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Collection Highlights

Service Oriented Computing and Web Software Integration

From Principles to Development 5th Edition Chen Yinong

Antennas for portable devices 1st Edition Chen Z.N. (Ed.)

Quantum Cryptography and Computing Theory and

Implementation 1st Edition R. Horodecki

Principles of Structural Design W.F. Chen

Principles of Semiconductor Devices 2nd Edition Dimitrijev

Economic Models for Policy Making Principles and Designs

Revisited 1st Edition Solomon Cohen

Electrotherapeutic Devices Principles Design and

Applications 1st Edition George D. O'Clock

Principles of Supply Chain Management 2nd Edition Chen

Circuit Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Theory 1st Edition

Wai-Kai Chen
Quantum Computing Devices Principles Designs and
Analysis 1st Edition Goong Chen Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Goong Chen, David A. Church, Berthold-Georg Englert, Carsten
Henkel, Bernd Rohwedder, Marlan O. Scully, M. Suhail Zubairy
ISBN(s): 9781584886815, 1584886811
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 8.47 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
 CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC APPLIED MATHEMATICS
AND NONLINEAR SCIENCE SERIES

QUANTUM COMPUTING DEVICES

PRINCIPLES, DESIGNS, AND ANALYSIS
 CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC APPLIED MATHEMATICS
AND NONLINEAR SCIENCE SERIES
Series Editors Goong Chen and Thomas J. Bridges

Published Titles
Geometric Sturmian Theory of Nonlinear Parabolic Equations and Applications,
Victor A. Galaktionov
Introduction to Fuzzy Systems, Guanrong Chen and Trung Tat Pham
Introduction to Partial Differential Equations with MATLAB®, Matthew P. Coleman
Mathematical Methods in Physics and Engineering with Mathematica,
Ferdinand F. Cap
Optimal Estimation of Dynamic Systems, John L. Crassidis and John L. Junkins
Quantum Computing Devices: Principles, Designs, and Analysis, Goong Chen,
David A. Church, Berthold-Georg Englert, Carsten Henkel, Bernd Rohwedder,
Marlan O. Scully, and M. Suhail Zubairy

Forthcoming Titles
Mathematical Theory of Quantum Computation, Goong Chen and Zijian Diao
Stochastic Partial Differential Equations, Pao-Liu Chow
 CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC APPLIED MATHEMATICS
AND NONLINEAR SCIENCE SERIES

QUANTUM COMPUTING DEVICES

PRINCIPLES, DESIGNS, AND ANALYSIS

Goong Chen
David A. Church
Berthold-Georg Englert
Carsten Henkel
Bernd Rohwedder
Marlan O. Scully
M. Suhail Zubairy

Boca Raton London New York

Chapman & Hall/CRC is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Chapman & Hall/CRC
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapman & Hall/CRC is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑58488‑681‑5 (Hardcover)

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Quantum computing devices : principles, designs, and analysis / Goong Chen …

[et al.].
p. cm. ‑‑ (Chapman & Hall/CRC applied mathematics and nonlinear
science series ; #6)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1‑58488‑681‑1 (alk. paper)
1. Quantum computers. I. Chen, Goong, 1950‑ II. Title. III. Series.

QA76.889.Q832 2006
004.1‑‑dc22 2006049559

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

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 Goong Chen
Department of Mathematics and Institute for Quantum Studies
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A.

David A. Church
Department of Physics
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A.

Berthold-Georg Englert
Department of Physics
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Carsten Henkel
Institut für Physik, Universität Potsdam
D-14469 Potsdam, Germany

Bernd Rohwedder
Instituto de Física
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Cx.P.68528,CEP 21941-972
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Marlan O. Scully
Departments of Physics, and Electrical and Chemical Engineering
and Institute for Quantum Studies
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A.
and
Departments of Chemistry, and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ 08544, U.S.A.
and
Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik
D-85748 Garching, Germany

M. Suhail Zubairy
Department of Physics and Institute for Quantum Studies
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A.
To Professor and Mrs. Pah (Paul) I. and May T. Chen

᣸࿯ຫ‫܄‬Ꮪඒ඄֛֗Գ‫ܦ‬ભ༼
Contents

Preface xv

1 Foundations of Quantum Informatics: Spins, the EPR Prob-

lem, and Landauer’s Principle 1
1.1 Spins: The Stern–Gerlach experiment and spin filter . . . . . 2
1.2 EPR and Bell’s inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.1 The EPR problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Resolving the EPR conundrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.3 Bell’s inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3 The Landauer principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2 Quantum Computation and Quantum Systems 27

2.1 Introduction: Turing machines and binary logic gates . . . . . 27
2.2 Quantum mechanical systems; basics of atoms and molecules 33
2.2.1 Quantum probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.2 Basics of atoms and molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3 Hilbert spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4 Complex finite dimensional Hilbert spaces and tensor products 48
2.5 Quantum Turing machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.6 Universality of elementary quantum gates; quantum circuits 50
2.7 Quantum algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.7.1 The Deutsch–Jozsa problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.7.2 The Bernstein–Vazirani problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.7.3 Simon’s problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.7.4 Grover’s quantum search algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.7.5 Shor’s factorization algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.8 Quantum adder and multiplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.9 Quantum error correction codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.10 Lasers: a heuristic introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.11 Quantum computing devices and requirements . . . . . . . . . 91

3 Two-Level Atoms and Cavity QED 101

3.1 Two-level atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.1.1 Atom–light interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

ix
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different content
 Education - Revision Notes
Fall 2021 - Faculty

Prepared by: Researcher Davis

Date: August 12, 2025

Methodology 1: Case studies and real-world applications

Learning Objective 1: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 7: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 9: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 2: Historical development and evolution
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 12: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 13: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 14: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 16: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 18: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Lesson 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Practice Problem 20: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 21: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 24: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 29: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Test 4: Historical development and evolution
Example 30: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 33: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 35: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 37: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 38: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 5: Current trends and future directions
Practice Problem 40: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 42: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Example 50: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 55: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 57: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 58: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 59: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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