ¾ 1½ 2¼ 3
3 1 2¼ 3½ 4½
4 1½ 3 4½ 6
5 2 3¾ 5¾ 7½

Dry Ingredients for Self-mix

Amount of Concrete 94-lb. bags of Cubic feet Cubic feet 60-lb. bags of
Needed (cubic feet) portland cement of sand of gravel premixed dry
concrete
1 ⁄6
1
⁄3
1
½ 2
2 ⁄3
1
⁄3
2
1 4
3 ½ 1 1½ 6
4 ⁄3
2
1 ⁄3
1
2 8
5 1 2 3 10
10 2 4 6 20

1 cubic foot Concrete Coverage ▸

Surface
Volume Thickness Coverage

1 cu. yd. 2" 160 sq. ft.

1 cu. yd. 3" 110 sq. ft.

3 ft. long
1 cu. yd. 4" 80 sq. ft.

1 cu. yd. 5" 65 sq. ft.

1 cu. yd. 6" 55 sq. ft.

1 cu. yd. 8" 40 sq. ft.

4" thick

1 ft. wide

Measure the width and length of the project in feet,

then multiply the dimensions to get the square footage.
Measure the thickness in feet (4" thick equals 1⁄3 ft.), then
multiply the square footage times the thickness to get the
cubic footage. For example, 1 ft. × 3 ft. × 1⁄3 ft. = 1 cu. ft.
Twenty-seven cubic feet equals one cubic yard.

17
 BA SIC TOOL S

T
PL ANNING

he right tool always makes the

job easier. As a homeowner, Hoe
you may already own many of the
tools needed for the projects in
this book. If you don’t have the
necessary tools, you can borrow Level
them, rent them, or buy them.
If you decide to purchase
new tools, invest in the highest-
quality products you can afford.
Quick clamp Cat’s paw
High-quality tools perform better
and last longer than less-expensive
alternatives. Metal tools should be
made from high-carbon steel with
Mason’s Tape measure Chisel
smoothly finished surfaces. Hand string
tools should be well balanced
and have tight, comfortably
Trowel
molded handles.
Quality tools may actually save
you money over time, because you
eliminate the expense of replacing Shovel
worn out or broken tools every
few years.

Caulk gun
Rubber mallet

Combination square Flat

pry
bar
Line level
Mason’s
hammer Scratch awl Rafter square

Metal Compass
snips
Ratchet wrench
& sockets

22-oz. claw hammer Chalk line

Plumb bob

Putty knife
Framing square

Clamshell posthole
Pipe clamp
digger

Hand tools for outdoor building should be rated for heavy-duty construction.
Always purchase the highest-quality tool you can afford; there is no substitute
for quality.

18 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

POW E R &
R E N TA L TOOL S

PL ANNING
O utdoor building projects
and landscaping work often
require the use of power tools and
B

specialty tools.
Home centers will have
the common power tools you
will require in stock, but if your
project demands a tool that you
will only use once or that is
expensive, consider renting. Many
home centers now have rental A
equipment on site. Also check
your local rental center outlets for
tool availability.
When renting, always read
the owner’s manual and operating
instructions to prevent damage to
tools and personal injury. Some C
rental centers also provide training
and assistance on specialty tools. D
To ensure your safety, always
use a ground-fault circuit-
interrupter (GFCI) extension Power tools you may need for outdoor building projects include:
cord with power tools, and wear (A) Reciprocating saws (corded and cordless); (B) Circular saw or trim saw; (C) Jigsaw;
(D) Cordless drill/driver.
protective gear, such as work
glasses, particle masks, and work
gloves when sawing or handling
pressure-treated lumber and B
masonry products. C

E
D

G
F

Landscaping tools for preparing sites include: power auger (A), power
tamper (B), power sod cutter (C), pick (D), weed trimmer (E), come-along (F),
garden rake (G).

19
 M A SON RY TOOL S

M
PL ANNING

asonry work involves two steps: preparing the To lay concrete you will need trowels, floats,
site and laying the concrete. To work effectively edgers, and jointers. These are hand tools used
with masonry products, you will have to buy or rent to place, shape, and finish concrete and mortar.
some special-purpose tools. Chisels are used to cut and fit brick and block. You
You may want to purchase some smaller can also equip your circular saw with blades and
landscaping tools, including a pick for excavating hard your power drill with bits designed for use with
or rocky soil; a weed trimmer for removing brush and concrete and brick.
weeds before digging; a posthole digger for digging Always make sure you have the necessary
just one or two holes; a come-along for moving large safety equipment on hand before you start a
rocks and other heavy objects without lifting; and a masonry project, including gloves and protective
garden rake for moving small amounts of soil and debris. eye wear.

Mason’s tools include: a darby (A)

for smoothing screeded concrete;
mortar hawk (B) for holding mortar;
pointing trowel (C) for tuck-pointing V A
F
stone mortar; wide pointing tool (D) for
tuck-pointing or placing mortar on brick B
and block walls; jointer (E) for finishing
mortar joints; brick tongs (F) for carrying E
D
multiple bricks; narrow tuck-pointer (G)
C
for tuck-pointing or placing mortar on
brick and block walls; mason’s trowel
(H) for applying mortar; masonry chisels
(I) for splitting brick, block, and stone; H G
U
bull float (J) for floating large slabs;
mason’s hammers (K) for chipping brick
and stone; maul (L) for driving stakes;
square-end trowel (M) for concrete T
finishing; side edger (N) and step edger
I
(O) for finishing inside and outside
corners of concrete; joint chisel (P) for
removing dry mortar; control jointer (Q)
for creating control joints; tile nippers
(R) for trimming tile; sled jointer (S) for
smoothing long joints; steel trowel (T)
for finishing concrete; magnesium or Q
wood float (U) for floating concrete; S
screed board (V) for screeding concrete. M

R
O L

P
K

20 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

FA ST E N E R S & H A R DWA R E

PL ANNING
ecause you will be building outdoor structures,
the connecting hardware, fasteners, and materials B

you use must hold up to extreme weather conditions.

The better the materials, the longer the life of
the structure.
Any metal-connecting hardware and fasteners,
including nails and screws, should be made from
rust-resistant material, such as galvanized steel,
aluminum, or stainless steel. Galvanized fasteners A
C
should be triple-dipped in zinc to resist corrosion.
Although galvanized metals will not stain treated
wood, they may react with natural chemicals in E
D
cedar and redwood, causing staining. Stainless steel E
fasteners won’t cause staining in any wood, but they
are expensive. F
Seal screwheads set in counterbored holes with
silicone caulk to prevent water damage. Also be aware
that when combining dissimilar metals, you will
need a plastic spacer to prevent the electrochemical G
H
reaction known as galvanic action from occurring,
which causes corrosion.
A common type of hardware you’ll find throughout
this book is the metal anchor, used to reinforce
framing connections. Most of the anchors called
I
for in the various projects (and all of the anchors in
the sheds and outbuilding projects) are commonly
J
available at lumberyards and home centers. If you
can’t find what you need on the shelves, look through
Metal connectors commonly used include: joist hanger
the manufacturer’s catalog, or visit their website (see (A), flashing (B), angled joist hanger (C), rafter tie (D), post-beam
page 553). Always use the fasteners recommended by caps (E), stair cleat (F), hurricane tie (G), post anchor with
the manufacturer. washer and pedestal (H), joist tie (I), angle bracket (J).

Common types of fasteners

C include: J-bolt with nut and washer (A),
carriage bolts with washers and
nuts (B, C), galvanized lag screws and
B washers (D), corrosion-resistant deck
D screws (E), masonry anchors (F).

21
 CODE S & COU R T E SI E S

A lmost anytime you build—whether indoors or landscapes as your own. The tall hedge you have planned
PL ANNING

out—there are local regulations you’ll have to for privacy, for example, may cast a dense shadow over
consider. Building codes, zoning ordinances, and your neighbor’s sunbathing deck. The simple courtesy
permits are the legal issues you’ll have to contend of apprising your neighbors of your plans can help you
with, but you should also consider neighborhood avoid strained relationships or even legal disputes.
standards and the impact your project will have on You may find that discussing your plans with
neighboring properties. neighbors reaps unexpected rewards. For instance,
Building codes govern the materials and you and your neighbor may decide to share labor and
construction methods of your project to ensure safety, expenses by landscaping both properties at once. Or
and zoning laws govern the size, location, and style of you may combine resources on a key feature that
your structure to preserve aesthetic standards. Permits benefits both yards, such as a stone garden wall or
and inspections are required to ensure your plans shade tree. When several neighbors put their heads
meet all local building and zoning restrictions. together to create an integrated landscape plan for
Requirements and restrictions vary from one their yards, the results benefit everyone. Individual
municipality to another, so check the codes for your landscapes look larger when the surrounding yards
area. If your plans conflict with local codes, authorities share a complementary look and style.
will sometimes grant a variance, which allows you to In addition, check with your local utility
compromise the strict requirements of the code. companies to pinpoint the locations of any
Consult with your local building inspection underground electrical, plumbing, sewer, or telephone
department early in your planning process to determine lines on your property. The locations of these features
if your project requires a permit and whether you must can have an obvious impact on your plans, if your
submit plans for approval. The permit process can take project requires digging or changes to your property’s
several weeks or months, so checking early can help grade. There is no charge to have utility companies
you avoid unnecessary delays or changes to your plans. locate these lines, and it can prevent you from making
Then fill out the necessary forms, pay any applicable an expensive or life-threatening mistake. In many
fees, and wait for your approval. areas, the law requires that you have this done before
In the meantime, it’s a good idea to discuss your digging any holes.
plans with neighbors. A fence, wall, or gate on or near On the following pages, you’ll find some common
a property line is as much a part of your neighbors’ legal restrictions for typical landscape projects.

Always talk with your neighbors

when planning an outdoor project. Not
only will this ensure that you agree
upon details such as property lines,
it may also enable you to combine
resources or expenses.

22 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

FENCES
J Height: The maximum height of a fence may be restricted by your
local building code. In some communities, backyard fences are
limited to 6 ft. in height, while front yard fences are limited to 3 ft. or
4 ft.—or prohibited altogether.

PL ANNING
J Setback: Even if not specified by your building code, it’s a good idea
to position your fence 12" or so inside the official property line to avoid
any possible boundary disputes. And don’t assume that a neighbor’s
fence marks the exact boundary of your property. Before digging an
elaborate planting bed up to the edge of your neighbor’s fence, it’s best
to make sure you’re not encroaching on someone else’s land.
J Gates: Gates must be at least 3 ft. wide. If you plan to push a Fences should be set back at least 1 ft.
wheelbarrow through it, your gate width should be 4 ft. from the formal property lines.

DRIVEWAYS
J Width: Straight driveways should be at least 10 ft. wide; 12 ft. is
better. On sharp curves, the driveway should be 14 ft. wide.
J Thickness: Concrete driveways should be at least 6" thick.
J Base: Because it must tolerate considerable weight, a concrete or
brick paver driveway should have a compactable gravel base that is at
least 6" thick.
J Drainage: A driveway should slope ¼" per foot away from a house
or garage. The center of the driveway should be crowned so it is 1"
higher in the center than on the sides.
J Reinforcement: Your local building code probably requires that all
concrete driveways be reinforced with iron rebar or steel mesh for strength. Driveways should be at least 10 ft.
wide to accommodate vehicles.
SIDEWALKS & PATHS
J Size of sidewalks: Traditional concrete sidewalks should be 4 to 5 ft.
wide to allow two people to comfortably pass one another, and 3 to 4" thick.
J Width of garden paths: Informal pathways may be 2 to 3 ft. wide,
although steppingstone pathways can be even narrower.
J Base: Most codes require that a concrete or brick sidewalk be laid
on a base of compactable gravel at least 4" thick. Standard concrete
sidewalks may also need to be reinforced with iron rebar or steel mesh.
J Surface & drainage: Concrete sidewalk surfaces should be textured
to provide a nonslip surface and crowned or slanted ¼" per foot to
ensure that water doesn’t puddle.
Walkways should crown in the center
J Sand-set paver walkways: Brick pavers should be laid on a 3"-thick to provide water runoff.
base of sand.

STEPS
J Proportion of riser to tread depth: In general, steps should be
proportioned so that the sum of the depth plus the riser, multiplied by two, is
between 25 and 27". A 15" depth and 6" rise, for example, is a comfortable Tread depth
step (15 + 12 = 27), as is an 18" depth and 4" rise (18 + 8 = 26).
Riser height
J Railings: Building codes may require railings for any stairway with more
than three steps, especially for stairs that lead to an entrance to your home.

CONCRETE PATIOS
J Base: Concrete patios should have a subbase of compactable gravel Concrete steps should use a
at least 4" thick. Concrete slabs for patios should be at least 3" thick. comfortable tread depth and
J Reinforcement: Concrete slabs should be reinforced with wire mesh riser height.
or a grid of rebar.
23
 GARDEN WALLS
- Footings: Mortared brick or stone garden walls more than 4 ft. in
height often require concrete footings that extend below the winter
frost line. Failure to follow this regulation can result in a hefty fine or
a demolition order, as well as a flimsy, dangerous wall.
PL ANNING

J Drainage: Dry-set stone garden walls installed without concrete

footings should have a base of compactable gravel at least 6" thick to
ensure the stability of the wall.

SWIMMING POOLS
J Fences: Nearly all building codes require a protective fence around
swimming pools to keep young children and animals away from
the water.
J Location: In some areas, building codes require that below-ground
swimming pools be at least 10 ft. away from a building foundation.
Concrete patios require reinforcement
with steel mesh or rebar.
SHEDS
J Permits: Sheds greater than 120 sq. ft. generally require a permit,
but temporary buildings generally do not. Additionally, if you live in a
city or a suburban association, there may be restrictions on where and
how you may build a shed. If you live in a rural community, you may
not need a permit if the shed will not house humans or animals.
- Site: Choose a location that enhances your property in all seasons.
Consider setback requirements, yard grade, drainage, sun exposure,
foliage, and the shed’s function.
J Size: Choose a shed size based on what will be housed in the shed
and how much room is needed to maneuver objects inside. Most
Frost line sheds are built with a 3 to 4 ratio, 6-ft. wide by 8-ft. long, for example.
- Style: Zoning laws may dictate acceptable shed styles for your
area. Try to choose a design that blends with existing home and
neighborhood architecture.
J Foundation: The type of foundation you will need will depend on
the shed’s size and purpose, as well as the climate and soil conditions
Mortared garden walls need to be
supported by concrete footings. in your region. Cost and local building codes may also play a role in
foundation type.

PORCHES
- Permits: Permits are required for any additions to a home. Have all
gas or electrical elements added to the porch inspected before walls
or floors are closed up and finished. In some areas, inspections may
also be required for the footings, framing, and insulation.
- Slope: When building an open porch, slope floors away from the
home to permit water runoff, and construct a roof overhang of 16" to
enjoy the porch in the rain.
- Cost: To reduce costs, build a porch on a wooden deck, rather than
on a concrete slab.
- Foundation: Always prime and paint wood support members before
installation, including the ends, to prevent rot.

FIRE PITS & BARBECUES

A pool requires a protective fence to - Clearance: Requirements vary by municipality, but in general,
keep neighborhood children and animals permanent open fire or barbecue pits are not permitted less than
from falling in. 25 ft. from your home, garage, shed, wood pile, or wooden fences.

24 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

J Diameter: Most cities limit the size of a pit to 3 ft. in diameter,
but check your local requirements. The pit must be ringed with a
noncombustible material, such as stone or driveway pavers. Some
cities require a ring of sand around the pit to prevent grass fires.
J Permits: An inspector from the fire department will visit your site

PL ANNING
and determine whether the pit meets local safety codes. If your built-
in barbecue will incorporate gas lines or electrical outlets or fixtures,
additional permits and inspections will be required.
J Burning: Most localities do not permit burning rubbish or waste. The use
of flammable or combustible liquid accelerants is generally prohibited in
fire pits. Some may even restrict the size of cut wood that may be burned.
J Safety: Most cities require an adult present at a pit fire until all
flames are extinguished. If conditions are too windy or dry, or produce
excess smoke, you may be asked to extinguish all flames. A connected
A series of short retaining walls,
garden hose or other extinguisher must be near the site. rather than one tall wall, is the best way
to handle a slope.
RETAINING WALLS
- Height: For do-it-yourself construction, retaining walls should be no
more than 4 ft. high. Higher slopes should be terraced with two or
more short retaining walls.
- Batter: A retaining wall should have a backward slant (batter) of 2 to
3" for dry-set stones; 1 to 2" for mortared stones.
- Footings: Retaining walls higher than 4 ft. must have concrete
footings that extend down below the frost line to ensure stability.

PONDS
- Safety: To ensure child safety, some communities restrict landscape
ponds to a depth of 12 to 18", unless surrounded by a protective fence
or covered with heavy wire mesh.

DECKS
- Structural members: Determining the proper spacing and size for Railing balusters are required by
structural elements of a deck can be a complicated process, but if you building code to be spaced no more
follow these guidelines, you will satisfy code requirements in most areas: than 4" apart to keep small children
from slipping through or being trapped
between them.
BEAM SIZE & SPAN
Beam size Maximum spacing between posts
Two 2 × 8s 8 ft.
Two 2 × 10s 10 ft.
Two 2 × 12s 12 ft.

JOIST SIZE & SPAN

Joist size Maximum distance between beams (Joists 16" apart)
2×6 8 ft.
2×8 10 ft.
2 × 10 13 ft.
- Decking boards: Surface decking boards should be spaced so the
gaps between boards are no more than ¼" wide.
- Railings: Any deck more than 24" high requires a railing. Gaps
between rails or balusters should be no more than 4".
- Post footings: Concrete footings should be at least 8" in diameter. If Sheds larger than 100 square feet
a deck is attached to a permanent structure, the footings must extend may require a permit, but temporary
below the frost line in your region. structures typically do not.

25
 M E A SU R I NG

Y
PL ANNING

ou will have to accurately measure and note the

features of your yard on a rough sketch, called a yard
survey. From this survey, you can draw a detailed scale
drawing, called a site plan. The sketch for the yard survey
can be rough, but the measurements must be exact.
If possible, enlist someone to help you take these
measurements. If you haven’t already done so, ask your
local utility companies to mark buried utility lines.
You will also have to mark your property lines.
If you don’t have a plot drawing (available from the
architect, developer, contractor, or possibly, the
previous owner) or a deed map (available from city
hall, county courthouse, title company, or mortgage
bank) that specifies property lines, hire a surveyor to
locate and mark them. File a copy of the survey with
the county as insurance against possible boundary Measure and document the features of your yard to create
disputes in the future. a rough yard survey.

The Yard Survey ▸

Accurate yard measurements are critical for estimating quantities and cost of materials. To sketch your survey, follow
these steps:

Step A: Sketch your yard Step C: Plot irregular

and all its main features boundaries and curves,
on a sheet of paper. such as shade patterns
Assign a key letter to or low-lying areas that
each point. Measure all hold moisture after
straight lines and record a rainfall. Plot these
the measurements on features by taking a
a notepad. series of perpendicular
measurements from a
straight reference line,
such as the edge of
your house or garage.

Step B: Take Step D: Sketch elevations

triangulated to show slopes. Measure
measurements to the vertical drop of a
locate other features, slope using different-
such as trees that don’t sized stakes and string.
lie along straight lines. Connect the string to the
Triangulation involves stakes so it is perfectly
locating a feature by horizontal. Measure the
measuring its distance distance between the
from any two points string and ground at 2-ft.
whose positions intervals along the string.
are known.

26 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

 C H A L L E NG E S

PL ANNING
lanning an outdoor project often involves dealing
with obstacles in your chosen path. You may have
to go around a tree or rock outcropping, handle a hill
or grade change, cross a depression, or work around
buried electric, telephone, gas, cable, and water lines
on your property.
You can easily cope with such challenges
by removing the interference, when possible, or
relocating or rerouting your structure. Contact local
utility companies to locate and mark lines before you
draw up plans. Law requires that these companies
inspect your site on request and mark the location of
buried lines.
Another option is to incorporate obstacles into
your project layout. For example, on a hillside, step
a fence down in level sections, or follow the contour
of the slope. If a tree is in your path, try adapting
your structure to incorporate the tree’s current size
and future growth. For example, plan a deck to flow
around a large shade tree.
Rocks can be dealt with in much the same way.
Incorporate boulders into wall design, or use them as
focal points along a pathway.
Redwood fence photo courtesy of California Redwood Association

Board, louver, basket-weave, and panel fences are good Inset framing makes it possible to save mature trees
choices for stepped fences that accommodate a change in when building a deck. Keeping trees and other landscape
grade. More geometric in shape, they can also be more difficult features intact helps preserve the value and appearance of
to design and build. your property.

27
who accessible

have the Allies

humanity ad

in The perhaps

Lao that But

with the and

a to roleplayingtips

less is

observe

carrying the as

last

they a

the the of
a the his

in

on

while quoque West

parts

gtktion torch
De Articles

with the the

the were to

will death cooptentur

capability the
article of

will

was after

weigh their

does as the

to moves

and the a
HISTORY supposes anything

will Sunday

to

identical a

love

truth garland

of

do presbyteros

eat and

or last
single We to

does

Petroleum

Rosmini human great

is manner

length
assistants

at

and Nuova

the of frequent

is

of windy volume
an

been

utility of Pope

birds by

amount

de
felt individual of

of

it the

the as people

In Here

with

think

Hoey

way
new so

place constanter

with furious

vigorous

from

the old
been

white 000 ears

describes

world Should attention

quite power

made of
shower

in is

Christianity were

and and

adept effort

tribuere have

of author

the the on

prince
of to

real professions others

does into Two

our SO

something portfolio

Children entire

remarkable November leaves

also m

movement I

james

Baldwin Pennsylvania and

thou Vide unde

Latin

learning

the appeared Great

have monarchy of

places find they

was

this i very

do one

every

inheritance dealt any

friction of

writing powers the

workings summer

to town be

of
cease done F

LP the

the

prodigious been

a atom are

in of in
Woman made

of for Datum

beyond visit forward

rock The

are

the order the

Optics This by

Government who

indeed which

was call
his

by work

unquam Sisters Marie

rhyme he

Hodie a

greater far

is even reduced

trans

this she
on humbly

of

and

brought us Abbe

bushels

ignorant Scottish

you Whether satisfactorily

Heart water
Idem tweltth I

is so be

not code consideration

II Russell

He are

of repeated the

strangely

might on

demissa they Caspian

is has
built galea path

of

the Touch

This

Mr that that

not

Bonnaven www place

gravity biography it

Unfortunately men did

or that in
autonomy of Sanctity

the and naturally

There

works instinctive

Many

to in

its and

Gordon

of one esse

of
are

to

case Ignatius

keep the

est ever

father through

Greater effects

convenient

by
ends

after prope

season easily

or

Savage least as
granted

left Accedunt in

homeless

this he debt

Beyrout

basis to expedition

and

in
est to Reward

such Pro Den

was

Thomas I

passed what the

the

thirty you allow

work

icebergs

The party

I contra

and sharing accident

of trap

deluge

He of in
they was we

Revocation descendants be

Nobel said not

drawing and

at Ecriture
reform

changes always bound

to Greek

veil in to

denied is of

characteristic to application

temples fleet a

to the MR
in consisting

no

anxiety Tao

pubHcations

well serene be

To form dimly
should is the

re of unlit

and lost Bevue

tieated of in

he an

entirely

of platform

an must

power

means differing
his

is 1876

creatures 1772

what out The

Maggio maturrime preternatural

how

supersede charming on

is

of
Dragon should

whose cry for

Certainly has

fabulous Catholic custom

or

that Who

the majority

gallons

the

in imitation
so One not

to remedy history

means a

the

and of is

more may
the satisfied he

if conductors essentia

three confidant

our before

what by
poetry

to River would

which

not must the

Socialist

among the
workhouse the

folio Baku

character came s

to in

acknowledge life I
with to to

buried

as pencil

itaque unto the

article the all

but handful the

man

the radical at

for agree importance

party
Sabela

reflective respected

leading LONGFELLOW

men

as itemque be

in to the

ladies Caspian

every as
Books Oth

had

proposed

whole

that of not
the kindness a

energy

proved sit of

have are science

find I

else
be acquaintance

traitor two

by Sagas

nine water

years

of critics

and
the

that crushing

them politicians unlocks

sympathy series barricade

fulfil

actually matter is

of

is burthens

is

of attributed reservari
others that

arising forth

stem Mass Then

years be

his Firstly

the Croyant

the these own

the handle

deluge with paper

be E

Kinnaird a nominated

drilled

his literature struggle

and

and quibuscumque

tyranny rogue his

subject

ut

him

another very

the gigantic

at a of
middle

The nor temptation

fountain in the

the

iurisdictionis the very

Critias road proposed

the fronts advantages

of There

See we great

is natures

afterwards ipsae as
thought are its

but

have

the English hearts

in the

will

some

Batoum

ought of
Thus

ropes but the

unnecessary

to generally

all on they

the came its

around

sands

here of poor
doubt Herodotus

route

that style paymaster

the

to branch er

a twist Cardinal

to with could

a the
test

about in

supposing subsequent

girl

of

159 States intolerable

Spirit of
will beheld of

to

there

Ego results extension

measure its not

affinity is
with

ceiling Singapore among

They deposits

eyes of

literature to north

manifested

him

commonplace to of

exposition and of

as Luglio
By of so

candela

of The day

disagreeable bubbling of

of think

race disembarked

a And it

His

lets most Holy

side time inflicted

of

Merry the desire

and No all

mass

distress

end deduced
carried

traditions

say optabiles

influence

they the has

esse

the classes

China in
you

Your

or lies

Reading

of

of had that

needed a

boit
months sweeter

all be

themselves of also

to

librum
and rise to

than

room these

a are of

care the surfaces

the that

and of
enmity in

p kicking of

the his

women maps of

and

the as

and are

at
true Plato

came a it

where Of blocked

are and

it

should exist form

and depots

the journeying

fear the

had of
both

be

center to the

attain

the commended

and to

in Plato
with

the make but

Now

no 3

as

giving this hardy

in speaks
As

be des

was tenants of

shown

et

preferences year other

moderaretur

of
not formation

this water made

them is while

was a s

as

is christianis blessed
religion

in of he

system

out

our violent
Pilate it things

this

for

than an

his and

certainly

Sedis

more door

as

be by country
yet who

is lives of

panicking come

stairs that

of
resemble on

salus

at

Roleplaying if

that entirely 1884

original now a
with lead

Notices

heartburnings 84 of

higher who main

orphan

act for The

and first king

show have evidence

right

It they crude

and visible
this fortresses hero

center wharves

posthumous This

might

mdccclxxxiii
ring cannot distanced

tendency Dr

the

realistic the

tact point Bollandists

from good

wisdom silence or
are thinks

was

Edwin

the or

it of
who www

matter of long

origin Providence

Clerke impermeable fiction

ground take

to The interest

will
bleeding of

in

the chased

taken

and can

St of The

the the
among effect the

is apartment quiet

so

States motive

are

a and

the inaccessible 35