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Collection Highlights

The Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians 1 Surgery Gynecology

Obstetrics and Pediatrics 1st Edition Eugen Strouhal

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 21st Edition

Loscalzo

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twenty-First

Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2) Joseph Loscalzo

Demon Slayer Kimetsu No Yaiba Volume 14 Chapters 121 124

Koyoharu Got■ge
The Austrian and Bloomington Schools of Political Economy
1st Edition Paul Dragos Aligica

Droplets and Sprays Simple Models of Complex Processes 1st

Edition Sergei S. Sazhin

Mens Rea at the International Criminal Court 1st Edition

Geert-Jan Alexander Knoops

Supersymmetric Methods in Quantum and Statistical Physics

Enlarged and Revised Edition Priv. Doz. Dr. Georg Junker

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi and the Ends of the

Enlightenment Religion Philosophy and Reason at the Crux
of Modernity Alexander J. B. Hampton
Delectable Dishes for Two Recipes 1st Edition Rose Rivera
 Strouhal
Vachala
Vymazalova

Hana Vymazalova
 Ancient Egyptian medicine employed advanced
surgical practices, while the prevention and
treatment of diseases relied mostly on natural
remedies and magical incantations. Following
the successful first volume of Hie Medicine
ofthe Ancient Egyptians, which dealt with
surgical practices and the treatment of women
and children, this second volume explores a wide
7
range of internal medical problems that the

l Egyptian population suffered in antiquity, and

various methods of their treatment. These include
ailments of the respiratory, digestive, and
circulatory systems, chiefly heart diseases of various
types, coughs, stomachaches, constipation,
l' diarrhea, internal parasites, and many other

I
medical conditions.
Drawing on formulas and descriptions in
the Ebers papyrus and other surviving ancient
Egyptian medical papyri, as well as physical
evidence and wall depictions, the authors present
translations of the medical treatises together with
commentaries and interpretations in the light
.'I
of modern medical knowledge. Tire ancient texts
contain numerous recipes for the preparation of
various remedies, often herbal in the form of pills,
drinks, ointments, foods, or enemas. These reveal jf
I
a great deal about ancient Egyptian physicians and
their deep understanding of the healing properties'
of herbs and other medicinal substances.
Illustrated with thirty-five photographs and
line drawings, The Medicine ofthe Ancient
Egyptians: 2: Internal Medicine is highly
recommended reading for scholars of ancient
Egyptian medicine and magic, as well as for
paleopathologists, medical historians, and physical
anthropologists.
 5J
EUGEN STROUHAL (1931-2016) was a
I
physician, anthropologist, and archaeologist,
one of the founders of the field of paleopathology'.
From 1961 he collaborated with a number of
archaeological expeditions in Egypt. He was 1
the author of sixteen books and 350 articles.

BRETISLAV VACHALA (1952-2020) was an

Egyptologist and archaeologist at Charles .^avrsity,
Prague. From 1979 he participated in archa^feical
expeditions of the Czech Institute of Egyptology,
to Egypt.

HANA VYMAZALOVA studied Egyptology

and logic at Charles University, Prague. She
is a member of the Czech Institute of Egyptology
and since 2006 has participated in archaeological
expeditions to Egypt.

KS&fhii the same series:

Volume i Surgery, Gynecology', (fb.-^guix^, Pediatiks
Volume 3 Dentistry (forthcoming)

w
Front: The goddess Sekhmet, patron of physicians. Detail from
a pectoral ofTutankhamun (JE 61941, Egyptian Museum.
Cairo). Photograph by Sandro Vannini.
Back: A cattle herder with a swollen scrotum, a manifestation
that is usually attributed to schistosomiasis (Sixth Dy nasty. 1
ofMehu, Saqqara, © Oxford Expedition to Egypt)’

Jacket design studio medlikova

Printed in the United Kingdom

 THE
MEDICINE
OF THE
ANCIENT
EGYPTIANS

■■Ml
College de France - Egyptologle

2008637
 8° s-tK

THE
MEDICINE
OF THE
ANCIENT
EGYPTIANS
2: INTERNAL MEDICINE

Eugen Strouhal
Bretislav Vachala
Hana Vymazalova

The American University in Cairo Press

Cairo slew York
COLLEGE DE FRANCE
Cabinet d’Egyptolcgie
Inventairc B 32.^5, .......
—-------- - it-/
 Page ii: A bronze statue of Imhotep, a famous Egyptian sage and legendary physician, and the
architect of the earliest stone pyramid, of King Netjerikhet Djoser of the Third Dynasty, at Saqqara.
In later times Imhotep was deified and venerated as the patron of medicine. (Ptolemaic to Roman
Period, Egyptian Museum, Cairo UE 38048], photo © M. Zemima]

Publisher's note: As this book goes to press, some items from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo are
being moved to the new Grand Egyptian Museum and the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization.

First published in 2021 by

Ihe American University in Cairo Press
113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt
One Rockefeller Plaza, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10020
www.aucpress.com

Copyright O 2017, 2021 by Charles University, Faculty of Arts

Originally published as L^kaCstvf starych Egypt'anCi II. Vnitfnf Idkafstvi in 2017 by Academia, Prague

Translated by Sean Mark Miller

This English edition was supported by the Program for the Development of Fields of Study at Charles
University, no. Q11: Complexity and Resilience: Ancient Egyptian Civilisation in Multidisciplinary
and Multicultural Perspective.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Dar el Kutub No. 26216/19

ISBN 978 977 416 991 5

Darel Kutub Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Strouhal, Eugen
Hie Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians: Internal Medicine. / Eugen Strouhal, Bfetislav Vachala,
and Hana Vymazalova.—Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2021.
p. cm.
ISBN 978 977 416 991 5
1. Medicine - Egypt — Antiquities
610.932

1 2 34 5 2524232221

Designed by Sally Boylan

Printed in the United Kingdom
 1

CONTENTS

List of Illustrations vii

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi

1 The Ancient Egyptian Internal Medical Ward

(E. Strouhal) 1

2 Papyrus Scrolls of Egyptian "Internists” 7

Ancient Egyptian Texts on Internal Medicine (E. Strouhal) 7
Overview of the Ancient Egyptian Texts on Internal Medicine
(H. Vymazalova) 9

3 Translation of Internal Cases and Associated

Prescriptions 13
Ebers Papyrus (B. Vachala) 13
Papyri from Ramesseum (H. Vymazalova) 93
Edwin Smith Papyrus (H. Vymazalova) 96
Hearst Papyrus (H. Vymazalova) 96
Papyrus Louvre E4864 (H. Vymazalova) 116
Papyrus London BM 10059 (II. Vymazalova) 116
Papyrus Berlin 3038 (H. Vymazalova) 118
Chester Beatty Papyri (H. Vymazalova) 138
Papyrus Leiden 1 343 + I 345 (H. Vymazalova) 147
Cairo Ostraca from Deir el-Medina (H. Vymazalova) 149

V
4 Internal Diseases and Their Treatment 151
Ingredients of the Medical Preparations for Internal Problems
(H. Vymazalova) 154
Medical Examination (E. Strouhal) 168
General Magical Enchantments (H. Vymazalova) 170
Heart and Arteries (E. Strouhal) 178
Lungs and Chest (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 200
Stomach and Liver (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 211
Abdomen and Intestines (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 223
Rectum (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 248
Urinary Tract (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 263
Mucuses and Worms (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 272
The Head (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 287
Limbs (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 292
Stiffness and Contortion (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 307
Non-Arterial Blood Vessels (Veins) (E. Strouhal,
H. Vymazalova) 313
Pain (Unlocalized) and an Illness (Unspecified)
(E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 326

5 Conclusion (E. Strouhal, H. Vymazalova) 331

Brief Chronology of Ancient Egypt 335

Bibliography 339
Index 349

vi Contents
 ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Osiris, tomb of Queen Nefertari 2

2. Mummification, outer coffin of Khonsu 3
3. Canopic jars, tomb of Imakhetkheretresnet 4
4. Human eye hieroglyph, tomb of Ptahhotep 5
5. Beginning of the Ebers Papyrus 8
6. Garden with herbs, bushes, trees, and palms, tomb of Ineni 155
7. Weighing commodities, tomb of Rekhmire 157
8. The eye of Horus, tomb of Sennefer 158
9. Measuring cups from Naqada 159
10. Goatherd in an acacia grove, tomb of Nefer 160
11. Sycomore tree with ripe fruits, tomb of Userhat 163
12. The so-called botanical garden, Karnak 165
13. Slaughtering sacrificial animals, mastaba of Neferseshemptah 166
14. Preparation of beer, tomb ofTy 168
15. Statue of the scribe Ramessenakht with the god Thoth 172
16. Isis with die young Horus on her lap, Imhotep Museum, Saqqara 173
17. Geb and Nut supported by Shu and bearing solar barques 175
18. Mafdet in the form of a cat fighting the demon Apophis, tomb of
Nakhtamun 176
19. Hieroglyph of a heart, tomb of Mehu 179
20. The heart of a person evaluated on the scales before Osiris 190
21. Decoration of ripe grapes, tomb of Sennefer 196
22. The king receives life from Hathor, tomb of Amenhotep II 203
23. Milkers and herders caring for livestock, tomb of Kagemni 207
24. Figure with a swollen abdomen, tomb of Ankhmahor 217

vii
 25. The goddess Selket, tomb of Khaemwaset 225
26. Magic wand with Egyptian demons, British Museum, London 233
27. A bearer depicted as an obese man, tomb of Ankhmahor 239
28. The false door of Irenakhty Niankhpepy, Giza 249
29. Snakes, tomb of lufaa 278
30. Cattle herder with a swollen scrotum, tomb of Mehu 285
31. Herding cattle in the river, tomb of Ty 286
32. The hieroglyphic sign her, “face,” tomb of Queen Nefertari 288
33. End of an incantation on Papyrus Chester Beatty V,
British Museum, London 289
34. An elderly man with swollen stomach and sick leg,
tomb of Idut 298
35. Hippopotamuses and crocodile, tomb ofTy 313

viii Illustrations
 PREFACE

even years on, the reader has now received the second volume of the
three-part compendium The Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians, which
is devoted to internal medicine. The book contains commented transla­
tions of the relevant parts of ten ancient Egyptian medical papyri and ostraca,
which after several thousand years make it possible for today’s doctors and
interested public to approach various internal diseases of the ancient popula­
tions of the land on the Nile and the approaches of the physicians then, who,
without closer knowledge of the functions of the internal organs, treated the
apparent symptoms of the given diseases with the aid of empirically verified
and tested means and medicines. However, they also used magical means
(Pinch 2010, 133—46), when in their curative performances they, for instance,
pronounced various spells and recited formulas, which they certainly knew
from both written and oral traditions.
Nevertheless, it is necessary to keep in mind that only a fraction of medical
papyri have been preserved to now, which moreover are sometimes incom­
plete. Our knowledge of Egyptian medicine is thus necessarily quite limited.
In terms of the ancient Egyptian written sources, Egyptologists estimate that a
mere one one-hundred-thousandth of them has been preserved! The majority
of the written records succumbed in antiquity to natural decay or purposeful
destruction, culminating in 643 with the definitive ruin and burning of the
famous Great Library of Alexandria (el-Abbadi 1992, 145-79), which accord­
ing to testimony of the period could have contained as many as 700,000 papyrus
scrolls and parchments, among which there were certainly also medical papyri
represented. Their loss is irreplaceable, but there is still hope that with ongo­
ing archaeological research in Egypt not-yet-known material, monographic,

lx
 and written sources will be discovered, including medical texts or at least their
fragments.
We may add that the publication of the first volume of this compendium
aroused great interest among readers, so the Academia Publishing House
prepared a reprint. In the meantime, a slightly modified English version
was prepared, which was issued by the American University in Cairo Press
(Strouhal et al. 2014). The authors hope that the second volume will also attract
readers and arouse a similar response.
The publication ofthis book was, unfortunately, not shared by our co-author,
dear colleague, and friend, Professor Eugen Strouhal, who died in Prague on
October 20, 2016, at the age of 85. He was the foremost representative of the
fields of physical anthropology and paleopathology, and in him Czech and
world science lost one of its great personalities. Nevertheless, Eugen Strouhal
will continue to live in our memories and speak to us from the pages of his sci­
entific and popular books and articles. The third volume of The Medicine ofthe
Ancient Egyptians, currently being prepared, will also draw from his legacy.

Bretislav Vachala

x Preface
 1

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

he authors would like to express their thanks to their colleagues and

friends who helped in the preparation of this publication. First of all,
thanks go to the Czech Institute of Egyptology of the Faculty of Arts
of Charles University, which has supported the project Medicine ofthe Ancient
Egyptians in the long term and provided us with invaluable facilities.
For the kind provision of the photography for this volume, we thank
Sandro Vannini and Mohammed Megahed. A number of photographs and also
valuable advice on the depictions in the Saqqara tombs were kindly provided
by the Oxford Expedition in Egypt, and therefore great, cordial thanks go to
Yvonne Harpur and Paolo Scremin. It is also necessary to express thanks to
the Universitatsbibliothek Leipzig for consent to publish the photographs of
the Ebers Papyrus, and to the British Museum and Petrie Museum of Egyptian
Archaeology for loaning us the rights to print the photographs of the objects
from their collections. Thanks are also owed to the authors of the photographs
and drawings from the archives of the Czech Institute of Egyptology, espe­
cially Jolana Maltttkovd, Martin Frouz, and Kamil VodSra.
We thank our honored reviewers, Jana Mynarova and Alexandr IvaSkoviC,
for their stimulating comments. The publication of this book would not have
been possible without the cooperation of the American University in Cairo
Press; we are grateful particularly to Sally Boylan, Neil Hewison, Mary Ann
Marazzi, TElfwine Mischler, and Nadia Naqib for their invaluable work in pro­
cessing the manuscript and its conversion into book form.

Xi
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