CHAPTER5 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS BASIC CONCEPTS

Fig 1 LINES
FIG 1A PoINTS AND STRAIGHT LINES
A point has no size and simply indicates the position of a point in POINTA
space or on a drawing. It can be represented by either a dot or a
cross.

L I N E

A straight line is the shortest distance between two points and is

POINT A
usually referred to as a line.
LINE
FIG 18 CURVED LINES
A curved line is a line of which no part is straight and is formed by POINT B POINT8
either an arc or a series of joining radii. Fig 1b shows the following
A curve drawn through fixed points e ither freehand or with a
French curve.
An
arc drawn with a compass.

FIG 1C HORIZONTAL LINES DIAGONAL

A horizontal line is a straight line which is either paraliel to the
ground or the horizon.
(2)
FIG 10 VERTICAL LINESs
A vertical line is a straight line which is either perpendicular to the
ground or horizon.

FIG1E PERPENDICULAR LINES

Perpendicular lines are straight lines which form an angle of 90 with
each other.

FIG1F OBLIQUE LINES

Oblique lines are straight lines which are neither vertical nor

horizontal.

FiG 1G DIAGONAL LINESS

A diagonal line is a straight line drawn between the opposite corners
of a plane figure.

FIG1H PARALLEL LINES

Parallel lines are straight lines which are always the same distance

apart.

FiG 11 CoNVERGING LNES will t they are

Converging lines are straight lines which meet

extended.

FIG1 DIVERGING LUNES meet if

Diverging lines are straight lines which wili never they are

extended.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
CHAPTER5
Fig 1 ANGLESs
INTRODUCTION 90
An angle is formed by two intersecting lines and is measured in |A<
is denoted 60°.
degrees. An angle of 60 degrees as

FIG 1A ACUTE ANGLE OMMON

A SIDE
An acute angle is an angle less than 90°.

FIG 18 RIGHT ANGLE

A right angle is an angle equal to 90°.
A 90 A+B 90
FIG1C OBTUSE ANGLE
An obtuse angle is an angle bigger than 90° but smaller than 180".

FIG 10 STRAIGHT ANGLE

A straight angle equals 180°.

FIG1E REFLEX ANGLE A+B 180

180" but smaller than
A reflex angle is an angle bigger than 360 90 <A< 180

FIG1F REVOLUTION
A revolution equals 360.

FiG1G ADJACENTANGLES
Adjacent angles are angles with a common side.

FIG1H COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES A 180 A =A

The sum of complementary angles equals 90. B8

FIG11 SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES

The sum of supplementary angles equals 180.

FIG1 OPPOSITE ANGLES

Two sets of opposite and equal angles are formed when two lines
inters
rsect. 180° < A <
360 A A

8 B

FIG 1K ALTERNATE ANGLES

When two parallel lines are intersected by another line, two sets of
equal and alternate angles are formed.

FIG1L INTERNAL AND EXTERNALANGLES OF AREGULAR POLYGON

1 1 to I5 are the internal angles of the regular polygon and they
are equal to each other. 11= 12 = 3 = 14 = IS
E l to ES are the external angles of the regular polygon and they
A -
360
El= E2 E3 = E4 = ES
are equal to each other.
This rule is valid for all regular polygons.

Es5
s2
 BASIC CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 5 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Fig 1 TRIANGLES Fig 2 QUADRILATERALS

INTRODUCTION-TRIANGLES
A triangle is a plane figure joined by three straight lines. The sum of
the interior angles will always be 180".

FiG1A RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE

A right-angled triangle is a triangle with one 90° angle.

FIG18 AcUTE TRIANGLE

An acute triangle is a triangle with all angles less than 90 and none

of the angles equal each other.

FIG1C OBTUSE TRIANGLE

An obtuse triangle is a triangle with one angle greater than 90° and
none of the angles equal each other.

FIG10 EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all sides and all angles equal
to each other.

FiG1E IsosCELES TRIANGLE

An isosceles triangle is a triangle where two sides have the same
length and the opposite two angles are equal to each
other.

INTRODUCTION-QUADRILATERALS
A quadrilateral is a plane figure joined by four straight lines.

FiG 2A TRAPEZIUM
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with two sides parallel to each other.

FIG28 PARALLELOGRAM
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel and
equal to each other, and opposite angles equal to each other.

FIG2C RECTANGLE
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel and equal to
each other, and all angles equal to 90

FIG20 SaUARE D
A square is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel to each other,
ali sides equal to each other and all angles equal to 90°.

FIG2E RHOMBUS
A rhombus is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel to each
other, all sides equal to each other and opposite angles equal to each
other

D
 CHAPTER5 GEOMETRICAL COwSTRUCTIONS BASIC CONCEPTS

Fig 1 POLYGONS Fig 2

POLYGONS CIRCLES
Apolygon is a plane figure joined by more than four straight lines. If
the internal angles of the polygon equal each other and the sides of
the polygon equal each other the polygon is referred to as a regular REGULAR PENTAGON IRREGULAR PENTAGON
polygon. DIAMETER
SEGMENT
TANGENT
PENTAGON CHORD
Fig la shoWs a regular pentagon as well as an irregular pentagon.

RADIUS
HEXAGON
Fig 1b shows a regular hexagon as well as an irregular hexagon.
CIRCUMFERENCE
HEPTAGON
Fig 1c shows a regular heptagon as well as an irregular heptagon.
REGULAR HEXAGONN IRREGULAR HEXAGON
OCTAGON NORMAL
Fig 1d shows a regular octagon as well as an irregular octagon.
ARC
CIRCLES
A circle is
a closed curve of which all the points of the the
curve are CENTRE
same distance from a common point called the centre. SECTOR

The definitions of the features of a circle are illustrated in Fig 2.

REGULAR HEPTAGON IRREGULAR HEPTAGON

CONCENTRIC CIRCLES ECCENTRIC CIRCLES

REGULAR OCTAGON
IRREGULAR OCTAGON SEMICIRCLE QUADRANT
 LINE CONSTRUCTIONS
CHAPTER 5 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
PERPENDICULAR LINE FROM PERPENDICULAR LINE FROM
Fig 2 Fig 3 A POINT ONTO A GIVEN LINE
Fig1 BISECTING A LINE A POINT ON A GIVEN LINE

BIsECTING ALINE/PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR

1a Bisect line AB. Construct perpendicular bisector for line AB. (a) (a) (a)
Fig a P

Set the compass to a radius (R1) greater than half of the

Fig 1b
length of the given line. From A draw an arc with the set
radius (R1).
A B
Fig 1c From B draw an are with the same set radius (R1) so that the
arcs intersect at points C and D.

Fig 1d Join points C and D to bisect the given line.

CoNSTRUCTION OFAPERPENDICULARLINE FROMAPOINT ON AGVENLINE

Fig 2a Construct a perpendicular line from point Pon line AB. (6) (b) D)
P
R1
Fig 2b From point P draw equal arcs with a suitable radius for
points V and W.

Fig 2c From points V and W draw equal arcs with a suitable radius
to intersect each other at point C.
AV WB
Fig 2d Join points Cand P for the required perpendicular line.
AV WB
CoNSTRUCTION OF APERPENDICULAR LINE FROM APOINT ONTO AGIVENLINE
Fig 3a Construct a perpendicular line from point P onto line AB.
(c) (c) (c)
Fig 3b From point P draw equal arcs with a suitable radius for
R1
points V and W.

Fig 3c From points V and W draw equal arcs with a suitable radius
to intersect each other at point C.

A B
Fig 3d Join points C and P for the required perpendicularline.
A W B

A V WB

(d) (d) (d)

A V W B

A V WB
 ANGLE CONSTRUCTIONS

CHAPTERR5
GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONs
COPY A GIVEN ANGLE
BISECTING AN ANGSLE Fig 2
Fig 1
BiSECTING AN ANGLE (a)
Fig 1a Bisect the given angle BAC.

From A draw an arC with a suitable radius for points D and E.

ig
draw equal arcs with a
Fig 1c From points D and E respectively
F.
suitable radius to intersect each other at point

Join points A and F to intersect the angle.

Fig 1d

COPYA GIVEN ANGLE D

Fig 2a Copy angle CAB onto the given line DE.

Fig 2b From point A draw an arc with a suitable radius (R1) for (b)
points F and G. From point D draw an arc with the same R
radius (R1) to intersect line DE at point J.

Fig 2c Using a compass measure distance FG. Step off distance FG

from point J on the arc for point K.
R1
Fig 2d Join points D and K to complete angle LDE. Angle CAB equals
angle LDE.

(C) (c)

(d)

A
 CHAPTER5 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS CIRCLE CONSTRUCTIONS

Fig 1 CONSTRUCT A CIRCLE THROUGH THREE GIVEN POINTS Fig 2 CONSTRUCTION FOR THE CENTRE OF A CIRCLE
CONSTRUCTION OF ACIRCLE THROuGH THREE GIVEN POINTs
Fig 1a Construct a circle through the three given points. a) (a)

Fig 1b Draw two lines through these three points.

Fig 1c Construct perpendicular bisectors for each of these lines.

The centre O of the circle is where these bisectors intersect.

Fig 1d With radius OA and centre O draw the required circle

through the three given points.

CONSTRUCTION FOR THE CENTRE OF A CIRCLE

Fig 2a Construct for the centre of the given circle
b) (b)
Fig 2b Mark off points A, B and C on the circumference of the
circle. Draw two lines between these points.

Fig 2c Construet a perpendicular bisector for each of these lines.

Fig 2d The required centre of the circle is where these

perpendicular bisectors intersect.

(c) (c)

(d)
(d)
 5-9
CHAPTER 5 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS CIRCLE CONSTRUCTIONS

Fig 2 cONSTRUCTION OF A CIRcUMSCRIBED CIRCLE

Fig 1 CONSTRUCTION OF AN INSCRIBED CIRCLE
CONSTRUCTION OF AN INsCRIBED CIRCLE
Fig 1a Construct an inscribed circle for triangle ABC. (a) (a)

of ABC. The centre O of the

Fig 1b Bisect any two angles triangle
inscribed circle is where these bisectors intersect.

Fig 1c From centre O draw a perpendicular line onto any side of

triangle ABC for point D and the radius of the inscribed
circle.

Fig 1d With radius OD and centre O draw the required inscribed

circle.

CONSTRUCTIiON
Fig 2a
OF ACIRCUMSCRIBED CIRCLE
Construct a circumscribed circle for triangle ABC.

Fig 2b Construct perpendicular bisectors for any two sides of

triangle ABC.

Fig 2c The centre O of the circumscribed circle is where these

perpendicular bisectors intersect.

Fig 2d With radius OA and centre O draw the required

circumscribed circle.

(c) (c)

(d) (d
 CHAPTER5 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS CIRCLE CONSTRUCTIONS

Fig 1 DIVIDING A CIRCLE INTO EIGHT EQUAL PARTS Fig 2 DIVIDING A CIRCLE INTO TWELVE EQUAL PARTS
(b) al (b)

10

USE A 45° SET SQUARE TO DIVIDE USE A 30"/60° SET SQUARE TO DIVIDE
THE CIRCLE INTO EIGHT EQUAL PARTS THE CIRCLE INTO TWELVE EQUAL PARTS AS
AS SHOWN ON THE FIGURE. SHOWN ON THE FIGURE

Fig 3 CONSTRUCTION FOR THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE

6)

60
CIRCUMFERENCE OF THECIRCLE

3XDIAMETER (Ø) OF THE CIRCLE 3X DIAMETER (Ø) OF THE CIRCLE

DRAW A HORIZONTAL LINE PQ AT THE BASE OF THE CIRCLE. DRAW A 60" LINE FROM O FOR R ON THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE CIRCLE.
MARK OFF THREE TIMES THE DIAMETER ON PQAS SHOWN DRAW A HORIZONTAL LINE FROM R TO
ON THE FIGURE.
INTERSECT THECENTRE LINE ATS
JOIN S AND Q FOR THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE CIRCLE.