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crops and with official plans. In 1971 and 1972 the alfalfa acreage was
supposed to be 990,000 acres, but only 840,000 acres were actually
cropped. In 1972 only 57 percent of the requirements for alfalfa and
meadow hay were met on farms of the agroindustrial complexes, and the
quality of the hay was extremely low. The inadequacy of the feed supply
in relation to the government's livestock program has been designated by
the leadership as one of the most crucial problems of agriculture.
In the 1971-75 period improvement in the feed supply is to be achieved
mainly through an increase in feed crop yields, but a certain increase in
acreage has also been planned. Results in the first two years of the five-
year period have jeopardized the attainment of the goal for 1975.
Substantial investment funds are to be provided for the modernization of
dairy barns and for the construction of feed mills with assistance from the
Soviet Union. With a view to raising productivity and output, livestock
production is to be increasingly concentrated on large specialized farms.
This policy ignored the demonstrated superiority of livestock production
on small farm plots.
Major problems in the expansion of cattle herds and livestock
production are also posed by poor management and inadequate
veterinary services. The reproduction rate of cattle is abnormally low
because of the high percentage of old, sterile cows in the herds. The
incidence of diseases of the reproductive system and of mastitis among
cows is rapidly increasing, and mortality among cattle is high. Young
breeding stock is reared in unsuitable surroundings, is ill fed, and
consequently remains underdeveloped. A large proportion of newly born
calves succumb to various diseases. There is a shortage of trained
veterinarians, but veterinarians stationed on farms and in district
veterinary hospitals are reported to feel no responsibility for the
deplorable conditions. The care of livestock also suffers from a lack of
adequately trained workers and a high labor turnover in the livestock
sections of the agroindustrial complexes. Managers and specialists at the
higher levels of the agroindustrial complexes fail to provide systematic
supervision and guidance and often exhibit a lack of interest in the
livestock enterprise. These conditions were reported to the General
Assembly by a deputy minister of agriculture.
Despite the shortage of feed, increased yields per animal were attained
in the 1960-71 period. For agriculture as a whole the output of milk per
cow rose from 1,482 to 2,281 quarts, the number of eggs per hen
increased from ninety-one to 115, and the amount of wool per sheep rose
from 5.3 to 7.4 pounds. In 1972, however, yields per cow and per hen
declined. In the socialized sector the decline in milk yield had begun in
1968 and reached serious proportions in 1972; the egg yield remained
stable through 1970 (data for later years were not available in 1973). In
the private sector the milk yield continued to rise at least until 1970; the
egg yield remained stable through 1969 and rose in 1970. In the spring of
1973 several agricultural officials, including a deputy minister of
agriculture, were reprimanded by the Council of Ministers Bureau for
permitting the decline in yields of milk and eggs.
A study of milk production during the 1965-67 period found that farms
having milk yields of 2,110 to 2,640 quarts per cow sustained an annual
loss of 56 leva for each animal, whereas farms with yields of 3,170 to
4,287 quarts earned a net income of 111 leva per cow. The reported
national average milk yield per cow therefore indicates that most farms
produced milk at a loss.
The officially reported meat output increased by 74 percent in the 1960-
68 period but declined by 11 percent in the next two years. By far the
largest increase in production to 1968—2.9 times—was reported for beef
and veal, while production of poultry meat and of sheep, and goat meat
almost doubled (see table 18). The decline in output after 1968 affected
all types of meat except for poultry and rabbits. For the entire period of
1960 through 1970, meat output rose by 55 percent, including production
increases of 150 percent for beef and veal, 160 percent for poultry, and 82
percent for sheep and goat meat. Pork production, however, had risen by
only 10 percent, and the output of rabbit meat declined by about one-
third. The reported increase in meat production cannot be correlated with
available data on changes in the size of livestock herds. An improvement
in the supply of all types of meat other than beef and veal took place in
1971.
Production of milk and eggs also increased substantially during the
1960-71 period (see table 19). Nevertheless, domestic market supplies of
livestock products remained chronically and seriously short of demand, in
part because of the magnitude of exports. Exports of agricultural raw
materials and processed foods exceeded 1 billion leva in 1970; they had
increased 2.7 times during the decade and were equivalent to 44 percent
of agriculture's contribution to the national income. Exports of food
products alone had increased more than 3.5 times during the decade to a
total of 732 million leva.

Table 18. Bulgaria, Production of Meat, Selected Years, 1948-71 (in

thousands of tons)
Meat 1948 1960 1968 1969 1970 1971
Beef and veal 41 37 105 94 90 85
Pork 74 134 194 167 148 169
Sheep and goat
45 45 88 87 82 88
meat
Poultry 17 36 70 78 93 111
Other 1 4 2 2 3 4
TOTAL¹⁻² 178 257 460 428 416 457
Edible offals 29 50 73 65 60 64
GRAND
208 307 534 493 476 521
TOTAL²
¹ Less offals.
² Columns may not add because of rounding.
Source: Adapted from Statistical Yearbook, 1971, Sofia,
1971, p. 127; and Statistical Yearbook, 1972, Sofia, 1972,
p. 232.

Table 19. Bulgaria, Production of Milk, Eggs, and Wool, Selected Years,
1960-71
Milk Cow's Milk Raw Wool
Eggs
Year (thousand (thousand (thousand
(million dozen)
tons) tons) tons)
1960 1,120 744 21 102
1967 1,609 1,210 27 140
1969 1,580 1,205 28 127
1970 1,631 1,250 29 135
1971 1,620 1,290 30 146
Source: Adapted from Statistical Yearbook, 1971, Sofia,
1971, p. 128; and Statistical Yearbook, 1972, Sofia, 1972,
p. 233.
 CHAPTER 14
INDUSTRY

In mid-1973 industry continued to expand, though at a significantly

lower rate than in the mid-1960s. Industrial expansion was being
increasingly restrained by the inadequacy of domestic raw material and
skilled labor resources. Limits on an increase in imports of materials and
essential machinery were placed by the insufficiency of foreign exchange
reserve and by the need to reduce traditional exports of consumer goods
in short supply on the domestic market. The Soviet Union continued to be
the predominant supplier of raw materials, machinery, and technical and
technological assistance.
To overcome the limitations on industrial expansion, the leadership of
the Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP—see Glossary) and government
sought to raise industrial productivity through concentration and
specialization of production and through improvements in the
management of material and labor resources. Strong emphasis was placed
on the introduction of automation in both production and management
processes. Heavy stress was also laid on the need to raise the quality of
industrial products in order to increase their salability abroad and their
acceptance in the domestic market.
The consolidation of industrial enterprises into a limited number of
trusts, introduced in 1971 as a measure for increased centralized control
in the search for greater efficiency, was being carried forward by means of
further regulatory and clarifying edicts. The leadership's ultimate goal of
an efficiently managed, technologically advanced, low-cost industry
remained the driving force behind all industrial policy decisions.

ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE

Virtually all industry is state owned. In 1970 state enterprises possessed
98.6 percent of all industrial assets; they employed 88.8 percent of the
industrial work force and produced 89.7 percent of the industrial output.
Collective industrial enterprises owned the balance of 1.4 percent of the
assets, employed 11.2 percent of the workers, and contributed 9.9
percent of the industrial output. Small private enterprises, mostly artisan
shops, accounted for only 0.4 percent of the industrial output.

Organization
Size and Location
In 1970 the industrial establishment (excluding the private sector,
information on which is not available) consisted of 1,827 state enterprises
and 644 collective enterprises, employing about 1.02 million and 129,000
people, respectively. More than one-half of the enterprises in the state
industry employed over 200 people, and almost one-fourth employed
more than 1,000 people. Enterprises with large numbers of workers
predominated in metallurgy; in the glass and china industry; in clothing
manufacture; and in the leather, shoe, and fur industry. Beginning in 1971
previously independent enterprises were transformed into branches of
countrywide trusts organized along functional lines (see ch. 12).
The territorial distribution of industry during the 1950-70 period was
determined in large part by the priority development of heavy industry,
the location of which was dictated mainly by the sites of raw material
sources and the location of major consuming centers. In this process
several cities and districts, including Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, and
Ruse, experienced a large population influx from rural areas and attendant
shortages of housing and public services. At the same time many villages
were deprived of their inhabitants, and homes and public facilities were
abandoned.
In 1970 the Central Committee of the BKP laid down guidelines for a
program of regional economic development, with a view to attaining an
optimal distribution of productive resources (capital and labor). The aim of
the program was to arrest excessive urban growth and the associated
demands on the country's resources for new housing and other amenities
and, at the same time, to help develop backward rural areas. Within these
guidelines, decentralization of industry has been undertaken, and plans
are being worked out for the socioeconomic development of individual
districts under the Seventh Five-Year Plan (1976-80) and until 1990.
 In this context the construction of new industrial plants in heavily
populated areas has been restricted. Further production increases in these
areas are to be attained through modernization of existing facilities and
the introduction of more advanced technology. Special measures have also
been adopted to promote economic growth in the relatively
underdeveloped districts. In part, this program is implemented through
the transfer of industrial activities, equipment, and labor from the
congested cities and districts to rural areas. Transfers of this kind decreed
by the Council of Ministers Bureau in December 1971 and July 1972
involved 195 production units and 25,000 workers and an annual output
of 225 million leva (for value of the lev—see Glossary). Under existing
plans lasting until 1975, however, industry and employment will continue
to expand in some of the most heavily congested cities.

Supply System
The organization of a smoothly functioning materials and equipment
supply system for industry has been an elusive goal of the leadership ever
since the inception of the controlled economy. Various approaches to the
problem over a period of years have not succeeded in accomplishing the
basic task of ensuring a dependable supply of material resources to
industrial producers. As a result, the economy has been officially reported
to suffer enormous losses through production shutdowns, substitutions of
materials that lower quality and increase costs, and hoarding of scarce
materials. Heavy losses have also been incurred through improper storage
of materials, careless use that entails excessive waste, and pilferage.
Adequate information on the organization and functioning of the
industrial supply system has not been available. The latest reorganization
of the supply system was undertaken at the end of 1971 with a view to
providing a normal flow of supplies for the economic trusts beginning in
1972. Until 1971 the supply organizations had dealt almost entirely with
individual enterprises. The reorganization was accompanied by extensive
consultations with producers of raw materials, importing organizations,
and industrial consumers. The consultations were held in order to clarify
the needs of consumers, ensure the availability of the needed supplies,
and agree upon specific measures for timely deliveries of materials and
supplies.
 Particular attention in the reorganization was paid to the problem of
reducing the inventories of materials in enterprises and concentrating
them in the supply organizations. Decisive measures were taken to halt
the former practice of making deliveries of materials large enough to
cover requirements for three months or longer. Under the new system,
supply organizations are required to make periodic deliveries to
consumers on guaranteed time schedules, at short intervals, and in
quantities that do not exceed one month's requirements. Adherence to the
regulation is to be used as a standard in evaluating the performance of
supply organizations.
One of the basic elements in industrial consumer-supplier relations has
been the annual contract for estimated material and equipment
requirements needed to complete the annual production quota. For a
variety of reasons both suppliers and users have often failed to honor
these contracts, and the penalties provided for breach of contract have
not been sufficient to deter this practice. Breaches of supply contracts
have been an important cause of economic difficulties. Supply difficulties
have been particularly disruptive because of the traditionally stringent
nature of the production plans and the limited availability of resources.
In 1972 the Ministry of Supply and State Reserves planned to take
energetic measures to strengthen contract discipline and to use contracts
as legal and economic instruments for exerting pressure on both parties to
fulfill their obligations. The minister considered it particularly important to
put an end to the practice of contract cancellation, either under provisions
of official regulations or by mutual agreement of the parties concerned—a
practice that, according to the minister, caused huge losses to the national
economy.

Structure
Manufacturing is the dominant sector of industry in terms of
employment and output. In 1971 manufacturing accounted for 93.9
percent of the total industrial output and provided employment to 88.3
percent of the industrial labor force. Mining and energy production
contributed 3.6 and 2.5 percent, respectively, of the industrial output and
employed 10.3 and 1.4 percent, respectively, of the labor force. More than
half the industrial establishment was devoted to the production of capital
goods. In 1971 the capital goods sector employed 52.5 percent of the
industrial labor force and produced 56 percent of the output. The relative
importance of the capital goods sector had been rising over a period of
years, from 36.7 percent of the output in 1948 and 47.2 percent in 1960.
During the same period the contribution of the consumer goods sector to
total output had declined from 63.3 percent in 1948 to 52.8 percent in
1960 and 44 percent in 1971. As a consequence of the priority
development of heavy industry, the supply of consumer goods on the
domestic market has been inadequate to meet consumer needs (see ch.
5).
In terms of their employment shares, the largest state industry
branches in 1971 were: machine building and metalworking, 25.5 percent;
food processing, 14.4 percent; and textiles, 11.3 percent. Next in
importance, but with much lower levels of employment, were: timber and
woodworking, 7.4 percent; chemicals and rubber, 6.1 percent; and fuels,
5.5 percent. Industrial branches that experienced the most rapid growth
in the 1960-71 period included ferrous metallurgy, chemicals and rubber,
machine building and metalworking, and fuels. Among the slowest
growing branches were timber and wood processing, textiles, nonferrous
metallurgy, and food processing.

FUELS AND POWER

Domestic resources of mineral fuels are inadequate for the needs of
industry. Through the limitation that it places on electric power
development, the fuel shortage—in the absence of a large hydroelectric
power potential—may become a major factor inhibiting industrial growth.
In 1968 the proportion of petroleum and natural gas in the fuel balance
was somewhat more than 42 percent; it is planned to rise to about 60
percent in 1975 and to at least 65 percent in 1980. Virtually all petroleum
and natural gas must be imported.

Coal and Lignite

Reserves of anthracite and bituminous coal are insignificant; their
production amounts to less than 2 percent of the annual coal output.
Brown coal deposits that can be mined economically are nearing
exhaustion, and brown coal production declined by about one-third in the
1960-70 period. Low-calorie lignite remains the major fuel base for
thermoelectric power stations. Reserves of this inferior fuel are large.
Coal deposits are scattered in about twenty small deposits. Because of
difficult geological conditions, however, only a few of the deposits are
exploited. Anthracite is mined in the Svoge basin, located in the Iskur
gorge area of the Stara Planina, north of Sofia. Bituminous coal is mined
in the same mountain range, in the area between Gabrovo and Sliven.
The deposit at Sliven was reported to contain a very small quantity of
coking-grade coal—a quantity far below the needs of the iron and steel
industry. In addition to large annual imports of coking coal, Bulgaria has
also imported from 250,000 to 465,000 tons of coke per year.
The main source of brown coal for many years has been the Pernik
basin in the upper Struma valley, about nineteen miles southwest of Sofia.
In the 1971-75 period brown coal mining is to be substantially expanded
at the Bobov Dol deposit in the Rila mountain range, south of the Pernik
basin. The Babino mine in the Bobov Dol coalfield is scheduled to become
the largest underground coal mine in the Balkans. Reserves in this
deposit, however, are equivalent to only about five to six years' production
at the 1970 rate of brown coal output.
Lignite is mined mainly in the Maritsa basin, near Dimitrovgrad in the
Thracian Plain, and in the Sofia Basin. The Maritsa basin, particularly the
area known as Maritsa-Iztok (Maritsa-East), has become the basic source
of coal production, contributing about 50 percent of the country's output.
Aside from planned new mine construction, the Maritsa-Iztok complex is
to be rebuilt and modernized. Production problems at this mine have not
yet been solved satisfactorily. Coal-bearing strata have not been fully
identified; equipment is utilized to only about 40 percent of capacity; and
the organization of labor is poor. Substantial improvement also remains to
be attained in processing the coal for market, in view of its high ash and
moisture content. Unsolved problems also remain in the manufacture of
coal briquettes.
In the 1971-75 period substantial investment is to be devoted to the
expansion and modernization of coal mines. New mines with an annual
capacity of about 4 million tons are to be built. Three-fourths of the
investment funds are to be concentrated on three major production
centers. The relative investment shares of these centers were planned to
be: Maritsa-Iztok complex, 41 percent; Bobov Dol complex, 25 percent;
and the Georgi Dimitrov mine at Pernik, 10 percent.
Production of marketable coal increased by 83 percent in the 1960-70
period to a level of about 29 million tons. The rise in output, however, was
confined to lignite production, which grew more than fourfold during the
decade. Production of bituminous and brown coal declined by 42 and 32
percent, respectively. Output of anthracite in 1970 equaled the output in
1960 but was 9 percent below the production level in 1966. Production of
both anthracite and bituminous coal amounted to less than 400,000 tons
in 1970. Strip mining has steadily grown in importance and accounted for
73 percent of the output in 1970.
The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1971-75) calls for a rise in coal output to 33
million tons—an increase of about 13 percent. In the view of the minister
of heavy industry, the planned increase is not large, but its attainment is
difficult considering the character and condition of the mines. Experience
has justified the minister's assessment. In the first two years of the five-
year period, coal output rose by less than 1 percent.

Crude Oil and Natural Gas

Deposits of crude oil are located at Tyulenovo in the Dobrudzha region
and at Dolni Dubnik, east of Pleven. Natural gas fields have been
discovered near Vratsa and in the area of Lovech, south of Pleven.
Reliable information on the magnitude of crude oil and natural gas
reserves is not available. Statistics on current imports and official
projections of import requirements, however, indicate that domestic
production of oil and natural gas will continue to cover only a small
fraction of needs.
Production of crude oil rose from 200,000 tons in 1960 to 500,000 tons
in 1967 but declined thereafter to 305,000 tons in 1971. Natural gas
output, which had increased to 18.5 billion cubic feet in 1969, declined to
16.7 billion cubic feet in 1970 and 11.6 billion cubic feet in 1971. Imports
of crude oil, mostly from the Soviet Union, increased almost 3-1/2 times
between 1965 and 1971 to a level of 7.5 million tons. In 1972 the Soviet
Union alone provided 95 percent of the country's requirements for crude
oil and petroleum products. Imports of natural gas from the Soviet Union,
through a pipeline still under construction, are scheduled to begin in 1974
at a level of 35 billion cubic feet and to continue at an annual rate of 106
billion cubic feet beginning in 1975. The planned 1975 import volume
represents about three-fourths of the estimated requirements in that year.
Crude oil is processed in two refineries, located at Burgas and Pleven,
with daily throughput capacities of about 16,500 tons and 5,500 tons,
respectively. Except for the small domestic output, crude oil for the Pleven
refinery is moved by rail from Black Sea ports. A pipeline network that will
connect the refinery with the ports is under construction and is scheduled
to enter into full operation in 1975. By that date the capacity of the Pleven
refinery is planned to attain 16,500 tons per day. A pipeline under
construction for the transport of petroleum products from the Burgas
refinery to consuming centers at Stara Zagora and Plovdiv is to be
completed sometime in 1973.
The refinery output has not been sufficient to cover all the country's
requirements for petroleum products. Net imports of petroleum products
in 1970, including gasoline, fuel oils, and lubricating oils, amounted to 2.5
million tons. Ninety percent of the imports originated in the Soviet Union.

Electrical Energy
Installed electric generating capacity and production of electrical energy
increased more than fourfold in the 1960-71 period but failed to keep
pace with the country's growing requirements. Installed capacity in 1971
was 4.48 million kilowatts, including 3.65 million kilowatts in thermal and
0.83 million kilowatts in hydroelectric stations. During the period the
proportion of hydroelectric capacity declined from 50 to 18 percent, and
the production of electricity per kilowatt of hydroelectric capacity dropped
by more than one-third. The utilization of thermal capacity declined by
13.5 percent.
New power from generating plants scheduled to begin operation in the
1971-75 period totals about 3 million kilowatts. Major power stations to be
commissioned include: hydroelectric stations—with a capacity of 1 million
kilowatts—on the Sestrimo cascade, in the upper reaches of the Maritsa
River and at the Vucha cascade, southwest of Plovdiv; a thermal power
plant with a capacity of about 620,000 kilowatts at Bobov Dol, fueled by
local coal; and an atomic power station with a capacity of 880,000
kilowatts at Kozloduy on the Danube River, in the northwestern corner of
the country. According to government plans, total generating capacity is
scheduled to reach 7 million kilowatts in 1975 and 12 million kilowatts in
1980. The more distant plans include the construction, jointly with
Romania, of a hydroelectric power complex on the Danube, at Belene on
the Bulgarian bank of the river and Ciora on the Romanian side. The
Soviet Union has provided large-scale technical and material assistance in
the development of the electric power system.
Production of electrical energy amounted to 21 billion kilowatt-hours in
1971, of which 90 percent was generated by thermal stations. Energy
output in 1972 reached 22.3 billion kilowatt-hours. The Sixth Five-Year
Plan calls for an energy output of 30.5 billion kilowatt-hours in 1975,
which is equivalent to an average annual increase in output of 9.4 percent
during the five-year period. In the years 1971 and 1972 energy output
rose by an average of 6.9 percent per year, so that an average annual rise
of 11 percent will be needed in the remaining years to attain the planned
goal in 1975. Consumption of electrical energy in 1975 is planned to reach
33.5 billion kilowatt-hours. The planned deficit of 3 billion kilowatt-hours is
to be covered by imports from Romania, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union.
The electrical transmission network is well developed, and further major
improvements have been planned. The network is connected with the
power grids of Romania and Yugoslavia. A 400-kilovolt power line from the
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union was reported to
have been completed in mid-1972. There was no evidence nine months
later that power had actually been transmitted over that line.
Eighteen percent of the total electrical energy supply in 1971 was used
by the power stations or lost in transmission. Of the remaining net supply,
almost 70 percent was consumed in industry and construction; agriculture
received only 4 percent; and transport and communications accounted for
little more than 3 percent. Households were allotted about 16 percent of
the net electrical supply, and the balance of 7 percent was consumed in
trade, public institutions, and street lighting. The major industrial users of
energy were metallurgical enterprises and the producers of chemicals and
rubber; each of these industrial branches consumed one-fifth of the
energy supply to industry.
Expansion of electric-generating capacity and energy output at rates
planned by the government has been hampered by a chronic lag in new
construction and by inadequate maintenance of existing facilities. The lack
of preventive maintenance and disregard of technical requirements in the
operation of equipment result in frequent breakdowns requiring major
repairs. Such repairs, particularly those involving boilers, turbines, and
transformers, pose difficult problems because of the shortage of
technically qualified repair personnel and ineffective organization of repair
work. Efficiency of operation is also adversely affected by a high labor
turnover and the difficulty of finding qualified replacements.
The lag in the completion of new power stations, equipment
breakdowns, and insufficient water reserves for hydroelectric stations
have caused frequent power shortages, particularly at peak load hours.
Elaborate official measures have been introduced to regulate the
consumption of electricity and to eliminate waste, including a bonus
system for saving electricity. These measures have not proved sufficiently
effective, and some enterprises have been reported to earn bonuses by
the simple expedient of overstating their requirements in the formulation
of the annual economic plans. The State Inspectorate for Industrial Power
and Power Control, it was stated by officials, was not in a position to solve
the problem of economizing electric power without the active cooperation
of every enterprise, plant, and trade union. Additional unspecified
measures affecting industry were reported to have been taken in 1973 to
reduce peak power loads, and the population was advised to use
electricity more sparingly between 6:00 P.M. and 9:00 P.M.

RAW MATERIALS
In 1970 about 54 percent of the manufacturing industry's output was
based on industrial materials, and 46 percent was derived from
agricultural raw materials; the proportion of industrial materials in
manufacturing continued on its post-World War II upward trend in the
1960-70 period from a level of 24 percent in 1948 and 49 percent in 1960.
This trend was sustained by the relatively rapid rise in the production and
imports of industrial materials compared to the slower increase in
agricultural output and imports. Because of the limitation of domestic
resources, further industrial expansion will necessitate ever larger material
imports.

Iron and Steel

 The main deposits of iron ore are located at Kremikovtsi, northeast of
Sofia, and at Krumovo in the lower Tundzha valley. Other small deposits of
little or no commercial value are scattered in the Strandzha mountains, in
the western Stara Planina, and at several locations in the Rodopi (or
Rhodope Mountains). The ore in the Kremikovtsi deposit is of low grade; it
has a mineral content of about 33 percent and requires beneficiation.
Reserves at Krumovo were reported to be of better grade but much
smaller. Available evidence suggests that mining at this deposit was
discontinued after the mid-1960s. Its site is far removed from the
country's two iron and steel mills.
Reserves at Kremikovtsi were estimated a number of years ago to
contain from 200 million to 250 million tons of ore. An official Russian-
language survey of Bulgaria, published in 1969, cited a figure of 317
million tons for total iron ore reserves but mentioned only the Kremikovtsi
deposit as one being mined. In a review of the country's natural
resources, published in a Bulgarian technical journal in mid-1970, it was
stated that known reserves of iron ore would last another fifty years. At
the average annual rate of iron ore output in the years 1968 and 1969 the
reported life span of the deposits indicates a reserve of only 133 million
tons as of 1970. Whatever the actual reserves may be, domestic iron ore
has had to be supplemented by imports of about 1 million tons per year
from the Soviet Union and Algeria to meet the requirements of the
metallurgical industry.
Reserves of steel-alloying minerals are reported to be available,
particularly manganese, chromium, and molybdenum. The quality of the
manganese ores, however, is low, and reserves of chromium are
insufficient for the needs of the economy. Output data are available only
for manganese ore. Production of this mineral declined by about 60
percent in the 1957-70 period, which suggests the depletion of known
reserves. The metal content of the manganese ore mined in 1970
amounted to 10,300 tons. In that year the discovery of new manganese
deposits in the Obrocha area was reported, the eventual exploitation of
which, it was said, would not only provide for all domestic requirements
but would also make it possible to export manganese for an entire
century.
Although small amounts of ferroalloys are also obtained as by-products
of copper, lead, and zinc smelting, imports must be relied upon to cover
substantial deficits. Imports of manganese ores and concentrates in 1969
and in 1970 were more than double the volume of domestic production,
and imports of chromium and chromite amounted to 3,400 tons in 1969.
Nickel and titanium were also imported.
Steel is produced at the integrated Kremikovtsi metallurgical combine
and at the smaller integrated Lenin Steel Works in Pernik. With Soviet
assistance the Kremikovtsi combine is being expanded to a planned
annual capacity of 2 million tons of steel and 2.2 million tons of rolled
products by the end of 1975. A third coking plant was put into operation
in the spring of 1971, and the production of coke is scheduled to reach
1.4 million tons in 1975, compared to an output of 837,000 tons in 1970.
The steel mill at Pernik is to be modernized, also with Soviet assistance.
Production of pig iron and steel increased about sevenfold in the 1960-
70 period, reaching levels of 1.25 million tons and 1.8 million tons,
respectively. The same was true of rolled steel products, the volume of
which rose to 1.42 million tons. Nevertheless, Bulgaria remained a net
importer of iron and steel throughout the entire period. In 1970 the
import surplus amounted to 272,000 tons of pig iron and 96,000 tons of
steel.

Nonferrous Metals
Reserves of nonferrous metals are reported to be more plentiful than
reserves of iron ore. Unofficial claims have been made that copper
reserves will meet requirements during the next fifty years despite the
planned rapid growth in output. Similarly, known reserves of lead and zinc
ores were said to be sufficient to supply the needs of available smelters
until 1990. A foreign observer, however, noted that plans for large-scale
expansion of nonferrous mining and smelting may be frustrated by the
deteriorating quality of the ores being mined and that metal output may
not rise much beyond the level attained in the late 1960s. In fact, mine
output of lead and zinc in 1970 was not higher than it had been in 1960,
although the mine output of copper increased at an annual rate of 7.1
percent from 1967 to 1971. In this context it is noteworthy that data on
nonferrous metals were omitted from the official statistical yearbook
published in 1972.
 In 1972 the minister of heavy industry pointed out that the relatively
small planned increase in the output of the nonferrous metals industry in
the 1971-75 period—22.8 percent—was dictated by inadequate supplies of
raw materials. He stated that prospecting for new deposits would be
intensified and stressed the urgent need to increase the degree of metal
recovery from ores and the need to utilize fully all ore components.
Nevertheless, the minister assured his audience that the requirements of
the economy for copper, lead, and zinc in the 1971-75 period would be
met from domestic production, except for 3 to 10 percent of certain types
of rolled metal. He called for the construction of plants to extract the
metal from the industry's tailings as a means for partially eliminating the
troublesome shortage.
Copper is mined south of Burgas; in the Sredna Gora mountains near
the town of Panagyurishte; and in the western Stara Planina mountains,
south of Vratsa. A deposit is also being developed at Chelopets, near
Sofia. The ore is concentrated locally and is smelted and refined in plants
at Eliseyna, Pirdop, and the Medet complex near Panagyurishte.
Production of refined copper from ores and reused scrap increased from
14,000 tons in 1960 to 24,000 tons in 1965 and 41,000 tons in 1971.
More than half the copper output is processed into copper profiles, sheet,
and wire at the Dimiter Ganev plant in Sofia—the only plant for
manufacturing rolled products. Bulgaria has both imported and exported
copper and copper products.
Lead and zinc are obtained from mines near the towns of Madan and
Rudozem, in the eastern Rodopi, and in the western part of the Stara
Planina, at Eliseyna and Chiprovtsi. A new lead mine is under development
at Erma Reka, in the vicinity of Madan. The Rodopi mines account for the
major portion of the ore output. The ore is processed in flotation plants
near the sites of the mines and is refined at Kurdzhali, Plovdiv, and Kurilo.
Production of refined lead and zinc rose rapidly in the first half of the
1960s but leveled off in the second. Substantial amounts of these metals
have been exported, mostly to Western Europe. Exports, however, have
been declining both in volume and as a proportion of output. The decline
has been more pronounced in the case of lead, and lead exports dropped
from 65 percent of output in 1960 to 22 percent in 1970. The volume of
lead exports fell from 53,500 tons to 22,100 tons in the 1965-70 period.
Zinc exports declined from highs of 78 percent of output in 1965 and
58,100 tons in 1966 to 64 percent of output and 48,100 tons in volume in
1970.
Bulgaria also possesses small reserves of gold, silver, and uranium. Gold
has been found near the town of Trun, not far from the border of
Yugoslavia. Silver and uranium deposits are located in the western Stara
Planina. The uranium ore is processed by the Rare Metals Combine near
Sofia. Gold and silver are also obtained as by-products in the smelting of
copper, lead, and zinc. Information on reserves and production of these
metals is not available. Aluminum and tin must be imported.

Other Raw Materials

There are reported to be adequate resources of nonmetallic minerals for
the production of cement and other building materials, glass, and
ceramics. Asbestos, salt, sulfur, and cement are produced in quantities
large enough to allow some exports. The quality of asbestos, however, is
low, and better grades must be imported for some uses. Exports of
cement declined from 715,000 tons in 1965 to 153,000 tons in 1970.
Timber and wood pulp from domestic sources are in short supply. Under
an agreement with the Soviet Union, Bulgaria has supplied 8,000 workers
to the timber industry of the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
for the development of Siberian timber resources, in return for which the
Soviet Union has undertaken to export to Bulgaria about 900,000 cubic
yards of timber in 1973 and up to 2 million cubic yards per year after
1975. Similar arrangements exist with regard to paper pulp, iron and
steel, natural gas, and other raw materials.
Domestic agriculture provides ample raw materials for the food
processing industry, but only a fraction of light industry's needs for fibers
and hides. In the 1968-70 period average annual imports of these
materials included cotton, 60,000 tons; wool, 2,900 tons; synthetic fibers,
26,000 tons; and cattle hides, 7,700 tons. In addition to the raw cotton,
cotton textiles in the amount of 63,000 tons were imported annually.
Because of the general shortage of domestic raw materials and the
need to conserve scarce foreign exchange, strong emphasis has been
placed on recycling waste materials. A decree on this subject was issued
in 1960, and a special Secondary Raw Materials State Economic Trust was
created in 1965. Another comprehensive decree was issued in November
1971 because, as stated in its preamble, the importance of collecting and
using waste materials had been underestimated, and the needs of the
economy were not being met. The new decree was intended to organize
the collection and processing of waste materials, including metals, paper,
rubber, textiles, and worn-out machinery and household equipment, on a
modern industrial basis under the direction of the waste materials trust.
Special provision was made in the decree concerning the handling of
unused machinery and surplus materials held by economic enterprises,
and sanctions were provided for failure to surrender or refusal to purchase
such surplus equipment and materials.

INVESTMENT
Industry's share of total annual investment rose steadily from 34.2
percent in 1960 to 47.3 percent in 1969 but declined in the next two years
to 43.9 percent. In absolute terms and in current prices, annual
investment in industry increased from 466.3 million leva in 1960 to 1.6
billion leva in 1970 and declined to 1.58 billion leva in 1971.
More than four-fifths of the industrial investment in the 1961-71 period
was devoted to the expansion of producer goods industries. The
proportion of investment funds allotted annually for this purpose was
slightly lower in the 1966-71 period than it had been in the preceding five
years; it ranged between 84.7 and 87.8 percent in the 1961-65 period and
between 81.2 and 85.5 percent thereafter, except for 1970, when it
declined to an atypical low of 78.5 percent.
The bulk of industrial investment was channeled into heavy industry,
including fuel and energy production, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy,
chemicals, and machine building and metalworking. In the 1960-65 period
fuel and energy production were the major recipients of investment funds;
in subsequent years machine building and chemicals became the primary
targets of investment activity. Ferrous metallurgy was among the five
largest investment recipients through 1967, but nonferrous metallurgy
dropped from this group after 1964. Beginning in 1967 substantial
investment funds were also devoted to food processing—the major export
industry and earner of foreign exchange.
Investment allotments to consumer goods industries ranged between
12.2 and 18.8 percent of industrial investment, except for an unusually
high allocation of 21.5 percent in 1970. In 1971, however, the investment
share of consumer industries dropped sharply to only 14.5 percent. The
predominance of investment in heavy industry reflected the leadership's
basic economic policy tenet that, with minor temporary exceptions, the
production of capital goods must develop more rapidly than the output of
consumer goods.
Construction of industrial plants has frequently fallen behind schedule,
causing losses of planned production and disruption of the five-year plans.
The situation became critical in the fall of 1972 because of the failure to
commission on time new facilities that were counted upon to produce in
1973, among other products, 0.5 million tons of rolled steel; 0.4 million
tons of mineral fertilizers; 30,000 tons of synthetic fibers; 20,000 tons of
cellulose; 11,000 tons of polyethylene; 0.3 million kilowatts of electric
generating capacity; and a large volume of machinery and equipment.
The main reasons for the construction lag were delays in the supply of
materials and a shortage of construction workers. In an effort to expedite
the completion of the most essential projects that were under the direct
supervision of the Council of Ministers because of their national
importance, the council created a special operational bureau for the
coordination and control of the construction activities associated with
these projects. At the same time 6,000 workers were transferred to the
priority projects from less important construction jobs. These measures
did little to solve the basic problems and merely shifted the incidence of
construction delays from one category of projects to another.

LABOR
The labor force in state and collective industry numbered 1.17 million
workers in 1971, of whom 542,000—or 46 percent—were women. The
labor force had increased by 54 percent compared with its size in 1960,
and the number of women workers more than doubled. About 88 percent
of the workers were employed in manufacturing; the remaining 12 percent
were engaged in mining and energy production. Production of capital
goods provided employment for 52.5 percent of the workers, and
consumer goods industries absorbed the remainder. One-fourth of the
labor force was concentrated in machine building and metalworking, and