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Highway Planning,
Survey, and Design
Solved Practical Problems in Transportation Engineering
Volume I: Traffc and Pavement Engineering
Volume II: Highway Planning, Survey, and Design
 Highway Planning,
Survey, and Design

Ghazi G. Al-Khateeb
University of Sharjah, UAE and Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

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 This book is dedicated to my parents;
to the soul of my mother, and
my father, Gaseem;
to my beloved family;
my wife, Nuha; my sons, Khalid, Amr, and Ayham; and my daughter, Dana;
to
my sisters, Shareefah and Suhad;
and my brothers, Ja’fer, Mohammed, Faisal, Hashem, and Tareq;
and to
all my teachers, supervisors, colleagues, friends, and students
in every place I studied, taught, or researched …
Without the science, knowledge, support, and encouragement I received
over the years and the tremendous time and persistence devoted
in writing this book, this huge work would not be possible
Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Author’s Bio ......................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... xiii

PART I Urban Transportation Planning

Chapter 1 Terminology .................................................................................................................3

Chapter 2 Travel Demand Forecasting .........................................................................................5

Trip Generation ............................................................................................................5
Trip Distribution......................................................................................................... 37
Transport Mode Choice.............................................................................................. 73
Traffc Assignment ................................................................................................... 109

Multiple- Choice Questions and Answers for Chapter 1.......................................... 145

PART II Highway Survey

Chapter 3 Terminology ............................................................................................................. 153

Chapter 4 Errors........................................................................................................................ 155

Chapter 5 Leveling.................................................................................................................... 215

Chapter 6 Angle Measurement and Traverse............................................................................ 255

Chapter 7 Areas, Earthwork Volumes, and Mass Haul Diagrams ........................................... 293

Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers for Chapter 3 .......................................... 351

PART III Geometric Design of Highways

Chapter 8 Introduction and Standards ...................................................................................... 361

Chapter 9 Highway Design Criteria.......................................................................................... 363

vii
viii Contents

Chapter 10 Design of Vertical Curves ........................................................................................ 371

Chapter 11 Design of Horizontal Curves and Superelevation .................................................... 433

Chapter 12 Design of Other Facilities ........................................................................................ 479

Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers for Chapter 8 .......................................... 505

References ..................................................................................................................................... 513

Index.............................................................................................................................................. 515
Preface
This book, comprising of two volumes and encompassing a total of fve parts, is the outcome of a
great deal of effort and time spent over the years in studying and teaching at outstanding academic
institutes like Jordan University of Science and Technology, Applied Science University, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the American University of Sharjah, and the University of Sharjah,
and in conducting advanced scientifc research at some of the highly recognized research centers
worldwide like the Advanced Transportation Research and Engineering Laboratory (ATREL) at
the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign, the Federal Highway Administration’s Turner-
Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC), advanced research labs at Jordan University of
Science and Technology and the Advanced Pavement Research Lab at the University of Sharjah.
The book implements a unique kind of approach and categorizes transportation engineering
topics into fve major key areas, as shown below:

• Volume I: Traffc and Pavement Engineering

• Part I “Traffc Engineering” deals with the functional part of transportation systems
and introduces engineering techniques, practices, and models that are applied to design
traffc systems, control traffc fow and movement, and construct proper roads and
highways to achieve safe and effcient movement of people and traffc on roadways.
• Part II “Pavement Materials, Analysis, and Design” deals with both the structural and
functional parts of transportation facilities and introduces engineering techniques and
principles of the uses of high-quality and sustainable materials that are employed to
design, maintain, and construct asphalt-surfaced road pavements and concrete rigid
pavements. The ultimate goal of pavement engineering is to provide a pavement struc-
ture that is safe, durable, sustainable, and capable of carrying the predicted traffc
loads under prevailing climatic conditions. Proper structural design of pavements is
one that takes into consideration the mechanistic analysis of pavements for stresses and
strains that can predict the performance of the pavement with time. This section fulflls
this goal by presenting the subject in a unique manner.

• Volume II: Highway Planning, Survey, and Design

• Part I “Urban Transportation Planning” presents a process that involves a multi-modal
approach and comprehensive planning steps and models to design and evaluate a vari-
ety of alternatives for transportation systems and facilities, predict travel demand and
future needs, and manage the facilities and services for the different modes of trans-
portation to fnally achieve a safe, effcient, and sustainable system for the movement
of people and goods.
• Part II “Highway Survey” presents the basic concepts and standard procedures neces-
sary to make precise and accurate distance, angle, and level measurements for highway
alignment, cross-sections, and earth quantities used in the design of highways.
• Part III “Geometric Design of Highways” deals with engineering design techniques,
standards, and models that control the three main elements of highway geometric
design: horizontal and vertical alignments, profle, and cross-section to achieve the
primary objectives of geometric design: safety, effciency, and sustainability.

The book is designed to beneft students in engineering programs at academic institutes where
courses in pavement engineering, highway engineering, transportation engineering, traffc engi-
neering, urban transportation planning, and survey are offered. The book is intended to be used as

ix
x Preface

a state-of-the-art textbook for engineering students at the undergraduate and graduate level as well
as professionals and technologists in the civil engineering feld.
The main goals of this book are:

(1) To serve as a textbook in traffc and pavement engineering as well as highway and trans-
portation engineering at the undergraduate level.
(2) To serve as a reference book in advanced courses or special topics that deal with contem-
porary subjects at the graduate level.
(3) To serve as a reliable professional reference for academic professors, practitioners, profes-
sional engineers, professional/licenser exams, site engineers, researchers, lab managers,
quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) engineers, and technologists in the feld of civil
engineering.

The distinctiveness of this book emanates from the plentiful number of problems on each topic
and the broad range of ideas and practical problems that are included in all areas of the book.
Furthermore, the problems cover theory, concept, practice, and application. The solution of each
problem in the book follows a step-by-step procedure that includes the theory and the derivation of
the formulas, in some cases, and the computations. Besides this, almost all problems in the fve parts
of the book include detailed calculations that are solved using MS Excel worksheets where math-
ematical, trigonometric, statistical, and logical formulas are used by inserting the correct function
in the worksheet to perform the computations more rapidly and effciently. The MS Excel Solver
tool is at times used for solving complex equations in several problems in the book. Additionally,
numerical methods, linear algebraic methods, and least squares regression techniques are utilized
in some problems to assist in solving the problem and make the solution much easier. The advantage
of these MS Excel worksheets and computations is that each one can be used to solve other practi-
cal problems with similar type of inputs by just changing the input values to obtain the outputs or
the results. The book is supplemented by a CD that includes all the MS Excel worksheets for the
computational problems of the book.
In summary, the book is designed to be informative and flled with an abundance of solutions
to problems in the engineering science of transportation. It is hoped that this book will enrich the
knowledge and science in transportation engineering, thereby elevating the civil engineering profes-
sion in general and the transportation engineering practice in particular, as well as advancing the
transportation engineering feld to the best levels possible. It is also hoped that the targeted domain,
including students, academic professors, and professionals, will beneft considerably from this book.
Author’s Bio
Dr. Ghazi G. Al-Khateeb received a Bachelor of Science
(B.S.) and Master of Science (M.S.) in Civil Engineering/
Transportation from Jordan University of Science and
Technology (JUST) in 1991 and 1994, respectively,
and the doctoral (Ph.D.) degree in Civil Engineering/
Transportation from the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, USA, in 2001.
Dr. Al-Khateeb is currently a professor at the
University of Sharjah (UOS) in the United Arab Emirates
(September 1, 2015 to present). He also served as a vis-
iting professor at the American University of Sharjah,
UAE (September 1, 2014 to August 31, 2015). He is
currently on leave from Jordan University of Science
and Technology. He has been on the academic staff
of JUST since September of 2006. During his work at
JUST, Dr. Al-Khateeb held the position of Vice Dean
of Engineering for two years (September 2012 to September 2014) and the Vice Director for the
Consultative Center for Science and Technology (September 2009 to September 2010).
Previously he worked as a senior research scientist at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research
Center (TFHRC) of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in Virginia, USA, for six years
(November 2000 to September 2006). Dr. Khateeb’s research is in the area of pavement and trans-
portation engineering. He has published more than 90 papers in international scientifc refereed
journals and conferences as well as book chapters. Dr. Al-Khateeb teaches undergraduate as well
as graduate courses in civil engineering, transportation engineering, and pavement engineering, and
has supervised many senior design projects for undergraduate students and thesis work for graduate
students.
Dr. Al-Khateeb served as a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the
Association of Asphalt Paving Technologies (AAPT), Jordan Engineers Association (JEA), Jordan
Society for Scientifc Research (JSSR), and Jordan Road Accidents Prevention (JRAP).
Dr. Al-Khateeb is listed in Who’s Who in Engineering Academia. In addition, he serves as an
editorial / advisory board member for several international journals and publishers such as the
Materials Analysis and Characterization at Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Science Progress in
the Materials Science and Engineering Section with Sage Publishing, the International Journal of
Recent Development in Civil and Environmental Engineering. He also served as a lead guest editor
for a special issue on “Innovative Materials, New Design Methods, and Advanced Characterization
Techniques for Sustainable Asphalt Pavements,” for the International Journal of Advances in
Materials Science and Engineering. In addition, he is an active reviewer for more than twenty inter-
national indexed and refereed scientifc journals.
Dr. Al-Khateeb has been the principal investigator and co-investigator for many funded research
projects in his feld. He has also received several honor awards for his study, teaching, and research
accomplishments during his career.
Dr. Al-Khateeb has served on several technical national and international committees such as
the Technical Committee for the Road Master Plan of Jordan, the Asphalt and Roads Technical
Committee and Superpave Technical Committee for the Jordan’s Ministry of Public Works and
Housing, and the Technical Traffc Committee for Irbid City. At the universities where he worked, he
has served on many technical committees at the university level, college level, and department level.

xi
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to the publisher of this book, Taylor & Francis Group/CRC Press, particularly to
Joseph Clements, senior publisher; Lisa Wilford, editorial assistant; Joette Lynch, production editor;
and Bryan Moloney, project manager at Deanta Global, for their support and help.

xiii
Part I
Urban Transportation Planning
 1 Terminology

Chapter 1 of the book consists of questions that cover the terminology and concepts related to urban
transportation planning. Knowledge of the four-step travel demand forecasting process is essential.
Before that, an understanding of the terminology and concepts of urban transportation planning is
also necessary. The terminology involves factors affecting travel demand and the main steps in the
travel demand forecasting process, including population and economic analysis, land use analysis,
trip generation, trip distribution, transport mode choice, and traffc assignment. Therefore, the ques-
tions presented in this chapter offer a review of the basic terminology and concepts used in urban
transportation planning. The questions are in a multiple-choice format and the answers are available
at the end of Part I.

3
 2 Travel Demand Forecasting

Chapter 2 includes practical problems related to trip generation, the frst process in travel demand
forecasting. Travel demand forecasting is considered the main element in urban transportation plan-
ning. It aims to describe the travel decisions of trip makers, including the necessity to make the trip,
the destination of the trip, the mode of transportation to use, and the route that should be taken.
There are several factors that affect travel demand; these factors include the location and intensity
of land use, the socioeconomic characteristics of people living in the area, the extent, cost, and
quality of available transportation services, and the purpose of the trip. Trip generation is the frst
step of the travel demand forecasting process. Trip generation is the process of determining the
number of trips that will begin or end in each traffc analysis zone (TAZ) within a study area. Trips
are either produced by a traffc zone or attracted to a traffc zone. They are called trip ends. Trip
generation, in general, has two functions: (1) to develop a relationship between trip end production
or attraction and land use, and (2) to use the relationship to estimate the number of trips generated
in the future under new land-use conditions. The number of productions, attractions, origins, and
destinations will be determined for traffc zones. Three major methods are used in trip generation:
(1) the cross-classifcation method, (2) rates based on an activity units-model, and (3) the regression
models. Combinations of the above models are also used. In addition, the trip generation models
are classifed into two types: (1) household-based (disaggregate) models, and (2) zonal-based (aggre-
gate) models. The factors that impact which model to use include the accuracy and preference of
the model, the reliability of the model, the availability of the data, and the availability of computer
tools and software.

TRIP GENERATION
2.1 Residential zone A, shown in Figure 2.1, has 400 trips coming in and 600 trips going
out.

400 trips
600 trips

Residential Zone A

FIGURE 2.1 Residential zone A for Problem 2.1.

Determine the following:

(1) The number of productions for zone A.
(2) The number of attractions for zone A.
(3) The number of trip ends for zone A.
(4) The number of origins for zone A.
(5) The number of destinations for zone A.

5
6 Highway Planning, Survey, and Design

Solution:
(1) The number of productions is equal to the total number of trips. In other words, it is
equal to:

No. of Productions = Trips In + Trips Out (2.1)

No. of Productions = 400 + 600 = 1000

(2) The number of attractions for residentials zones is determined as below:

No. of Attractions = 0

(3) The number of trip ends is determined using the following formula:

No. of Trip Ends = No. of Productions + No. of Attractions (2.2)

No. of Trip Ends = 1000 + 0 = 1000

(4) The number of origins is determined, as shown below:

No. of Origins = No. of Trips Going Out (2.3)

No. of Origins = 600

(5) The number of destinations is determined using the formula below:

No. of Destinations = No. of Trips Coming In (2.4)

No. of Destinations = 400

2.2 Business zone B, shown in Figure 2.2, has 400 trips coming in and 600 trips going out.

700 trips 500 trips

Business Zone B

FIGURE 2.2 Business zone B for Problem 2.2.

Travel Demand Forecasting 7

Determine the following:

(1) The number of productions for zone B.
(2) The number of attractions for zone B.
(3) The number of trip ends for zone B.
(4) The number of origins for zone B.
(5) The number of destinations for zone B.
Solution:
(1)The number of productions for business zones is determined as below:

No. of Productions = 0

(2) The number of attractions for business zones is determined as below:

No. of Attractions = Trips In + Trip Out (2.5)

No. of Attractions = 700 + 500 = 1200

(3) The number of trip ends is determined using the following formula:

No. of Trip Ends = No. of Productions + No. of Attractions

No. of Trip Ends = 0 +1200 = 1200

(4) The number of origins is determined, as shown below:

No. of Origins = No. of Trips Going Out

No. of Origins = 500

(5) The number of destinations is determined using the formula below:

No. of Destinations = No. of Trips Coming In

No. of Destinations = 700

8 Highway Planning, Survey, and Design

2.3 Given the zone below with the data for each household (HH), determine the average
daily trips per HH (Figure 2.3).

3 daily trips

4 daily trips

2 daily trips

FIGURE 2.3 Zone with household data for Problem 2.3.

Solution:
The average daily trips per household (HH) is determined, as shown below:

å TH
n
i i
DTavg = i=1
(2.6)
å H
n
i
i=1

Where:
DTavg = the average daily trips per household (HH) in the zone
Ti = number of daily trips per HH for subzonei
Hi = number of households (HH) in subzonei

DTavg =
( 3 ´ 4 ) + ( 4 ´ 4 ) + ( 2 ´ 4 ) = 3 daily trips
4+4+4

2.4 A travel demand survey generates the data shown in Table 2.1. To obtain this data, 25
households (HH) are interviewed. The survey data includes the number of trips pro-
duced per HH and the annual HH income (in US dollars) as well as the number of cars
owned by HH. Based on the data given, develop the relationships and summary tables
for this survey data using the cross-classifcation model (technique).

TABLE 2.1
Household-Based Travel Demand Survey Data for Problem 2.4
HH No. Trips/HH HH Income ($) Cars/HH
1 4 22,000 0
2 2 11,000 0
3 3 15,000 0
4 5 30,000 1
5 8 45,000 1
6 10 62,000 2
7 12 70,000 2
8 14 80,000 3
9 8 48,000 1

(Continued)
Travel Demand Forecasting 9

TABLE 2.1 (CONTINUED)

Household-Based Travel Demand Survey Data for Problem 2.4
HH No. Trips/HH HH Income ($) Cars/HH
10 10 60,000 2
11 15 85,000 3
12 16 86,000 4
13 14 78,000 3
14 6 32,000 1
15 6 30,000 1
16 5 28,000 1
17 4 20,000 0
18 2 12,000 0
19 2 14,000 0
20 4 22,000 0
21 4 21,000 0
22 6 28,000 1
23 7 40,000 2
24 9 50,000 2
25 10 58,000 3

Solution:
Different classes of household income are established. The number of households in each
income category and car ownership is determined, as shown in Tables 2.2 and 2.3.

TABLE 2.2
Number of HHs per Income Category and Car Ownership for Problem 2.4
Number of HHs Car
Ownership
HH Median Income
HH Income (1000 $) (1000 $) 0 1 2 ≥3 Total
0–<20 10 4 0 0 0 4
20–<30 25 4 2 0 0 6
30–<40 35 0 3 0 0 3
40–<50 45 0 2 1 0 3
50–<60 55 0 0 1 1 2
60–<90 75 0 0 4 3 7
Total 8 7 6 4 25
10 Highway Planning, Survey, and Design

The percentage of households per income category is determined for each car owner-
ship, as summarized in Table 2.3.

TABLE 2.3
Percentage of HHs per Income Category for Each Car Ownership for Problem 2.4
% of HHs per Income
Category Car Ownership
HH Income HH Median Income
(1000 $) (1000 $) 0 1 2 ≥3 % of HHs
0–<20 10 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.0
20–<30 25 50.0 28.6 0.0 0.0 24.0
30–<40 35 0.0 42.9 0.0 0.0 12.0
40–<50 45 0.0 28.6 16.7 0.0 12.0
50–<60 55 0.0 0.0 16.7 25.0 8.0
60–<90 75 0.0 0.0 66.7 75.0 28.0
Total 100.0 100 100 100 100.0

In addition, the percentage of households per car ownership is determined for each
income category, as summarized in Table 2.4.

TABLE 2.4
Percentage of HHs per Car Ownership in Each Income Category for Problem 2.4
% of HHs per Car Ownership
Car Ownership
HH Income HH Median Income
(1000 $) (1000 $) 0 1 2 ≥3 Total
0–<20 10 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
20–<30 25 66.7 33.3 0.0 0.0 100.0
30–<40 35 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
40–<50 45 0.0 66.7 33.3 0.0 100.0
50–<60 55 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 100.0
60–<90 75 0.0 0.0 57.1 42.9 100.0

The percentage of households per income category for each car ownership is plotted
against the household median income, as shown in Figure 2.4.

100.0
0 Car
90.0
1 Car
80.0
2 Car
70.0
3+ Car
60.0
% of HHs

50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Mean HH Income (1000$)

FIGURE 2.4 Percentage of households per income category and car ownership for Problem 2.4.
Travel Demand Forecasting 11

This fgure provides a lot of information, including:

(1) For a 0-car ownership, the percentage of HHs starts high and then decreases sharply
with an increase in income. This is rational as households with higher income tend to
have more cars.
(2) For a 1-car ownership, the percentage of HHs increases up to a peak value and then
starts to decrease at the medium-income range to the high-income range. Again, this
is logical since medium- and high-income households tend to have more than one car.
(3) For a 2-car ownership, the percentage of HHs increases all the way, starting from
medium-income range to high-income range. This is realistic as medium-income
households typically own two cars or more. The increase in the percentage of the
HHs along with an increase in income is very logical.
(4) For a 3+-car ownership, a similar trend to that of a 2-car ownership is obtained.
However, the starting point of the increase occurs at a higher income range because
households of higher income tend to own three or more cars.

To analyze the number of trips produced per household, per each income category
and car ownership, the average number of trips per household is determined based on
the household income category and car ownership, as shown in Table 2.5.

TABLE 2.5
Average Number of Trips per HH based on Income Category and Car Ownership
for Problem 2.4
Average Number of Trips/HH
Car Ownership
HH Income HH Median Income
(1000 $) (1000 $) 0 1 2 ≥3 Average Trips/HH
0–<20 10 2.3 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.3
20–<30 25 4.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 9.5
30–<40 35 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.0 5.7
40–<50 45 0.0 6.3 7.0 0.0 15.0
50–<60 55 0.0 9.5 9.0 10.0 19.0
60–<90 75 0.0 13.0 10.7 14.8 25.4
12 Highway Planning, Survey, and Design

Four curves for the 4-car ownership classes are plotted between the household
median income and the average number of trips per household, as shown in Figure 2.5.

16
0 Car
14
1 Car
12 2 Car
Average Trips/HH

10 3+ Car
8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Mean HH Income (1000$)

FIGURE 2.5 Average number of trips/HH versus income for Problem 2.4.

According to this fgure, the relationship between the average number of trips gener-
ated per household is directly proportional to the household income. The four curves of
the 4-car ownership categories (0, 1, 2, and 3+ cars) provide a similar trend. However,
the starting and end points for the curves are different because the car ownership is also
based on the household income range. Using these relationships, the number of trips
generated per household can be determined using the annual household income.

2.5 Using the two fgures obtained in Problem 2.4 above to determine the total number of
trips generated in a zone having 150 houses and average annual income of $40,000 if
the characteristics predicted in Problem 2.4 applies for this problem.
Solution:
Table 2.6 summarizes the percentage of households in each HH income category.

TABLE 2.6
Percentage of HHs in Each Income
Category for Problem 2.5
HH Income (1000 $) % of HHs
0–<20 16.0
20–<30 24.0
30–<40 12.0
40–<50 12.0
50–<60 8.0
60–<90 28.0
Total 100.0

Based on Table 2.6, the percentage of households with a HH income of $40,000 is

equal to 12%. Considering car ownership and this income, 66.7% of the households in
Travel Demand Forecasting 13

the income category of ($40,000–<$50,000) have one car and 33.3% of the households
have two cars based on the results of Table 2.7 obtained from the data in Problem 2.4.

TABLE 2.7
Percentage of HHs per Car Ownership in Each Income
Category for Problem 2.5
% of HHs per Car Ownership
Car Ownership
HH Income (1000 $) 0 1 2 ≥3
0–<20 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
20–<30 66.7 33.3 0.0 0.0
30–<40 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
40–<50 0.0 66.7 33.3 0.0
50–<60 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0
60–<90 0.0 0.0 57.1 42.9

The average number of trips generated for each HH income category is shown in
Table 2.8. In addition, the average number of trips in each income category is also deter-
mined per car ownership, as shown in Table 2.9.

TABLE 2.8
Average Number of Generated Trips in Each
HH Income Category for Problem 2.5
HH Income (1000 $) Average Trips/HH
0–<20 2.3
20–<30 4.5
30–<40 5.7
40–<50 7.7
50–<60 9.5
60–<90 13.0

TABLE 2.9
Average Number of Generated Trips per Car Ownership
in Each Income Category for Problem 2.5
Average Number of Trips/HH
Car Ownership
HH Income (1000 $) 0 1 2 ≥3
0–<20 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
20–<30 4.0 5.5 0.0 0.0
30–<40 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.0
40–<50 0.0 8.0 7.0 0.0
50–<60 0.0 0.0 9.0 10.0
60–<90 0.0 0.0 10.7 14.8
14 Highway Planning, Survey, and Design

Using the above data, the following computations can be performed:

No. of HHs = 0.12 ´150 = 18 households

66.7% of the 18 households have one car, hence:

No. of HHs with 1 car = 0.667´18 = 12 households

And 33.3% of the 18 households have two cars, therefore:

No. of HHs with 2 cars = 0.333´18 = 6 households

Based on the given income, 7.7 trips per HH is generated (eight trips for 1-car ownership
and seven trips for 2-car ownership). Therefore, the total number of trips generated for
this zone is equal to:

No. of Trips Generated = 18´ 7.7 = 138.6 trips

Among the total number of trips generated for this zone, eight trips per HH were gener-
ated for 1-car ownership and seven trips per HH were generated for 2-car ownership.
Consequently:

No. of Trips Generated = 12 ´ 8 = 96 trips for households with 1 car

No. of Trips Generated = 6 ´ 7 = 42 trips for households with 2 cars

In general, the following formula can be used to determine the number of trips based on
income level and car ownership:

n m

PT = åå ( HH )( H ) ( HI ) (T )
i=1 j =1
i ij ij (2.7)

Where:
PT = total number of trips generated in the zone
HH = number of the households in the zone
Hi = percentage of households in income level i
HIij = percentage of households with car ownership j in income level i
Tij = number of daily trips per HH at income level i and car ownership j

In the above case, n = 6 (the income levels), and m = 4 (0, 1, 2, 3+ cars). To determine the
total number of trips generated in the zone, the formula is used as described below:
⇒
6 4

PT = åå ( HH )( H ) ( HI ) (T )
i=1 j =1
i j ij

PT = å ëé( HH ) ( H ) ( HI
i=1
i i1 ) (Ti1 ) + ( HH )( Hi ) ( HIi2 )(Ti2 )
+ ( HH ) ( Hi ) ( H
HI i3 ) ( Ti3 ) + ( HH )( Hi ) ( HI i4 ) ( Ti4 ) ùû
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