Review of Information Engineering and Applications

2025 Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-14.

ISSN(e): 2409-6539
ISSN(p): 2412-3676
DOI: 10.18488/79.v12i1.4083
© 2025 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved.

IoT-based automated case generation system for traffic rule violations

Mahfujur
1Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar,
1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Rahman1+ Email: [email protected]
Md. Raishul Islam2 Electronics and Communication Engineering, ISTT (National University,
2

Bangladesh), Gazipur, 1704, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Email: [email protected] (+ Corresponding author)

ABSTRACT
Article History This project presents a smart, economical, and accessible traffic control system that
Received: 5 December 2024 utilizes RFID technology, Node MicroController Unit (NodeMCU), internet
Revised: 16 January 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2025 connectivity, and Light Emitting Diode (LEDs) to effectively monitor and manage
Published: 10 February 2025 vehicle flow at road intersections. It is specifically designed to address the mounting
urban traffic issues in Bangladesh, a densely populated and rapidly urbanizing country.
Keywords The surge in the number of vehicles has overwhelmed conventional traffic management
Internet of thing
Monitoring system methods, often hampered by enforcement gaps and noncompliance with regulations,
NodeMcu ESP32 resulting in persistent congestion and inefficiencies. The proposed system uses RFID to
RFID
Traffic control detect vehicles and assess traffic density in real time, enabling dynamic and adaptive
LEDs. traffic signal control. With NodeMCU and internet connectivity, it facilitates
streamlined communication and remote supervision, while LEDs provide clear
instructions to drivers. By automating traffic regulation, the system reduces reliance on
manual operations, mitigating corruption and enhancing enforcement effectiveness.
Moreover, it fosters greater adherence to traffic laws by introducing a transparent,
technology-driven framework. This innovative traffic management solution not only
alleviates congestion but also cultivates a culture of compliance, contributing to the
overall improvement of urban transportation networks. Its emphasis on integrating
modern technology into traffic control aligns with the principles of sustainable urban
development, offering a scalable and transformative approach to addressing
Bangladesh's escalating traffic challenges.

Contribution/Originality: This study advances the field with an IoT-based smart traffic management system
integrating RFID and NodeMCU to address congestion and violations. It features automated vehicle identification,
real-time violation detection, fine issuance, and seamless communication with owners via SMS or email, offering an
efficient and transparent approach to modern traffic challenges.

1. INTRODUCTION
An IoT-based traffic management system utilizes a network of interconnected devices, sensors, and actuators to
monitor and control traffic conditions dynamically. By incorporating advanced technologies such as smart traffic
lights, connected vehicles, and data analytics, these systems aim to optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and
enhance overall transportation efficiency. Additionally, such systems provide mechanisms to identify and penalize
individuals who violate traffic regulations. This project introduces a smart traffic control system that uses RFID
technology to address issues like traffic congestion and traffic rule violations. The system employs an RFID
receiver to detect vehicles and sends the RFID tag information to a Node MCU, which forwards it to a centralized
database. The database cross-references the RFID tag with existing records. If no traffic violation is detected, the

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 Review of Information Engineering and Applications, 2025, 12(1): 1-14

vehicle’s information is securely stored. However, if a violation is identified, the system categorizes the vehicle as
guilty and imposes a fine in accordance with traffic laws. The fine details are then communicated to the vehicle
owner via Short Message Service (SMS) or email.
The system is built with a Node MCU mounted on a veroboard as per the circuit diagram, with the RFID
receiver connected to the Node MCU. The Node MCU is linked to a server on a PC through a USB cable, enabling
one or more administrators to monitor and control the system using secure login credentials.
Additionally, a mobile application has been developed to pro- vide users with access to information about their
vehicles, including the ability to view fines and make payments directly through the app. By combining Internet of
Things (IoT) technology with user-friendly features, this system offers a comprehensive solution for modern traffic
management challenges.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This section will review the history of Traffic System studies, including such as the usage of various sensors,
Wifi Modules, Android Apps, and Web Monitoring Facilities [1]. A comprehensive examination of agent
technology applications in traffic and transportation systems is presented in this review. The authors highlight that
traffic issues extend beyond individual countries and have global implications. They offer suggestions on leveraging
new technologies to alleviate traffic congestion and manage traffic density. The importance of Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS) and their diverse applications are also discussed in detail by the authors. Masek, et al.
[2] A Unified Approach to Transportation Management in Smart Cities: The Innovative IoT-Driven Framework
for Road Traffic Modeling proposes a system aimed at addressing the unprecedented urban growth and the
resulting surge in vehicle numbers. This surge has brought forth fresh challenges for traffic management, including
the need to reduce road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the past decade, researchers have
concentrated on leveraging advancements in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to equip
road traffic management systems (TMS) [3] to address these pressing issues in future smart cities. Our solution
endeavors to integrate advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, wherein low-power, embedded
devices become integral components of the next-generation TMS [4]. This paper presents a priority signal control
algorithm to tackle these issues. We have utilized Transit Signal Priority (TSP) techniques to enhance the
Emergency Vehicle Priority (EVP) system. TSP is a proven strategy for improving public transit operations in
urban areas. Our proposed algorithm adjusts signal phases using TSP techniques to prioritize emergency vehicles.
These techniques help mitigate the impact of EVP on general traffic. Experiments conducted with the VISSIM
microscopic traffic simulator show that the proposed traffic control algorithm reduces overall traffic delay by up to
8 percent compared to conventional EVP systems [5]. In order to reduce EV rescue delay, Savolainen, et al. [6]
use LED equipment to display the signs of emergency vehicles [7]. When an emergency vehicle (EV) nears an
intersection, its onboard unit (OBU) communicates with the traffic signal controller. This controller then activates
the emergency vehicle LED flashing lights to alert passersby, enabling them to respond and prepare for the EV's
approach. Despite this, EV drivers are still required to slow down when traversing the intersection, as the signal
controller does not facilitate emergency vehicle signal preemption [8].
Al-Holou, et al. [7] they created a multi-dimensional model to assess the environmental effects, traffic
congestion, and vehicle safety. The project, which started with a budget of $80,064 in 2010, was completed in 2012.
The proposed adaptive sign control application targets two main goals: (1) improving traffic flow and reducing
congestion; and (2) enhancing intersection safety. The adaptive traffic light control system, which employs V2V
(Vehicle-to-Vehicle) and V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) communications, marks a major breakthrough in traffic
management [9].
Neelakandan, et al. [5] increasing communication among vehicles can result in several negative consequences,
including wasted time and fuel, environmental damage, and potential fatalities due to individuals being stuck in

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traffic jams. To tackle these issues, this paper proposes an efficient IoT-based traffic prediction system employing
the OWENN algorithm. Additionally, it suggests integrating a traffic signal control system powered by an Intel
80,286 microprocessor for smart cities. The process begins with the extraction of traffic, weather, and directional
data, which is then inputted into the OWENN classifier to identify areas with heavy traffic. If congestion is detected
in a specific direction, the system adjusts IoT parameters using IBSO and regulates traffic flow through the Intel
80,286 microprocessor. This comprehensive approach aims to enhance traffic prediction accuracy and optimize
traffic signal control, thereby improving efficiency within smart city environments [5]. As urban populations
expand rapidly, managing and alleviating traffic congestion has become increasingly challenging. The proliferation
of vehicles exacerbates several issues, including wasted time and fuel, as well as air and noise pollution.
Additionally, it can lead to delays for emergency vehicles. This paper presents a real-time Traffic Management
System (TMS) leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics. Ultrasonic sensors are utilized to
measure traffic density, and upon analysis of the sensor data, the system controller adjusts traffic signal timing
using a traffic management algorithm. Furthermore, it transmits data to a cloud server via a Wi-Fi module.
\cite{lanke2013smart} The proposed system can predict potential traffic congestion at intersection points. In the
event of an emergency vehicle detection, priority is given by extending the signal duration for passage through the
intersection. Additionally, the system is capable of identifying signal violators and issuing fines, payable through a
mobile app named Traffic Wallet. This system is praised for its cost-effectiveness, easy installation, and
maintenance.

2.1 Related Works

The authors discussed an intelligent transmission control system [10] that utilizes cloud-based technology and
machine learning methods. In this setup, images of approaching intersections are captured and stored in a cloud
database. A cloud image Application programming interface (API) processes these images to identify vehicle density
and characteristics, which is then relayed to the subsequent traffic signal in real-time [1]. The previous signal, now
the active signal, monitors the next intersection’s state and adjusts based on the updated conditions. These
approaches improve the safety and effectiveness of intelligent traffic management (ITM) by predicting traffic flow,
automating signal control, detecting driveways, and recognizing surrounding objects or vehicles. While many
researchers are working on intelligent transportation systems, achieving optimal traffic management continues to
pose challenges [11]. The authors emphasized that comprehensive traffic surveillance systems play a key role in
transforming smart cities, with numerous studies exploring IoT- based intelligent traffic control solutions.
Researchers introduced an IoT-enabled intelligent traffic management approach [12] designed to alleviate
severe congestion through both centralized and de- centralized domain controllers. This approach includes a data
collection component that employs sensors, camera networks, and radio frequency identification (RFID)
technology. The ap- plication layer regulates traffic signals and notifications based on real-time vehicle density on
the road, providing regular up- dates via a software system [9]. The authors proposed a method to minimize
inaccurate predictions by utilizing the “Rankine-Hugoniot” principle and an origin destination traffic model. To
verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, they developed a model [10] with testing results demonstrating
the method’s capability to efficiently manage traffic congestion, accuracy, and system latency.
The authors introduced a method for forecasting traffic volume, vehicle concentration at specific developmental
stages, and lane dimensions. Researchers further optimized traffic signal cycle durations and processing times at
isolated, signal- controlled intersections using vehicle-generated data. They also proposed a decentralized,
reinforcement learning-based management framework using evolutionary algorithms (EA) to regulate vehicular
flow, significantly improving transport system efficiency [13]. However, its deployment was occasionally
constrained by computational limitations. The study additionally presented an eco-friendly, flow- approximation

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solution to set signal durations for each straight route based on vehicle density [14] incorporating machine
learning and AI techniques to estimate timing intervals over brief periods.
In Dearborn Heights, more than 98 percent of respondents reported seeing ambulances on public roads, yet
82.9 percent had experienced at least one instance of not responding properly when emergency vehicles (EVs) were
approaching. From 2004 to 2008 in the United States, there were 3,708 recorded accidents involving EVs [15]. In-
vehicle information systems—such as onboard units, smartphones, and radios—can further distract drivers, leading
to slower responses to approaching EVs [11]. Rapid response from EVs is essential to preserve lives and property;
in emergencies, every second matters [16]. Delays of just one minute in providing first aid can reduce a patient’s
survival rate by 7–10 percent. In fire emergencies, a 30-second delay can double the fire’s spread. In traffic
incidents, one-third of vehicle-related fatalities could be prevented with faster EV rescue times, underscoring the
critical importance of swift EV access and response. Table 1 comparison study of RFID-based traffic management
systems.

2.2. Research Gap

1. Despite the advancements in this project, there exists a gap in seamlessly integrating these agents into real
time and user-friendly interactions.
2. Need for seamless integration into a unified, scalable traffic management system.
3. Systems must better handle unexpected incidents like accidents and emergency responses.
4. Need for more reliable, faster systems using real-time data and predictive analytics to enhance response times
and reduce accidents.
5. More research needed on eco-friendly solutions that balance traffic flow with environmental sustainability.
6. Need for more research on public response, especially regarding emergency vehicle prioritization and traffic
compliance.
7. Focus on real-world testing and developing standards for traffic management technologies.

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Table 1. Comparison Study of RFID-Based Traffic Management Systems

Paper title Advantages Disadvantages Tools used References
RFID-based traffic • Efficient traffic monitoring • High initial implementation costs • RFID technology Al-Abassi, et al. [3]
violation system • Automated case filing • Privacy concerns for vehicle owners • Node MCU
• Real-time data collection • Web server
Smart traffic system using • Reduces manual monitoring efforts • Limited to vehicles with RFID tags • Node MCU Neelakandan, et al. [5]
RFID and Node MCU • Sends instant notifications • Requires stable internet connection • Web server
• Accessible via mobile application for real-time data transmission • RFID
Automated violation • Real-time updates on violations • Dependence on cellular networks • RFID readers Masek, et al. [17]
detection with RFID • Encourages compliance through • Potential RFID signal interference • SMS gateway
accountability • Mobile app
RFID-based traffic light • Enhanced traffic management • Possible inaccuracies with RFID • Node MCU Oliveira, et al. [18]
management system • Reduces traffic congestion in key reading • RFID tag and reader
areas • Additional costs for RFID tag • APIs
issuance
AI-Driven traffic violation • Enhanced violation classification • High computational needs, • RFID readers, Saini and Sharma [10]
system with RFID accuracy, • Complex data management, • AI algorithms,
• Adaptive AI learning for better rule • Potential biases in AI models • Cloud processing server
compliance

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3. METHODOLOGY
In my project i have developed to the objective of the project is to identify those who do not follow traffic rules
and bring those vehicle users under the rule of law. Private cars are one of the reasons for increasing the number of
traffic jams in our country. Moreover, one of the reasons is the disobedience of traffic rules by motorists in our
country. Due to which many disorders are created on the roads in our country, from which a lot of traffic jams are
created. In our country there is no strict law for traffic police crisis and violation of traffic rules. Because of which
we cannot bring them under the rule of law in most cases. Due to which traffic congestion is increasing day by day.
Through this project of mine, life is traffic control and I will include in the law all those vehicle drivers who violate
traffic rules. Violation of traffic rules 10 through RFID, cases will be automatically filed against those vehicles and a
message to file a case for violation of traffic rules will be sent directly to the users of those vehicles through a mail
or SMS. Then server to data connect with Mobile app. Mobile app show the data condition and making the decision
for against data user.
Below is the Block diagram for making Automatic Traffic control system Assemble the Block as shown in the
Figure 1:

Figure 1. Block Diagram of the system.

Figure 1 the regulated power supply ensures all components, especially the Node MCU ESP8266, receive
consistent power. The RFID reader scans the RFID tags attached to vehicles as they pass by. The scanned
information is sent to the Node MCU ESP8266. The Node MCU ESP8266 processes the RFID data. It
communicates the relevant data to the server for further processing and storage. The server processes the received
data and may perform actions such as updating records, sending notifications, or triggering alerts. It also
communicates with vehicle owners as needed, providing updates or receiving inputs. It also manages the LED
indicator to show the system’s status.

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Figure 2. Flowchart of the system.

The flowchart Figure 2 of the system is given below:

• The process starts at the "Start" point.
• The system checks the state of the traffic signal.
• If the light is red, the system instructs to "STOP".
• If the light is not red, the system checks if the light is yellow.
•If the light is yellow, the system performs the "RESET TIME" action, then allows movement ("Move"), and ends
the process ("END").
• If the light is not yellow, the system checks if the light is green.
• If the light is green, the system allows movement ("Move") and ends the process ("END").
• If none of these conditions are met, the system initiates the "Automatic Case Generation" process, which implies
generating a case based on the traffic situation, and then rechecks the state of the traffic signal.
This flowchart efficiently outlines the automated decision-making process based on traffic light states and
integrates an automatic case generation mechanism to handle any irregularities.

3.1. Proposed Classification Model

The diagram illustrates the organizational structure of a Traffic Control System, dividing it into several key
components and their sub-functions. Here’s a detailed breakdown:

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The Traffic Control System is organized into three main sections:

Figure 3. Framework of a traffic control system.

Figure 3 framework of a traffic control system.

3.2. Purpose of the Framework

The primary objective of this system is to:
• Strengthen traffic monitoring and control mechanisms.
• Promote safety and minimize the risk of accidents.
• Streamline traffic flow by mitigating congestion and enforcing rule compliance.
• Utilize real-time data to support effective decision-making.
This framework highlights how modern technological advancements can be seamlessly incorporated into urban
traffic management systems to create a smarter, more efficient, and safer transportation network.
Sensor Network: Focuses on monitoring and tracking vehicle activities. Management Admin Panel:
Responsible for optimizing traffic flow, monitoring traffic signals, and handling rule break cases. Safety: Addresses
traffic jamming issues and monitors criminal activities to ensure overall traffic safety.
The intersection is managed with traffic signals to ensure smooth and safe vehicle movement. Each lane has
corresponding traffic signals at the start or end to manage the flow of vehicles in different directions. Vehicles must
adhere to the signals for proper traffic management and safety. If someone violates the traffic rules, they will be
penalized according to the law and will be required to pay a fine. This setup is typical in urban traffic management
systems to regulate the flow of vehicles and minimize the chances of accidents.

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Figure 4. Existing traffic model.

The intersection Figure 4 is managed with traffic signals to ensure smooth and safe vehicle movement. Each
lane has corresponding traffic signals at the start or end to manage the flow of vehicles in different directions.
Vehicles must adhere to the signals for proper traffic management and safety. If someone violates the traffic rules,
they will be penalized according to the law and will be required to pay a fine. This setup is typical in urban traffic
management systems to regulate the flow of vehicles and minimize the chances of accidents.

3.2. Data Processing Methodology

The proposed TMS system helps choose those routes that provide higher precision. The model is validated for
its performance with the benchmark’s lower bound precision value. Still, suppose the proposed model generates the
desired precision for the lower bound. There’s a detailed description of the components and flow:

Figure 5. Vehicle data tracking in traffic management system

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The proposed Figure 5 TMS system helps choose those routes that provide higher precision. The model is
validated for its performance with the benchmark’s lower bound precision value. Still, suppose the proposed model
generates the desired precision for the lower bound. There’s a detailed description of the components and flow
Sensor Data: This is a data source, depicted as an orange database cylinder, that supplies data gathered from
sensors. User Data: This is another data source, depicted as a green database cylinder, that supplies data related to
users. Data Processing: This is a processing unit, depicted as a blue rectangular box, where data from both the
sensor and user data sources are processed. Sensor Data and User Data both feed into this unit. Traffic Model: This
component appears to enhance data processing and is depicted as a light blue rectangular box, feeding into the Data
Processing unit with a downward arrow. Display the Vehicle Case History: This is the final output, depicted as a
beige rounded rectangular box, which shows the processed information as the vehicle case history.

4. IMPLEMANTATION
The diagram illustrates a system designed for real-time traffic signal monitoring and the automated generation
of traffic violation cases. This system employs RFID technology along with a NodeMCU (or a comparable
microcontroller). Below is a detailed breakdown of the components and their interactions:

Figure 6. Traffic management system architecture diagram.

Figure 6 network architecture for traffic monitoring and data processing.

Users can log in and view traffic history and results on their devices. A central server communicates with
various components via a network. The server maintains a vehicle log and processes data to apply missing logs,
predict optimized timing, identify data, and generate case files.
Sensors: Detect vehicle activity. NodeMCU ESP32: Collects data from sensors and sends it to the local server.
Local Server: Processes data before forwarding it to the central server. Data Processing Units: Likely smartphones
or other devices processing and displaying data from the sensors. Data from these areas is sent via Bluetooth to

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nearby phones for local processing and is also forwarded to the central network for broader analysis and case
generation.
A microcontroller, likely connected to traffic lights, ensures proper traffic signal management and can
communicate with the central server via serial communication. Data Processing and Case Generation:
The central server applies various algorithms to predict optimized timing for traffic signals, fill in missing data
logs, and generate case files for vehicles that run red lights. These case files are then automatically emailed to
vehicle owners.
The system integrates real-time data collection, processing, and automated legal action generation, providing
both local and centralized traffic management and monitoring.

4.1. System Design

To design and construct a NodeMCU-based live Traffic Signal Monitoring System using RFID, the system
will automatically generate a case file for vehicles that run a red light. RFID tags will be used to track these
vehicles, with the RFID reader capturing the information and sending it to a web server. The NodeMCU will
interface with this web server, which will process the data and create a case file for the offending vehicle. This file
will be automatically emailed to the vehicle owner.

Figure 7. System design.

Figure 7 Hardware design.

5. RESULTS
To start, assemble the circuit as depicted in the provided diagram, and then proceed to upload the main ino file
to the NodeMCU32 board. Upon successful code upload, obtain the
IP address of the ESP32 from the serial monitor. Afterward, paste the IP address or domain server into a web
browser like Google Chrome. Press enter, and you’ll be presented with an appealing widget that displays the Traffic
Monitoring System.
Figure 8 RFID Admin Dashboard Interface.

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Figure 8. Admin dashboard.

This admin dashboard acts as a monitoring system to track vehicle movements. Whenever a vehicle violates
traffic rules, its data is displayed here, facilitating the identification of the responsible party. Subsequently, necessary
legal measures, like imposing fines, can be implemented against the violator.
Figure 9 RFID Admin Portal - Case Submission Success Screen.

Figure 9. Case file generating system view.

This interface presents a case filing system primarily de- signed for automated operations. Nonetheless, it
includes the option for manual case filing for future use. Additionally, it provides the capability to specify the crime
committed by the vehicle if required.

6. DISCUSSION
This IoT-based Traffic Control System provides a scalable solution for managing traffic and tracking
violations. Through automation and real-time monitoring, it ensures driver account- ability and gives law
enforcement the tools required to enforce traffic laws more effectively. The inclusion of a web server and mobile app
improves accessibility and flexibility, allowing both administrators and vehicle owners to access and engage with
traffic data at any time.

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This project not only solves the challenges associated with traffic enforcement but also lays the groundwork for
future advancements, such as integrating digital penalty systems or utilizing data analytics for predictive insights.
The IoT-based Traf- fic Control System showcases the potential of IoT to revolutionize traffic management,
making roads safer and more efficient for everyone.

7. CONCLUSIONS
This project represents the culmination of the knowledge ac- quired throughout the degree program, with the
goal of enhancing comprehension across various domains to develop a final project that integrates three essential
electronic components: hardware design, software programming, and device communication. This project is very
useful for the mega cities. As the deceleration of the government to make our country as ” Digital Bangladesh” this
project is helpful for make our country as a digital country. Here the manual traffic system is update as the
automation. So all the traffic signal system can be automatically handled. So it is very helpful to make the country
digital and for the make full fill of the government announcement.
This project is also making our city as a smart city. Governments also work for making our city as a smart city.
This project is a very low-cost project so it can be easily implemented as much we need. If we implement this in
everywhere in our city then it should be get a better result for each. And it also helps us for to turn over the mega
city as a smart city. This project also helps for cometh back discipline on the roads. In the recent few years in our
country there was a big amount of accident occurred for the indiscipline on the roads. We also saw some movement
for the road safety. This project is helps us to get the road safety.
To summarize, we have delved into key components of our degree curriculum, utilizing existing knowledge and
further developing it, thereby ensuring we possess the necessary expertise to enter the professional market with
confidence.

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Transparency: The authors declare that the manuscript is honest, truthful and transparent, that no
important aspects of the study have been omitted and that all deviations from the planned study have been
made clear. This study followed all rules of writing ethics.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ Contributions: Both authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. Both
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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