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Priorities A Report For The National Science Foundation 1st Edition and Medicine Engineering National Academies of Sciences

The report discusses the importance of social, behavioral, and economic sciences (SBE) in addressing national priorities such as health, prosperity, and national defense. It concludes that SBE research enhances understanding of human behavior and contributes to the missions of various federal agencies and industries. The report also provides recommendations for the National Science Foundation to better integrate SBE research into its strategic planning.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
41 views170 pages

Priorities A Report For The National Science Foundation 1st Edition and Medicine Engineering National Academies of Sciences

The report discusses the importance of social, behavioral, and economic sciences (SBE) in addressing national priorities such as health, prosperity, and national defense. It concludes that SBE research enhances understanding of human behavior and contributes to the missions of various federal agencies and industries. The report also provides recommendations for the National Science Foundation to better integrate SBE research into its strategic planning.

Uploaded by

fmwjuzzt1952
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Value of
SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL,
and ECONOMIC SCIENCES
to National Priorities

A Report for
THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Committee on the Value of Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences


to National Priorities

Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

A Consensus Study Report of


THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by Contract No. 10002825 from the National Science
Foundation and the Sponsor Award No. SES-1560294. Any opinions, findings,
conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily
reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the
project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-45992-1


International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-45992-3
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/24790
Epub ISBN: 978-0-309-45995-2

Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National
Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800)
624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2017 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.


(2017). The Value of Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences to National
Priorities: A Report for the National Science Foundation. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/24790.
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by
an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private,
nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to
science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for
outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is
president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964


under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the
practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected
by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C.
D. Mote, Jr., is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of


Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health
issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished
contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of


Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent,
objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other
activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy
decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and
research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and
increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering,
and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering,


and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.
Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based
consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring
committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions,
and recommendations based on information gathered by the
committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been
subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it
represents the position of the National Academies on the statement
of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences,


Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and
discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by
the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in
proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by
other participants, the planning committee, or the National
Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National


Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwed
o.
COMMITTEE ON THE VALUE OF
SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND
ECONOMIC SCIENCES TO NATIONAL
PRIORITIES

ALAN I. LESHNER (NAM)* (Chair), American Association for the


Advancement of Science (emeritus), Washington, DC
JOHN S. CARROLL, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
IVY ESTABROOKE, Utah Science Technology and Research Agency,
Salt Lake City
RALPH M. GARRUTO (NAS)*, Department of Anthropology, State
University of New York, Binghamton
KATHLEEN MULLAN HARRIS (NAS)*, Department of Sociology,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
RON HASKINS, Economic Studies and Center on Children and
Families, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC
EDWARD H. KAPLAN (NAE/NAM)*, School of Management, Yale
University
RONALD D. LEE (NAS)*, Department of Economics, University of
California, Berkeley
ROBERT MOFFITT, Department of Economics, Johns Hopkins
University
DUNCAN WATTS, Microsoft Corporation, New York, New York
YANNIS C. YORTSOS (NAE)*, Viterbi School of Engineering,
University of Southern California

MELISSA WELCH-ROSS, Study Director


NATALIE NIELSEN, Senior Program Officer
HOLLY RHODES, Program Officer
DIXIE GORDON, Information Officer
__________________
* NAE, National Academy of Engineering; NAM, National Academy of Medicine;
NAS, National Academy of Sciences member.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The committee thanks the project sponsor, the National Science


Foundation (NSF), for its support. We particularly thank NSF staff
Suzanne Iacono for her efforts in launching this project, and Fay
Lomax Cook and Joan Ferrini-Mundy for providing information to the
committee both in a public session at the committee’s first meeting
and as requested during the study process.

At the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,


the committee is extremely grateful for the great leadership,
dedication, and competence of the project staff, most notably study
director Melissa Welch-Ross, program officer Holly Rhodes, and
senior program officer Natalie Nielsen. Their efforts were central to
accomplishing our mission. The committee also thanks Sara Frueh
and Eugenia Grohman for their helpful assistance with editing and
Dixie Gordon and Kelly Arrington for their able handling of
administrative matters and meeting logistics.

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by


individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical
expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide
candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies
of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published
report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the
institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and
responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft
manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the
deliberative process.
The committee thanks the following individuals for their review of
this report:

Allison Astorino-Courtois, Chief Analytics Officer and Executive Vice


President, NSI, Inc., Lakeway, TX; May R. Berenbaum (NAS)*,
Swanlund Professor of Entomology, Department of Entomology,
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign; Sandra H. Berry, Senior
Behavioral Scientist, Senior Director Survey Research Group, and
Chair, Human Subjects Protection Committee, RAND Corporation;
Brandon L. Garrett, Justice Thurgood Marshall Distinguished
Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law; Jim Geringer,
former Wyoming Governor, Director, Esri, Cheyenne, WY; Jon M.
Kleinberg (NAS/NAE)*, Tisch University Professor, Department of
Computer Science, Cornell University; Richard G. Kronick (NAM)*,
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of
Medicine, University of California, San Diego; Bernice A. Pescosolido,
Distinguished Professor, Department of Sociology, Indiana University;
James M. Poterba (NAS)*, Mitsui Professor of Economics,
Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
Richard J. Shavelson, Margaret Jacks Professor of Education and I.
James Quillen Dean (emeritus), Stanford University; Jonathan S.
Skinner (NAM)*, Department of Economics, Dartmouth College;
Harold R. Varian, Chief Economist, Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA;
and David H. Wegman, Professor (emeritus), Department of Work
Environment, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, and Adjunct
Professor, Harvard School of Public Health.

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive


comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the
conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the
final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen
by Charles E. Phelps (NAM)*, University Professor and Provost
(emeritus), University of Rochester, and Paul R. Gray (NAE)*,
Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost (emeritus), University of
California, Berkeley. They were responsible for making certain that
an independent examination of this report was carried out in
accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that
all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the
final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the
National Academies.

Alan I. Leshner, Chair


Committee on the Value of Social,
Behavioral, and Economic Sciences to National Priorities

__________________
* NAE, National Academy of Engineering; NAM, National Academy of Medicine;
NAS, National Academy of Sciences member.
CONTENTS

Executive Summary

The Task

Why Support Research in the Social, Behavioral, and Economic


Sciences?
The Core Mission of NSF

Do the SBE Sciences Advance NSF’s Mission? Health

The Effect of Social Relationships on Health


Disparities in Health and Mortality

Do the SBE Sciences Advance NSF’s Mission? Prosperity and


Welfare

New Ways to Encourage Individuals to Save More for Retirement


Eyewitness Testimony and the U.S. Court System
Bilingualism and Language Development
Willpower and Delay of Gratification

Do the SBE Sciences Advance NSF’s Mission? National


Defense

Terrorism and Counterterrorism


Forecasting Political Instability
Social Network Analysis for the Military and National Intelligence
Do the SBE Sciences Advance NSF’s Mission? Advancing
Progress in Science with Innovative Theories, Methods, and
Tools

Groundbreaking Theories of Human Behavior


Understanding How People and Their Circumstances Change
Over Time
Simulations, Modeling, and Forecasting
New Methods of Collecting and Analyzing Data

Do the SBE Sciences Advance the Missions of Other Federal


Agencies?

Auctioning Off Radio Frequencies


Moving from Welfare to Work
Improving National Security, Intelligence, and Counterterrorism
Containing Ebola

Do the SBE Sciences Advance the Work of Industry and


Business?

Developing Internet Search Engines


Improving Safety in the Airline Industry and in Other Settings
Using the Altitudes of the World Population to Inform Product
Development and Marketing

Preparing for the Future

A Systematic and Transparent Planning Process


Attention to Trends in Science
Support for Training
Communication of Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research

A Final Word

Notes
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Nearly every major challenge the United States faces—from


alleviating unemployment to protecting itself from terrorism—
requires understanding the causes and consequences of people’s
behavior. Even societal challenges that at first glance appear to be
issues only of medicine or engineering or computer science have
social and behavioral components. Having a fundamental
understanding of how people and societies behave, why they
respond the way they do, what they find important, what they
believe or value, and what and how they think about others is critical
for the country’s well-being in today’s shrinking global world. The
diverse sciences of the social, behavioral, and economic (SBE)
sciences—anthropology, archaeology, demography, economics,
geography, linguistics, neuroscience, political science, psychology,
sociology, and statistics—all produce fundamental knowledge,
methods, and tools that provide a greater understanding of people
and how they live.

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine


appointed an expert committee to determine whether the federal
government should fund SBE research at the National Science
Foundation (NSF), and, specifically, whether SBE research furthers
the mission of NSF to advance national priorities in the areas of
health, prosperity and welfare, national defense, and progress in
science; advance the missions of other federal agencies; and
advance business and industry, and to provide examples of such
research. The committee was also asked to identify priorities for NSF
investment in the SBE sciences from past National Academies
reports, if any, and important considerations for NSF for strategic
planning.

The committee drew three conclusions based on a review of


previous National Academies reports and other research and
information from NSF regarding the agency’s process for establishing
priorities.

CONCLUSION 1 Overall, the social, behavioral, and economic


sciences produce a better understanding of the human aspects of
the natural world, contributing knowledge, methods, and tools that
further the mission of the National Science Foundation to advance
health, prosperity and welfare, national defense, and progress in
science.

CONCLUSION 2 The understanding, tools, and methods provided


by the social, behavioral, and economic sciences—including research
supported by the National Science Foundation—provide an essential
foundation that helps other agencies achieve their missions.

CONCLUSION 3 The social, behavioral, and economic sciences


have provided advances in understanding and tools and methods
that have been applicable to business and industry and that
enhanced the U.S. economy.

Each of these conclusions is supported by examples of SBE research,


many of which have been supported by NSF.

Although it is commendable that NSF consults with advisory groups


and with the broader SBE scientific community to identify needs and
opportunities in the SBE sciences, in the absence of a strategic plan
it is unclear how these inputs are combined and integrated in the
agency’s SBE priorities. The committee offers four recommendations
to better enable SBE research to meet the nation’s priorities and
challenges.
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