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Collection Highlights

Climate and Energy Governance for the UK Low Carbon

Transition The Climate Change Act 2008 Thomas L Muinzer

Climate crisis and the democratic prospect. Participatory

governance in sustainable communities 1st Edition Fischer

Transformative Climate Governance: A Capacities

Perspective to Systematise, Evaluate and Guide Climate
Action Katharina Hölscher

Ten Laws for Security 1st Edition Eric Diehl (Auth.)

Climate Action and Hydrogen Economy: Technologies Shaping
the Energy Transition (Green Energy and Technology) 1st
Edition Malti Goel

Parties Governments and Elites The Comparative Study of

Democracy 1st Edition Philipp Harfst

Ireland and the Climate Crisis David Robbins

Investing in the Age of Democracy: Ten Lessons in Applied

Austrian Economics Morten Arisson

A Kingdom in Crisis Royal Succession and the Struggle for

Democracy in 21st Century Thailand Andrew Macgregor
Marshall
SPRINGER BRIEFS IN CLIMATE STUDIES

Eric Ponthieu

The Climate Crisis,

Democracy and
Governance
Transition in Ten
Steps: Action Points
for Governments
123
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Eric Ponthieu

The Climate Crisis,

Democracy and Governance
Transition in Ten Steps: Action Points
for Governments

123
Eric Ponthieu
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Change will not come if we wait for some
other person, or if we wait for some other
time.
We are the ones we’ve been waiting for.
We are the change that we seek.
Barack Obama
Forewords

Climate change policies have been discussed globally for many decades now, most
visibly starting in 1992. Without any doubt, much has changed since then: after the
first careful steps in Kyoto (1997), a failed summit in Copenhagen (2009) then
towards the groundbreaking summit in Paris (2015). But at the same time, our
societies have, rightfully so, become impatient with policy-makers. Globally, the
Fridays for Future strikes are calling us to finally convert the words into real climate
action, something extra and effective that can achieve the targets that were estab-
lished in the Paris Agreement.
As a Member of the European Parliament, I have been part of EU governance for
more than 10 years. I have seen the debate changing, from fighting to be more
ambitious in our 2020 targets to now, where the current European Commission has
put the Green Deal centre stage for all of its policies. A huge shift in ambition, but
again, words still need to be translated into real action. The very critical reactions of
society on the Climate Law proposed by the European Commission show that the
increased ambition is not yet fully converted into proposed action.
The gap between what science tells us, what society expects from us and what
policy-makers are delivering is still huge. The Green Deal is an attempt to close that
gap, but clearly, we are not there yet. While we understand the climate system better
and better, it seems that less attention has been paid to understanding our gover-
nance system and why policy-making is lagging behind the needed and desired
action. This book is aimed at filling in that gap: a necessary analysis of why
policy-making is not delivering the actions that are so desperately needed and why
it is so difficult to change the political system in order to mitigate the climate
emergency.
For everyone interested in preventing further climate change, this book is a
highly recommended to read, providing further insights into the complexities of our
political system. It challenges complacency and provides a roadmap for how we can
get change in our politics. This is the change we have been asking for during all
those decades while climate science steadily progressed, showing that more delays
in climate action will only make things worse. There is no planet B; let there be a
political plan B.

vii
viii Forewords

Bas Eickhout, Vice-President of the European Greens/EFA, Member of European

Parliament since 2009, Brussels, Belgium.
-o-
Climate change, climate crisis, existential crisis etc.: it sounds radical, but it is not.
For decades, we have built a society addicted to fossil fuels, ruled by short-term
policies and based on inequality.
These pillars that our system stands on are collapsing, and it is time to build new
ones. Lots of world leaders have been trying to fix the system, instead of replacing
the pillars. They have been fighting symptoms of a disease that they never really
treated.
Although governments and politicians hold the prime responsibility to show
ambition and bravery, they have been shamed by children who, in the last year,
have sacrificed their education to protest against the world’s inaction. Last
September 2019, over 7.5 million people across the globe took to the streets,
demanding to unite behind the science and provide a safe future.
Our rapidly disappearing carbon budget is our ultimate bottom line, revealed by
the best available climate science. Scientists have written hundreds of reports,
solutions and roadmaps to change the system and to fight for humanity and human
equality.
In a world distracted by fake news, backroom politics and mainstream trivia,
knowledge is key. While the world is facing huge challenges, many people are only
aware of a little bit of what is happening. Even politicians are often lost in the dark.
This is why more books like this one are absolutely necessary to educate people and
equip them to fight for their right and what is needed. Also this book points to the
responsibility of politicians and shows them there is a way ahead. No more empty
words.
When people realise there is a way, they will fight for it. When they join us in
this fight, things will change and frankly that is all everyone really needs. The world
demands action. For things to change,
Anuna De Wever, Young Climate Activist, Mortsel, Belgium.
-o-
This is the book the next President of the USA needs to read, and also, the
respective Presidents of the European Council and Commission, and also, political
leaders of all countries where young climate activists have challenged their leaders
to become climate leaders, And also, business executives who want to be able to
look their children into their eyes in 2050, when the world must have reached
carbon neutrality to respect the 1.5 °C warming limit. Last but not least, this is the
book that must be read by climate-aware citizens who want to transform their anger
into hope and then into action.
This is their handbook on how to address the climate change challenge. It is
different from many ‘how to save climate’ books. Indeed, it focusses on the political
leadership required to move the world economy in the direction needed.
Forewords ix

Eric Ponthieu starting point is clear: ‘Young people are perfectly right to shake
existing governments’.
This book explains how public authorities can become climate leaders. How a
new narrative that speaks to both the mind and the heart is needed. How we can use
lessons from the handling of the COVID-19 crisis. How representative democracy
can benefit from complementary deliberative approaches such as citizen’s assem-
blies. How these approaches can help enshrine the long-term vision which is so
often lacking in the political process. Eric Ponthieu pleads for improving the sci-
ence–policy dialogue around tackling climate change, inspired by what happened
during the COVID-19 crisis. He points to the importance of business having a
long-term vision rooted in deliberations with its own employees and with civil
society. He explains how sustainable consumption can be made mainstream and
fashionable with the right government measures, reform of economic policies and
support to local climate action aligned with national plans. Finally, he explains how
all this could be funded, especially in Europe.
Eric Ponthieu warns the reader: civil disobedience due to mounting frustration in
the face of climate inaction by governments is likely to increase. It has been
non-violent up to now, but it is high time for real climate action to address youth
and citizens’ concerns. I agree.
Political leaders and business executives are human beings. They share our
planet with almost 8 billion people. They often have children who will experience
in their flesh the consequences of climate change and biodiversity loss in the
coming decades. As the world economy will slowly restart after COVID-19, as
huge amounts of money will be injected into the ‘recovery’, they have a unique
chance to make a difference. They can recycle the old recipes, or reinvent a better
world, cleaner and fairer, where the young people of today will be happy to live in.
This book will inspire them.
Jean-Pascal van Ypersele, Professor, UCLouvain, Former IPCC Vice-chair,
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
-o-
We are at a critical juncture for the climate crisis. COVID has exposed the fragility
of many decision-making processes and much ‘conventional wisdom’ about the
march of globalisation. And the recession is bringing the need for a ‘fair’ transition
into sharp relief. COVID has also shown, however, how behaviours can change
overnight. Amidst this disruption, the need to galvanise all sides to tackle climate
change could not be greater.
This book provides a call to action and comprehensive set of steps for gov-
ernments, businesses and communities to forge a new social contract. It explores
how this can be shaped by ongoing deliberative engagement between people and
decision-makers, including at a local level, in a way that looks for synergies and
balanced outcomes. The implications of this go beyond climate to how to reconnect
politics with long-term public interests.
x Forewords

Technological barriers to decarbonisation are small compared to the institutional,

cultural and behavioural issues that need to be addressed. The book identifies the
transformations in governance, partnerships and communications that can do this. It
emphasises the importance of developing an inspirational narrative to help all sides
understand that caring for the climate is good for the economy and society—as well
as the natural world. Ensuring jobs and co-benefits resonate with local communities
and making change easy and fun, so that people have a sense of agency and believe
a positive future is possible, are essential for public acceptability.
Some companies are already considering what their ‘Licence to Operate’ means
in a net zero world. However, there is more to do to ensure such changes shape all
business models and core processes. The book poses important questions about the
macroeconomic reforms that need to be discussed ‘openly and without taboo’ to
create the frameworks for transformative change to be mainstreamed. How to
measure well-being and internalise environmental costs into pricing—in a way that
minimises the distributional impacts on those least able to pay—is key. A new set
of principles for ‘regulating for sustainability’, including recognising the benefits of
diversity and systems thinking, are needed.
The Youth Climate Movement has shown that creativity and different perspec-
tives can unlock stale arguments and hold governments to account. With capacity
building, the convening skills and soft power of NGOs can navigate complex,
interconnected systems. The local networks, knowledge and partnership expertise
of community groups are essential to enact the change we need to see.
COVID has taught us that the time for collaboration is now that we all have a
role to play to ensure social—and natural—resilience. Climate change, like the
pandemic, is far too important to leave to someone else to sort out. This book shows
the way.
Sharon Darcy, Director, Sustainability First, London, UK.
Preface

Just as a generation of young people was taking to the streets to demand radical
change on climate policies, the highways of Europe—and around the world—fell
silent in response to the scourge of COVID-19. At every level, the extensive
interventions being taken because of the life-threatening urgency of the pandemic
contrast strongly with the uncertain and lethargic response of most governments
towards climate change.
This book argues that at a time when the world is facing economic and social
upheaval from a threat with the potential to affect everyone, there are vital lessons
to be learned about our approach to the longer term but ultimately greater threat of
climate change. In the latter case, the political establishment has been unwilling to
listen and slow to act. Many of the actions taken to combat the spread and effects of
coronavirus have required actions by governments and citizens unimaginable only a
few months previously. Our democratic system itself has been willing to place
safety and security ahead of some personal freedoms when it comes to public
health. The response to COVID-19 has shown that if governments take a radical
and progressive lead in making changes—imposing them if necessary—by creating
a virtuous circle of positive and negative actions, there will be a hope of slowing,
stopping and then reversing our global climate catastrophe. A ten-point manifesto
explains how this can be done and how we can have hope for the future.
For the last 26 years, I have worked within the institutions of the European
Union and seen concern about climate and the sustainability of our economic
system steadily rise up the agendas of the European Parliament, Council and
Commission. This concern has resulted in many attempts to equip the EU to face a
different world—a world where the past arguments over, for example, energy,
agriculture, transport or technology will be overtaken by one dominant question—
by the end of this century will our planet be sustainable for humanity?
The response to the public health crisis of COVID-19 has reinforced my view
that we do have, under certain circumstances, the technical, political and financial
capacity to deal with pressing existential crises. I am much less confident about
whether our collective understanding of climate change is adequate and therefore
whether those steering our political processes will find the courage to take the

xi
xii Preface

necessary action to deal with an emergency wrongly perceived to have a much

longer time span to deal with it. The global response to COVID-19 gives some
grounds for both optimism and pessimism. However, it indicates that action can be
taken urgently and at scale once risks are understood. Therefore, this book focuses
on the necessary political leadership required, not least from the European Union
itself, to follow up action on the pandemic with equally resolute action on the
climate crisis.
Like the COVID-19 crisis, the climate crisis requires action by everyone. The
book provides a realistic assessment of the support needed from society as a whole
if leaders are to find the resolve to take action. Governments must lead and coor-
dinate action domestically and globally but need the support of their citizens and the
cooperation of business. We need massive social and economic change requiring
collaborative effort, highlighting the benefits and sharing the burdens, because we
face serious dangers. Our cohesion as a society is at risk as generations are dif-
ferentially affected. COVID-19 might create a situation where climate issues could
be shelved for some years as the world’s economies try to return to business as
usual. This cannot be allowed to happen.
This book is written for:
• Decision-makers and influencers in or connected with European governments,
legislatures and political parties, at all institutional levels,
• Institutional, corporate and non-governmental stakeholders who are or
should be in the process of defining their response to the climate crisis,
• Individuals, whether as consumers or climate warriors, young or old, nationalist
or globalist,
• Media and communication channels of all types which will play a vital part in
conveying the urgency and necessity of climate action.
This book proposes a ten-point manifesto of actions which will change the state
of affairs and bring new life to climate governance and democracy. Starting with a
long-term and integrated vision, it sets out steps to change our political and eco-
nomic thinking through leadership, communication, partnership, dedicated institu-
tions, local action, new economic models, lean consumption and cultural change.
While there has never been such a pressing necessity for a ‘third way’, the book
is an urgent call to governments to reform their way of deciding and implementing
climate policies. It complements many essays on the technical measures and
policies needed to reduce emissions. It addresses those frequently neglected
political processes that lead to our democracies favouring the election of politicians
prepared to take radical economic, social and political action on behalf of the
planet. Its main message to everyone is, ‘Don’t despair, there is hope!’ The success
of the transition to a sustainable world depends on governments leading with a
programme of long-term, comprehensive, integrated policies which are enthusias-
tically supported by the civil society as a whole.

Brussels, Belgium Eric Ponthieu

Acknowledgements

This book is the result of many years of conversations, meetings and reading. Many
of my colleagues and friends have unconsciously fed the internal reflection process
that led me to start gathering facts and figures and sketch the early ideas. But what
drove me to organise, shape and express this wealth of material was the admirable
way young people from all continents defended the common cause of climate
protection and the lack of effective response from politicians to this call. At all
stages of the book’s development, I constantly returned to those faces of young
people in the street to keep me motivated in realising this project. I want to pay
homage to the dignity with which they are defending a cause that ought to be the
cause of everyone and that ought to become the central goal of policy-makers in the
next decades.
My closest inspirers are from the academic world, universities and research
centres alike. The list of those who gave me the initial impetus or forced me to
reflect differently on an issue that is now mainstream in the media is long. However,
I particularly want to warmly thank Dr. Sander Chan, Senior Researcher at the
German Development Institute, Prof. Seiji Ikkatai from Musashino University,
Prof. Izumi Inasawa from Ritsumeikan University and Eamon O’Hara, Executive
Director of ECOLISE.
To this incomplete list, I want to add one person who has been the main provider
of inspiration and motivation, Richard Adams, whose career has spanned many
activities which have tried to make the world a better place and who was a former
member of the European Economic and Social Committee. Without Richard’s help,
this book would not have become real. His experience in publishing and in
developing systemic thinking on emerging issues has been instrumental to my
completion of the writing. With his current responsibilities in the fair trade
movement and the care of older people he brought very beneficial and comple-
mentary perspectives to my own thinking. The outcome of this last year’s com-
panionship with Richard will not be limited to one supplementary book on the
shelves of central libraries but also to the start of a long-lasting friendship.

xiii
xiv Acknowledgements

Last but not least, I want to thank those who have spent considerable time in
reading and commenting on intermediary drafts, and in particular, my friends
Georgios Amanatidis, Sébastien Occhipenti, Ovidiu Romosan and Frederic Sgarbi.
And my last words are for my family, my spouse, Danielle, and my children,
Coline, Valentin and Arthur, who all supported me in their own way to finalise a
project they felt was very important to me.

Eric Ponthieu
Supportive Statements

“This book is for everyone who is searching for a visionary and yet pragmatic guide
to overcoming the economic, political and cultural barriers to action on the climate
crisis. Acknowledging the various interests at stake, Dr. Eric Ponthieu maps out
how to get all the different stakeholders to unite for the shared purpose of striving
for a climate-neutral society. The reader should feel encouraged to draw from the
elaborated holistic and cross-sectoral measures for transformation, to help co-create
the envisioned future that honours climate justice and seeks to enable the well-being
and inclusion of all.”
—Amelie Krug, Youth Climate Activist, Student of Cultural Anthropology and
Social Sciences at Humboldt University of Berlin.
“Displaying the inability of the current political system to tackle the upcoming
challenges, Dr. Eric Ponthieu’s book highlights the critical necessity of a collective
action for transforming our current society, it’s economic and political heritage.
While calling for a strong governmental leadership, the book draws on the inspi-
ration from community-led actions and astutely recognises the importance of
empowering local communities.”
—Alisa Sidorenko, council member of ECOLISE (European metanetwork of
community-led initiatives on climate change and sustainability), board member of
Suderbyn Permaculture Ecovillage, Sweden.
“Dr. Eric Ponthieu’s call for a democratic transformation comes particularly timely.
As governments deal with multiple crises, including a global health emergency,
accelerating and dangerous climate change and an economic recession, new and
radical governance approaches need to break with incrementalism and respond to

xv
xvi Supportive Statements

the calls for action by a new generation. By highlighting action by governments,

Eric Ponthieu refocuses on the critical role of public authorities in driving demo-
cratic change.”
—Dr. Sander Chan, Senior Researcher at the German Development Institute/
Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE); Adjunct Assistant Professor at
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University.
“This book, in focusing on the important role of public authorities in dealing with
climate change and a move to a low carbon economy, is a call to action at a critical
juncture. Local councils can play a key role in consensus building in their
respective communities. In my own town awareness and action has come about as a
result of our sustainability action plan, declaring a climate emergency, promoting
improved biodiversity and encouraging the community as a whole to adopt a more
sustainable intergenerational approach.”
—Robert Hull, Mayor of Hexham, Northumberland, UK, former Director,
European Economic and Social Committee, Head, Environment Policy Division,
European Commission.
Structure of This Book

This book is an address to policy-makers and decision-makers in the form of a

manifesto. Made up of the ten most necessary changes in the way to decide and
apply climate action (defined as climate governance), it starts first with a summary
of the ten key action points which is then followed by chapters which set the
contemporary scene relating to the climate crisis, the demand for radical changes
coming from young people and civil society and the EU developing policy plans.
Then the ten action points are fully expanded with reference to this context. This
layout enables the readers to either decide to immediately access the full description
of key points at the end or go through the entire contextual details for fully grasping
the relevance of the ten action points.

xvii
Contents

1 A Transition Manifesto: 10 Action Points for

Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 1
Action Point Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 2
Ambitious States in the Driving Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 2
Turning Climate Protection into a Consensual Transformation
of Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 2
Partnering with Civil Society and Citizens to Co-elaborate
and Co-implement Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 3
Developing Capacity to Deliver the Long-Term Vision . . . . . . ..... 3
Developing Integrated and Holistic Approaches Underpinning
the Long-Term Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Mobilising the Business World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Financing the Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Acting Effectively at the Local Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Paving the Way for a Reform of Economic Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Making Sustainable Consumption Mainstream and Popular . . . . . . . . 6
Endangered Climate—Endangered Humanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Climate Protection in the Shadow of the COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . . . . 10
Are People Fully Aware of the Implications of Climate Change? . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 The European Green Deal and Other Climate Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Climate Protection as the Central Policy Goal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Acting for the Climate Is Acting for Society as a Whole . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
People Are Becoming Concerned—And Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Civil Society in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
The Emergence of Civil Disobedience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 The Paris Agreement—Getting People’s Buy-in Now! . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A Collective Effort by Ambitious Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
What Governments Must Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

xix
xx Contents

Climate Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
The Barriers to Effective Climate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
What People Must Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Consumption Is the Hardest Nut to Crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4 Ten Measures to Make Climate Governance Fit for Purpose . . . . .. 61
Ambitious States in the Driving Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62
Turning Climate Protection into a Consensual Transformation
of Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
Partnering with Civil Society and Citizens to Develop and Implement
Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69
Developing Capacity to Implement a Long-Term Vision . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
Developing Integrated and Holistic Approaches to Underpinning
the Longterm Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Mobilising the Business World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Financing the Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Acting Effectively at the Local Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Paving the Way to a Reform of Economic Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Making Sustainable Consumption Mainstream and Popular . . . . . . . . . . 106
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Chapter 1
A Transition Manifesto: 10 Action Points
for Governments

The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It

cannot be changed without changing our thinking.
Albert Einstein

Abstract Not only is climate change a fast-growing issue that affects the ecosystem
and its capacity to deliver services, it is starting to weigh heavily on the very founda-
tions of society. Although the general public remain largely under- and ill-informed
scientific evidence is accumulating and the more aware in civil society increasingly
feel worried about the impacts of climate change. All governments, whatever their
past credentials on green issues, are facing increasing pressure to place climate action
at the centre of their programme. Yet there has been very little practical action, a stark
contrast with the speed and substance of decisions taken to respond to the COVID-19
pandemic.

The world is in transition—but to what? If, at the end of this century, humanity is in a
secure position, with hope for the future, it will look back at the period between 2020
and 2050 and see that this was a time when the world changed course to deal with
existential problems. This book focuses on the climate threat but the massive global
response to a life-threatening virus already has shown the strengths and weaknesses
of government action and public response. It is likely that those future generations
will call these three decades the Transition, a term that has become common currency
amongst those recognising the need for change. This can only be done with the active
engagement of citizens who understand that a new social and economic contract is
required. Effective political leadership is vital. Governments—the governments at
different institutional levels and of Europe in particular—are therefore requested to
take full account of the following ten proposals which are aimed at substantially
enhancing climate governance in their developing climate and economic plans and
making the Transition a reality.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1

E. Ponthieu, The Climate Crisis, Democracy and Governance,
SpringerBriefs in Climate Studies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58127-5_1
2 1 A Transition Manifesto: 10 Action Points for Governments

Action Point Summaries

Ambitious States in the Driving Seat

Protecting Mother Earth, just as protecting citizens from the threat of a novel, highly
contagious virus, requires governments to assume strong and ambitious leadership.
They will need to place climate mitigation and adaptation at the centre of their policy
and their action. Governments’ leadership must take different forms. Listening to
scientists and the concern from the streets, they must unroll the necessary measures
for an environmentally sustainable transformation of society that generates positive
responses from its social and economic constituents.
Instead of modestly attenuating the negative impacts of market driven economies,
they must seize the initiative and establish a new economic system in the form of a
well-being economy that brings benefits to all. At the heart of the required political
decisions is the obligation to change lifestyles in a way that is relatively painless and
positively socially endorsed. Decisions on setting limits must be fair and balanced,
and governments cannot shy away from taking regulatory measures to limit the most
unsustainable practices. They must incentivise climate action domestically, with the
challenging task of engaging all sections of society and must also do so internationally
by stimulating the take up of equally ambitious measures elsewhere.
A climate leader will be someone who can embrace all these challenging tasks at
once and turn them into positive and coherent political action.

Turning Climate Protection into a Consensual Transformation

of Society

Changing mind sets and turning apathy into enthusiasm to act for the climate needs a
new narrative that speaks to both the mind and the heart. Unlike the immediate threat
from COVID-19 the climate crisis, though as real and ultimately more devastating,
seems less urgent. Taking inspiration from the European Commission proposal for a
Climate Pact, a massive, decade-long communication campaign has to be launched
without delay. The European Green Deal (EGD) summarises its proposed benefits as
cleaner air, water, soil and energy with more charging points for e-cars; reusable or
recyclable packaging and less waste; better public transport alternatives; renovated
homes, schools and hospitals; less pesticides and fertilisers; healthier food and more
environmentally-friendly products in our shops; and better health for current and
future generations. All these positive features need to be re-packaged into targeted
messages and their urgency and necessity emphasised by reference to the failure to
prevent the pandemic taking hold and its subsequent devastation, even though such
an event was recognised as probable.
Climate action ambassadors, selected from civil society for their reaching-out
potential, will have to explain, promote and enrich the simple and more substantial
Action Point Summaries 3

daily gestures that reduce carbon footprints. Social media should be the main vector
of diffusion of this Transition narrative. This communication campaign must be a
cross-party endeavour that is robust enough to deal with legitimate political challenge
as well as the propaganda of the climate change deniers. The core messages of the
campaign should inspire all to act positively for the climate. Turning fear or passivity
into enthusiasm should not be the exclusive responsibility of the ambassadors and
politicians. All business, organisations and indeed every stakeholder in society should
be encouraged to play their part.

Partnering with Civil Society and Citizens to Co-elaborate

and Co-implement Policies

All organisations of civil society (public and private organisations, non-governmental

organisations, religious organisations etc.) must be engaged in the collective
endeavour to salvage and restore Mother Earth. The ability to mobilise civil society
has already been clearly demonstrated in response to the pandemic. Citizens will do
more themselves if their voice really counts in supplementary democratic processes
between elections. Representative democracy must be complemented with delib-
erative approaches such as citizens’ assemblies in order to enlarge the scope of
popular perspectives, solutions and to co-design policies. Those governments intro-
ducing new life to the democratic processes will reap almost immediate results: more
endorsed policies, more effective reductions of carbon emissions and a reduced soci-
etal cost for the region or the country. More public deliberations are also a means
to prevent social polarisation which could limit the capacity of society to make a
unified stand for climate protection.

Developing Capacity to Deliver the Long-Term Vision

Precedence must be given to a long-term vision for a sustainable, pro-climate trans-

formation of society. This vision should prevail over the sectoral policies that may
emerge during the journey. Even if pressed by climate urgency, good climate gover-
nance means giving enough time to formulate and elaborate efficient policies that
recognise and resolve potential problems such as stranded assets, redundant workers
and neglected regions. The long-term vision should be backed by a wide political
consensus and even be enshrined into the primary law of countries. Citizens must
be encouraged, inspired and educated to give this long-term vision the required
importance when voting at elections. There will be natural links to be made with the
numerous supportive and remedial actions being taken in the postcorona world, and
these can be used to stimulate engagement by civil society.
4 1 A Transition Manifesto: 10 Action Points for Governments

Developing Integrated and Holistic Approaches Underpinning

the Long-Term Vision

Besides developing a long-term vision, governments have to develop the capacity to

optimise the climate response by activating a large range of sectoral policies. The
horizon of possible policy combinations and synergies can be expanded by creating
dialogues with citizens and representative organisations from the different sectors
involved. A closer science-policy relationship is needed to address the additional
complexity derived from elaborating integrated policy approaches. The scienceled
strategies used to tackle the COVID-19 outbreak have strengthened the place and
importance of evidence-based action. In accordance with action point 2, holistic
policy-making has to be properly communicated to all concerned to assure that the
complexity of the political proposal does not blur the clarity of the joint endeavour.

Mobilising the Business World

The corporate sector has a key role to play in partnership with government and civil
society and its response to the numerous challenges of the pandemic showed that
such a focus on the public good is possible. The time has come to work hand in hand
with the business sector to accelerate the climate efforts, moving away from incre-
mental change to transformational change. The most forward-looking companies
already know they do not have a secure future beyond 2050. Private organisations
have to apply to themselves the good governance principles of developing long term,
integrated pro-climate visions based on civil society deliberations and engagement.
This means going beyond an ambitious programme of corporate social responsibility
(CSR) and Responsible Business Conduct (RBC), by implementing a fundamental
change in business models and processes, notably via a special focus on Environ-
mental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors. In this way the private sector could
be one of the main winners from the substantial changes in the offer and demand
for climate friendly products and services. The main drivers here are the sustainable
economic models such as the circular economy, the sharing economy and the trans-
formation of a product-based economy to a service-based economy. People, not only
as citizens but specifically as employees, should be closely involved with the prepara-
tion and implementation of new climate-friendly business approaches. Governments
have to incentivise, through regulation, norms and sector-specific accompanying
measures, the internalisation of climate protection within corporate affairs. It is also
necessary that the extensive aid given to the corporate sector in response to COVID-
19 is linked to a new global social contract based on clear, measurable, corporate
standards of conduct.
Action Point Summaries 5

Financing the Transition

As the pandemic has shown, an existential crisis requires a lot of money to deal with it
and the good news is that this money exists. The creation of a European climate bank
may enable the financing of the transformation required by the Paris Agreement. It
has to be supported by EU governments and its creation has to be fast-tracked. The
private sector, financial investors, fundraising companies and charities have to be
incentivised through regulation to redirect their funds to climate protection. The new
EU taxonomy to qualify “green funds” and the recourse to environmental, social and
governance (ESG) factors should reduce greenwashing attempts and give an extra
boost to sustainable investment funds that are already steeply rising. Fund raising
and “climaction” campaigns should also serve to widely communicate the multiple
gains that a society can reap from caring for future generations.

Acting Effectively at the Local Level

The vital nature of local networks and community response will already have proved
themselves in the solidarity and effectiveness of the response to the covid public
health threat. Marshalling the whole of society behind the collective endeavour of
positive climate action can be best realised by engaging stakeholders at the local level,
where the reality of climate change impacts and the benefits of action can be directly
observed. To ensure effective action at the local level, climate governance must be
both multi-level and multi-stakeholder. The different governmental levels (central,
regional, local) have to create propitious conditions for local climate action to be
aligned with national plans. Governments and regions also have to support local
and sub-local multi-stakeholder networks bringing together communities, citizens
and civil society. They have to encourage the vanguard regions, cities and local
communities who go faster than central governments towards climate neutrality.

Paving the Way for a Reform of Economic Policies

Today’s economic system based on GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has to be replaced
by a new environmental and social macroeconomics. COVID-19 may possibly have
rewritten the rules but it has certainly made us ask what rules are the most important.
We have the opportunity to radically re-think the unsustainable and unequal global
growth model and replace it with an emphasis on well-being, sustainability and
equity. By providing a much wider picture of the state of development of countries,
the new macroeconomics will enable governments to take full account of the climate
threat in the design of the entire policy spectrum. To orient policies towards more
inclusive and qualitative prosperity, governments must dare to regulate the excesses
6 1 A Transition Manifesto: 10 Action Points for Governments

of the market, both supply and demand. Major corporations of all types have an
understandable tendency to equate their own interests with that of the common good
when this is not necessarily so. The business of the near future can only be legitimized
to function by the state when its objectives align with the values and requirements of
the society in which it operates. Economic policy reform must de-legitimise exces-
sive and unequal wealth accumulation through a wide range of taxation measures,
notably income tax progressivity Greater social and economic equity is the founda-
tion for greater collective climate action. At global level, particularly in the context
of international trade, travel and tourism, products and services must have their full
external environmental cost included, with additional and progressive disincentives
on carbon hungry activities.

Making Sustainable Consumption Mainstream and Popular

Helped by the large communication campaign under action 2 of the manifesto,

governments have to review their entire regulatory arsenal to give preference to the
consumption of products and services that are produced in a sustainable manner. To
prevent unsustainable consumption from continuing to proliferate, governments have
to set clear limits that dissuade this form of unethical and irresponsible consump-
tion and this will go hand-in-hand with the new attitudes needed in deal with the
outcome of the global pandemic. Governments have to move away from assuming
that efficiency gains deriving from product innovation will lower the overall energy
consumption without looking at the changes in the way people consume these prod-
ucts. The rebound effect must be addressed through renewed behavioural, legal and
economic instruments, and in particular through a fair energy taxation that does not
penalise low income households.

Endangered Climate—Endangered Humanity

Climate change must be seen as a truly global issue that weighs heavily on
every aspect of social life and whose pressure will not be reduced by current
approaches. The “act now or pay more later” refrain has been heard for years
but either we have not believed the science or we have decided to pass the bill
to future generations …
Every day, there is someone, somewhere, saying that climate change is going to be
the biggest challenge ever faced by humanity. Even when faced with other existential
challenges, the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) Patricia Espinosa warned when announcing the post-
ponement of the November 2020 climate change summit (COP26)1 in Glasgow:

1 Conference of the Parties.

Endangered Climate—Endangered Humanity 7

“COVID-19 is the most pressing threat to humanity today, but we must not forget
that climate change is the greatest threat in the long term”. Scientists, and in particular
the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), have been saying it ever more
loudly since 1988, the date of the creation of their grouping under the auspices of
the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and of the United Nations Environ-
mental Programme (UNEP).2 The First World Climate Conference was held even
earlier, in 1979, in Geneva with scientists from 50 nations. Even then it was agreed
that alarming climate change trends made it necessary to act urgently. Similar and
more worrying concerns have increasingly been outlined by the IPCC and other
groupings of scientists until the present, especially at the 1992 Rio Summit, and
through the 1997 Kyoto Protocol the 2015 Paris Agreement. Even if the calls for
action by scientists3 are not always unanimously shared, they all stress the same
messages: ambitious action is needed now, delay at your peril.
Although short-term reductions in pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic, only long-term systemic shifts will change
the trajectory of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. The trend is that
GHG emissions are still rapidly rising, as evidenced by the last UNEP Emission
Gap report4 which shows that, in the past decade they have risen by 1.5% a year on
average. The UNEP warns that “unless global GHG emissions fall by 7.6% each year
between 2020 and 2030, the world will miss the opportunity to get on track towards
the 1.5°C temperature goal of the Paris Agreement”. And, says the UN agency, among
the G20 nations, which account for 78% of all emissions, only 5 countries (including
the EU) have committed to a timeline for meeting net-zero emissions.
Current endeavours have to be increased, by an order of magnitude, to conserve
the habitability of our biosphere, as highlighted in the special 2018 IPCC report on
the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.5 Evidence is
accumulating that the consequences of climate change are already affecting and will
increasingly affect every nation and all peoples on our planet. No country, no person
will escape from its dramatic impact which will take different forms in different
parts of the globe. The last five years are on track to be the warmest on record.
Alarmingly, global temperatures are set to increase by at least 3 °C towards the end
of the century—twice what climate experts have warned is the limit to avoid the
most severe economic, social and environmental consequences. Polar ice caps are
melting and the sea is rising. Glaciers are shrinking whilst ice on rivers and lakes
is breaking up earlier. Plant and animal ranges have shifted and trees are flowering
sooner and are becoming more vulnerable to new kinds of disease. Biodiversity
as a whole is in decline with the ongoing sixth great extinction of planetary life.
Extreme weather events, alternating devastating droughts and increased rainfall are
becoming more common. The destruction of the structural pillars of our ecosystem

2 Historyof the IPCC https://www.ipcc.ch/about/history/. Accessed 28 May 2020.

3 Rippleet al. (2019).
4 UNEP, Emission Gap Report 2019, November 2019, p. 108.
5 IPCC report, Global warming of 1.5 °C, October 2018.
8 1 A Transition Manifesto: 10 Action Points for Governments

(Ice caps, rainforests, tundra and marine systems) is accelerating to a point of no-
return. Furthermore, our social cohesion, which is already under threat, is facing
new challenges. It is increasingly likely that in order to adapt to the consequences of
climate change, more and more people will attempt to migrate to safer and greener
pastures in the coming decades. The list of potential suffering is painfully long.
In addition, scientists point to two categorical messages—delay and impact.
Already in its fourth Assessment Report dating back to 2007, the IPCC said very
clearly that the costs of inaction are much greater than the costs of action. In other
words any delay will make matters worse and harder to resolve. The ticking of the
clock becomes louder and louder. Postponing only means paying much more finan-
cially and socially at a later stage. If a decrease in carbon emissions had begun with
COP15 in 2009,6 we would not have to reduce them by an extra 7.6% from 2019.7
And if nothing substantial is done by 2022, we will have to reduce carbon emissions
by 10% every year thereafter.
The second scientific warning concerns the intensity of the negative consequences
of climate change. New studies and investigations made by scientists always present
a more gloomy picture of climate change’s impacts compared to previous studies.8
The December 2019 report of the European Environment Agency (EEA) on the
‘State of the Environment’9 states that Europe faces environmental challenges of
unprecedented scale and urgency. Even though the report recognised that Europe has
made a positive start in tackling its own carbon emission, water pollution or plastic
waste, it will not achieve its sustainability vision of ‘living well within the limits of
the planet’ by continuing to promote economic growth and seeking to manage the
derived environmental and social impacts. A study published in May 2020 in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
(PNAS) review10 says that GHG emissions will threaten the life of a third of the world
population in the next 50 years. Around the Mediterranean, the average temperature,
typically 13 °C in 2020, could be as high as 20 °C in 2070.
In its 2020 Global Risks Report, the World Economic Forum (WEF), that is made
up of the world’s top corporate leaders, recognises that climate change is striking
harder and more rapidly than many expected. For the first time in the history of
the Global Risks Perception Survey, environmental concerns dominate the top long-
term risks by likelihood among members of the WEF’s multistakeholder community.
Three of the top five risks by impact are also environmental. “Failure of climate
change mitigation and adaption” is the number one risk by impact and number two

6 COP15 in Copenhagen was initially presented as the COP where bold decisions would be taken.
This only happened 6 years later at COP21 in Paris.
7 UNEP, Emissions Gap Report 2019, November 2019.
8 New climate models predict a warming surge: www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/new-climate-

models-predict-warming-surge. Accessed 28 May 2020.

9 EEA, The European environment—state and outlook 2020: knowledge for transition to a

sustainable Europe, 2019.

10 Xu et al. (2020).
Endangered Climate—Endangered Humanity 9

by likelihood over the next 10 years, according to our survey. The Forum’s multi-
stakeholder network rate “biodiversity loss” as the second most impactful and third
most likely risk for the next decade.
The bill for climate change rises daily. For some, the phrase ‘climate change’ no
longer seems appropriate to reflect the urgency of the challenge. Since May 2019,
the British daily newspaper, The Guardian, has been using ‘climate emergency’
instead, arguing that climate change is too neutral. This reflects the view that climate
change is the symptom of a more generalised malfunctioning of our ecosystem. Some
scientists11 believe that the core environmental problem is the excessive use of natural
resources—the overshoot. The non-governmental agencies (NGO) Global Footprint
Network (GFN)12 and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) measure the overshoot
via the environmental footprint of countries and calculate their overshoot day: the
date when a country, through production and consumption, has fully depleted its
own annual quota of environmental resources. Any overshoot day before the 31st
of December means that the country lives on credit at the expense of the planet by
trimming the capital of natural resources. Though their method of calculation cannot
be considered as 100% accurate in absolute terms, the way the overshoot day has
evolved in the last 20 years reveals a lot about our rapacious way of grabbing finite
environmental resources. The earth overshoot day has moved up the calendar by two
months over the past 20 years. In 2019, it was on 29 July, the earliest date ever. To
reach the end of 2019 it was necessary to consume 1.75 earths to satisfy humanity’s
needs in food, energy, housing, etc. Developed countries are consuming considerably
more resources than developing countries. The EU had its 2019 overshoot day on
10 May, 2.5 months before the world average.13 According to GFN, not a single EU
country is performing at a sustainable level. Moreover, developed countries absorb
large amounts of resources coming from other, less developed, countries.
Another sign of the global character of the environmental crisis has been provided
in 2000 by Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen, with co-author Eugene F. Stoermer,14
who have coined a new name for describing the current geological epoch, the Anthro-
pocene. They emphasised the noticeable global effects of human activities since the
first industrial revolution, confirming the central role of mankind in geology and
ecology.15 They proposed the latter part of the eighteenth century for the start of
Anthropocene, as it is the period when data retrieved from glacial ice cores show
the beginning of a growth in the atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse
gases, in particular CO2 and methane (CH4 ).
If climate change has historically been investigated in close relation to other
environmental issues, a more recent trend consists of bringing into the loop social,
economic and even political issues. The word Capitalocene has for example been

11 Heinberg (2017).
12 https://www.footprintnetwork.org/.Accessed 28 May 2020.
13 Global Footprint Network and World Wide Fund for Nature, ed. World Wide Fund for Nature,
April 2019EU overshoot day—living beyond nature’s limits.
14 International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), newsletter 41.
15 Steffen et al. (2011).
10 1 A Transition Manifesto: 10 Action Points for Governments

used as an alternative to Anthropocene to refers to the ravages of capitalism, not

only on climate change but on the whole of society.16 According to Jason W. Moore,
the global crises of the twenty-first century are rooted in the age of capital, and
not just in the age of man. Another, intensely political viewpoint has come from the
French researcher, Malcolm Ferdinand, who prefers to speak of Negrocene to connect
climate change with the (post) colonial question. Arguing that the exploitation of
nature has gone hand in hand with the exploitation of black people, he calls for a
decolonial ecology.17
These different interpretations are painting the problem of climate change on a
wider and more diverse canvass. They have the merit of informing governments
of the absolute need to address climate change from a comprehensive, inter-policy
perspective. Even if the link between climate change and the social security system
may seem tenuous at first, there is value in understanding how the two interact. It is
the same for health issues and COVID-19 has brought home to us in a dramatic and
catastrophic way the reality that the management of nature is closely linked with the
management of human health.
The lesson for governments is as clear as the warnings from science: forget
about locating climate change as a subset of the matters dealt with by an
Environment Minister—it must be a part of everyone’s portfolio.

Climate Protection in the Shadow of the COVID-19

Pandemic

The response to the COVID-19 pandemic has shown the importance of a cross-
cutting perspective and co-ordinated global action
The global health crisis engendered by the spread of the novel coronavirus,
COVID-19 has had an immediate, worldwide impact in almost every sphere of life.
Until March 2020, climate change was increasingly presented in the media as the
most worrying issue faced by humankind. At this point, it was replaced by the urgent
reality of a global pandemic. There was no debate about the need to respond urgently
and effectively in the face of the direct and immediate threat to human life—action
followed quickly. Within a few weeks, far-reaching decisions were taken and over
75% of the world’s population was under some form of a lockdown. Normal life
was suspended and this response rapidly created a dilemma. Would the devastating
economic consequences of putting modern economies into a coma create a vacuum
of climate ambition and action in the future? The debate continues and remains
unresolved but there are grounds for hope.
During the covid crisis, the climate has not been ignored. On the one hand,
a great reduction in industrial and urban pollution became noticeable across the
world when countries went into lockdown. At the same time, research showed that

16 Moore (2016).
17 Ferdinand (2019).
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