INTRODUCTION TO
SURVEYING
SURVEYING
• The science and art of
determining the relative
positions of points and features
on or near the surface of the
earth. It involves making precise
measurements of distances,
angles, and elevations to create
maps, plans, and other
representations of the Earth’s
surface.
OBJECTIVE/PURPOSE OF SURVEYING
• To take measurements, to determine the relative positions of the
points on, above, or beneath the surface of the earth.
• To determine areas and volumes.
• To mark the positions of the proposed structures on the ground.
E.g., building, canal, road.
• To prepare a map or plan to show the relative positions of the
objects on the surface of the earth.
• To establish and define boundaries of land. This is crucial for
property ownership, legal documentation, and resolving land
disputes.
Important Concepts
• Measurements
➢ Distances: Measured using various tools like measuring tapes,
laser distance meters, and total stations.
➢ Angles: Measured using instruments like theodolites, transits,
and total stations.
➢ Elevations: Measured using levels, GPS, and other techniques.
• Data Collection: Involves careful observation, recording
measurements, and ensuring accuracy.
Important Concepts
• Data Processing: Collected data is analyzed, adjusted, and
transformed into usable formats, often with the aid of computer
software.
• Mapping and Representation: The processed data is used to
create maps, plans, and other graphical representations of the
surveyed area.
PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF SURVEYING
1. Plane Surveying
• Deals with small areas on the
surface of the earth assuming
the surface of the land to be
plane, and the curvature of the
earth is neglected.
• All survey lines are considered
as straight, and all triangles are
considered as plane triangles.
PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF SURVEYING
2. Geodetic Surveying
• Deals with vast areas, so
curvature must be
considered.
• All survey lines are
considered curved, and all
triangles are considered as
spherical triangles.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
1. Based Upon Nature of Field
➢ Land Survey
Conducted on the earth’s
surface
➢ Marine Survey
Conducted on water bodies
like rivers, ocean.
➢ Astronomical Survey
Conducted to study the
position and movement of
celestial bodies.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
2. Based Upon Object of
Survey
➢ Archaeological Survey
Conducted for unearthing
relics of antiquity.
➢
Geotechnical/Geographic
al Survey
Conducted for
determining the different
strata in earth’s crust.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
2. Based Upon Object of
Survey
➢Mine Survey
Conducted to study the
mineral deposits.
➢ Military Survey
Conducted for military
purpose.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
2. Based Upon Object of
Survey
➢ Control Survey
Conducted for
establishing a network of
control points which serve
as reference framework.
➢ Route Survey
Conducted to determine
the alignment of highway,
railway, canal, pipelines,
transmission lines.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
2. Based Upon Object
of Survey
➢Engineering Survey
Conducted for
collecting data for
engineering purposes
like design of dam, road,
bridges.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
2. Based Upon Object of
Survey
➢ Construction Survey
Conducted for location
of construction works,
giving line, fixing grades.
➢ Topographic Survey
Conducted to
determine the nature of
features of hills, river,
lakes, towns, villages,
buildings, roads, railways.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
2. Based Upon Object of
Survey
➢Cadastral Survey
Conducted to determine the
details of boundaries of fields,
houses, and other private and
public properties.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
3. Based Upon Instrument
Used
➢ Chain Survey
Chain or tape is used for
linear distance
measurement.
➢ Compass Survey
Compass is used for
measurement of horizontal
angles
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
3. Based Upon Instrument
Used
➢Plane Table Survey
Plane table is used for
preparing plan of given area and
collecting details during the
survey.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
3. Based Upon
Instrument Used
➢ Theodolite Survey
Theodolite is used for
measuring vertical and
horizontal angles.
➢ Tachometer Survey
Tachometer is used for
measuring horizontal and
vertical distance.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
3. Based Upon
Instrument Used
➢Aerial Survey
Photographs taken
from higher altitude are
used for collecting the
details of earth’s
features.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
3. Based Upon Instrument
Used
➢ Electronic Distance
Measurement Survey
Device working on the
principles of electronic distance
measurement is used for
determining the distance
between two indivisible object.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
3. Based Upon Instrument
Used
➢Remote Sensing
Data collected from satellites
are used for determining the
position of earth’s features.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
4. Based Upon Method
Applied
➢ Triangulation Survey
The area is covered with a
network of triangles and
details are collected.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
4. Based Upon Method
Applied
➢Traverse Survey
The area is covered by a
series of survey lines forming
traverse and details are
collected.
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING IN
AGRICULTURE
1. Land Mapping and Management
➢ Land Boundary Determination: Accurately defining property lines
is essential for land ownership, leases, and legal purposes.
➢ Area and Volume Calculations: Determining the size of fields,
reservoir, and other structures is crucial for planning and resource
allocations.
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING IN
AGRICULTURE
2. Irrigation and Drainage Design
➢ Canal and Ditch Alignment: Surveying ensures proper gradients
and alignments for irrigation and drainage channels, optimizing
water flow and minimizing erosion.
➢ Land Leveling and Grading: Precise leveling is essential for
efficient irrigation, preventing waterlogging and ensuring uniform
water distribution.
➢ Reservoir and Pond Construction: Surveying is used to determine
the capacity, stability, and water levels of reservoirs and ponds.
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING IN
AGRICULTURE
3. Farm Infrastructure Development
➢ Road and Farm Structure Layout: Surveying helps in the planning
and construction of farm roads, buildings, fences, and other
infrastructure.
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
Fundamental guidelines that ensure accuracy and reliability in the
process of determining the relative positions of points on or near
the Earth’s surface.
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
1. Work from Whole to Part
➢ This principle emphasizes establishing a strong and accurate
framework of control points before proceeding with detailed
measurements.
➢ By first establishing a network of well-defined control points, the
surveyor minimizes the accumulation of errors that can occur
when measurements are made independently.
➢ This approach ensures that the entire survey is based on a robust
and reliable foundation.
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
2. Locate a Point by at Least Two
➢ This principle ensures redundancy and provides a means to
check the accuracy of measurements.
➢ By determining the position of a point using at least two
independent measurements (such as distance and angle), the
surveyor can compare the results and identify any discrepancies.
➢ This helps to detect and correct errors, improving the overall
accuracy of the survey.
