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THE ROLE OF PHYTOCONSTITUTENTS
IN HEALTH CARE
Biocompounds in Medicinal Plants
Innovations in Plant Science for Better Health: From Soil to Fork

THE ROLE OF PHYTOCONSTITUTENTS

IN HEALTH CARE
Biocompounds in Medicinal Plants

Edited by
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD
Ramasamy Harikrishnan, PhD
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: The role of phytoconstitutents in health care : biocompounds in medicinal plants / edited
by Megh R. Goyal, PhD, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD, Ramasamy Harikrishnan, PhD.
Names: Goyal, Megh Raj, editor. | Suleria, Hafiz, editor. | Harikrishnan, Ramasamy, editor.
Series: Innovations in plant science for better health.
Description: Series statement: Innovations in plant science for better health : from soil to fork |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190226250 | Canadiana (ebook) 20190226285 |
ISBN 9781771888202 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780429284267 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Herbs—Therapeutic use. | LCSH: Medicinal plants.
Classification: LCC RM666.H33 R618 2020 | DDC 615.3/21—dc23

CIP data on file with US Library of Congress

Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that
appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press
products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.
crcpress.com
OTHER BOOKS ON PLANT SCIENCE
FOR BETTER HEALTH
FROM APPLE ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.

Book Series: Innovations in Plant Science for Better Health: From Soil to Fork
Editor-in-Chief: Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD

Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Plants: Properties and

Potential for Human Health
Editors: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, and Ademola O. Ayeleso

Plant- and Marine-Based Phytochemicals for Human Health: Attributes,

Potential, and Use
Editors: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, and Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, MPharm

Human Health Benefits of Plant Bioactive Compounds: Potentials and

Prospects
Editors: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, and Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD

Plant Secondary Metabolites for Human Health: Extraction of

Bioactive Compounds
Editors: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, P. P. Joy, PhD, and Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD

Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origin: Extraction, Applications, and

Potential Health Claims
Editors: Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD, and Colin Barrow, PhD

Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants: Scope, Applications, and

Potential Health Claims
Editors: Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD, Megh R. Goyal, PhD, and
Masood Sadiq Butt, PhD

The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants: Health-Rejuvenating

Bioactive Compounds of Native Flora
Editors: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD,
Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, PhD, T. Jesse Joel, and Sujogya Kumar Panda

The Role of Phytoconstitutents in Health Care: Biocompounds in

Medicinal Plants
Editors: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD, and
Ramasamy Harikrishnan, PhD
vi Other Books on Plant Science for Better Health

Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health: Phytochemistry,

Disease Management, and Novel Applications
Editors: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, and Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, MPharm
Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and
Marine Sources
Editors: Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD, and Megh R. Goyal, PhD
ABOUT THE SENIOR EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE

Retired Professor in Agricultural and
Biomedical Engineering, University of
Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus;
Senior Acquisitions Editor, Biomedical
Engineering and Agricultural Science,
Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, is a Retired Professor
in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering
from the General Engineering Department in
the College of Engineering at the University of
Puerto Rico–Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Acquisitions Editor and Senior
Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering for
Apple Academic Press, Inc. He has worked as a Soil Conservation Inspector
and as a Research Assistant at Haryana Agricultural University and Ohio
State University.
During his professional career of 51 years, Dr. Goyal has received many
prestigious awards and honors. He was the first agricultural engineer to
receive the professional license in Agricultural Engineering in 1986 from
the College of Engineers and Surveyors of Puerto Rico. In 2005, he was
proclaimed as “Father of Irrigation Engineering in Puerto Rico for the
Twentieth Century” by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological
Engineers (ASABE), Puerto Rico Section, for his pioneering work on
micro irrigation, evapotranspiration, agroclimatology, and soil and water
engineering. The Water Technology Centre of Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University in Coimbatore, India, recognized Dr. Goyal as one of the experts
“who rendered meritorious service for the development of micro irrigation
sector in India” by bestowing the Award of Outstanding Contribution
in Micro Irrigation. This award was presented to Dr. Goyal during the
inaugural session of the National Congress on “New Challenges and
Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation” held at Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University. Dr. Goyal received the Netafim Award for Advancements in
viii About the Senior Editor-in-Chief

Microirrigation: 2018 from the American Society of Agricultural Engineers

at the ASABE International Meeting in August 2018.
A prolific author and editor, he has written more than 200 journal
articles and textbooks and has edited over 72 books. He is the editor of
three book series published by Apple Academic Press: Innovations in
Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Innovations and Challenges in
Micro Irrigation, and Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation.
He is also instrumental in the development of the book series Innovations
in Plant Science for Better Health: From Soil to Fork.
Dr. Goyal received his BSc degree in engineering from Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India; his MSc and PhD degrees from
Ohio State University, Columbus; and his Master of Divinity degree from
Puerto Rico Evangelical Seminary, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, USA.
ABOUT THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD

Research Fellow, School of Agric. & Food
Facculty of Veterinary & Agric. Sciences
The Univ of Melbourne Parkville 3010,
Victoria, Au
Hafiz Anasr Rasul Suleria, PhD, is currently
working as the Alfred Deakin Research Fellow
at Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. He
is also an Honorary Fellow at the Diamantina
Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University
of Queensland, Australia.
Recently he worked as a postdoc research fellow in the Department
of Food, Nutrition, Dietetic and Health at Kansas State University, USA.
Previously, he has been awarded an International Postgraduate Research
Scholarship (IPRS) and an Australian Postgraduate Award (APA) for his
PhD research at the University of Queens School of Medicine, the Transla-
tional Research Institute (TRI), in collaboration with the Commonwealth
and Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO, Australia).
Before joining the University of Queens, he worked as a lecturer in the
Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad,
Pakistan. He also worked as a research associate in the PAK-US Joint Project
funded by the Higher Education Commission, Pakistan, and the Department
of State, USA, with the collaboration of the University of Massachusetts,
USA, and National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of
Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
He has a significant research focus on food nutrition, particularly
in the screening of bioactive molecules—isolation, purification, and
characterization using various cutting-edge techniques from different
plant, marine, and animal sources; and in vitro, in vivo bioactivities; cell
culture; and animal modeling. He has also done a reasonable amount
of work on functional foods and nutraceuticals, food and function, and
alternative medicine.
x About the Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Suleria has published more than 50 peer-reviewed scientific papers

in different reputed/impacted journals. He is also in collaboration with
more than ten universities where he is working as a co-supervisor/special
member for PhD and postgraduate students and is also involved in joint
publications, projects, and grants. He is Editor-in-Chief for the book
series Innovations in Plant Science for Better Health: From Soil to Fork,
published by AAP.
Readers may contact him at: [email protected].
ABOUT THE EDITOR

Ramasamy Harikrishnan, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of
Zoology, Pachaiyappa’s College for Men
(affiliated with the University of Madras),
Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
Ramasamy Harikrishnan, PhD, is an Assistant
Professor in the Department of Zoology at
Pachaiyappa’s College for Men (affiliated
with the University of Madras), Kanchipuram,
Tamil Nadu, India. He formerly worked as an
Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Bharath College
of Science and Management, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India; as Research
Associate at the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR),
Government of India; as a postdoctoral fellowship at the Korea Science
and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF), South Korea; and as a Research
Professor at the College of Ocean Science, Jeju National University,
South Korea. He has guided MPhil students and PhD research scholars
at Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India. He has been an invited
speaker at the University of South Korea. He has been involved in several
projects as co-principal investigator at Jeju National University, South
Korea. He has visited several countries for oral presentations, including
Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, China, and Japan. He also organized
several seminars and symposia. He prepared the first cDNA library in a
marine kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus, and identified 2000 mRNA
sequences, and some of which have been submitted to the National Center
for Biotechnology Information.
He received his BSc degree in Zoology in 1993, his MSc degree in 1995,
MPhil degree in 1998, and PhD degree in 2004 from the Bharathidasan
University, Tamil Nadu, India. He has published 113 peer-reviewed interna-
tional articles; five international review articles and seven national research
publications; and 22 research articles in the Proceedings of the 7th National
Symposium on Advance Research in Biosciences, 3–4 March, 2014 and
xii About the Editor

7th edition was edited by him. Dr. Harikrishnan is a reviewer and member
of the editorial boards for 15 international journals, and has attended many
workshops and training courses and national and international conferences
and symposiums. Readers may contact him at: [email protected].
CONTENTS

Contributors ........................................................................................................ xv
Abbreviations..................................................................................................... xvii
Preface 1 by Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria.............................................................. xxi
Preface 2 by Megh R. Goyal ............................................................................xxiii

PART I: Herbs and Their Extracts: Scope and Role of

Bioactive Compounds in Human Health ....................................... 1
1. Potential of Herbal Extracts and Bioactive Compounds for
Human Healthcare....................................................................................... 3
Ramasamy Harikrishnan and Chellam Balasundaram
2. Herbal Extracts and Their Bioactivities: Comparative
Phytoconstituent Analysis of Selected Medicinal Plants
Using GC-MS/FTIR Techniques............................................................. 159
C. Stanley Okereke, O. Uche Arunsi, E. Martina Ilondu, and
S. Chieme Chukwudoruo
3. The Role of Herbal Medicines in Female Genital Infections............... 191
Djadouni Fatima

PART II: Functional Activities of Selected Plants........................... 215

4. From Designer Food Formulation to Oxidative Stress
Mitigation: Health-Boosting Constituents of Cabbage........................ 217
Faiza Ashfaq, Masood Sadiq Butt, Ahmad Bilal, Kanza Aziz Awan, and
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
5. Functional Properties of Milk Yam (Ipomoea digitata L.) ................... 263
K. M. Vidya, N. S. Sonia, and P. C. Jessykutty

Index.................................................................................................................. 299
CONTRIBUTORS

O. Uche Arunsi
Graduate Assistant, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Physical Sciences,
Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State University, NYSC; Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Life Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria,
Mobile: +234-8160874528, E-mail: [email protected]

Faiza Ashfaq
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, E-mail: [email protected]
Kanza Aziz Awan
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, E-mail: [email protected]
Chellam Balasundaram
Professor, Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur–613005,
Tamil Nadu, India, Mobile: +91-9443821666, E-mail: [email protected]

Ahmad Bilal
Assistant Professor, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, University of Lahore,
Lahore, Pakistan, E-mail: [email protected]

Masood Sadiq Butt

Dean, Faculty of Food, Nutrition, and Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan, E-mail: [email protected]

S. Chieme Chukwudoruo
Research Assistant, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Physical Sciences,
Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria, Mobile: +234-8069114183,
E-mail: [email protected]

Djadouni Fatima
University Professor and Researcher, Biology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life,
Mascara University, Mascara – 29000, Algeria, Tel.: +0021-354 0039761,
E-mail: [email protected]

Megh R. Goyal
Retired Faculty in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering from College of Engineering at the
University of Puerto Rico–Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agricultural
and Biomedical Engineering for Apple Academic Press Inc.; PO Box 86,
Rincon–PR–006770086, USA, E-mail: [email protected]

Ramasamy Harikrishnan
Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa’s College for Men, Kanchipuram–631501,
Tamil Nadu, India, Mobile: +91-8940283621, E-mail: [email protected]
xvi Contributors

E. Martina Ilondu
Senior Lecturer, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka,
Delta State, Nigeria, Mobile: +234-8036758249, E-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
P. C. Jessykutty
Professor and Head, Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture,
Vellayani, Kerala, India, Tel.: 9497484060, E-mail: [email protected]
C. Stanley Okereke
Senior Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Physical Sciences;
and Director, Examination Center, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria,
Mobile: +234-7036769255, E-mail: [email protected]

N. S. Sonia
PhD Scholar, Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture,
Vellayani, Kerala, India, Tel.: 8129448004, E-mail: [email protected]
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
School of Agric. & Food, Facculty of Veterinary & Agric. Sciences,
The Univ of Melbourne Parkville 3010, Victoria, Au

K. M. Vidya
PhD Scholar, Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture,
Vellayani, Kerala, India, Tel.: 9964498871, E-mail: [email protected]
ABBREVIATIONS

AAI anti-atherogenic index

ACAT Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase
AICD activation-induced cell death
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ALP alkaline phosphatase
ALT alanine transaminase
ART anti-retroviral treatment
AST aspartate transaminase
BAP benzyl amino purine
BMI body mass index
CAT catalase
CCl4 carbon tetrachloride
CK creatine kinase
CK-MB creatine kinase-MB
CRP C-reactive protein
DISC death-inducing signaling complex
DMAPP dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy
FADD Fas-associated death domain
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FID flame ionization detector
FOSHU foods for specific health use
FRAP fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
FTIR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
GAE gallic acid equivalents
GC gas chromatograph
GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GLS glucosinolates
GPx glutathione peroxidase
GR glutathione reductase
xviii Abbreviations

GSH glutathione
GST glutathione-S-transferase
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
IBA indole-3-butyric acid
IL-6 interleukin-6
IPGRI International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
IPP isopentenyl pyrophosphate
IR infrared
JKT Jurkat
LAB lactic acid bacteria
LCAT lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase
LDH lactate dehydrogenase
LH luteinizing hormone
MAC membrane attack complex
MAC mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel
MDA malondialdehyde
MEP methylerythritol phosphate
MS Murashige-Skoog’s
MVA mevalonic acid
NACO National AIDS Control Organization
NAFLDs non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases
NBJ nutrition business journal
NDEA N-nitrosodiethyamine
NF-κB nuclear factor-κB
NIST National Institute of Standard and Technology
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
NO nitric oxide
NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
PCO protein carbonyl
PON1 paraoxonase 1
PTZ pentylenetetrazole
RE rutin equivalents
RNS reactive nitrogen species
ROM reactive oxygen metabolites
ROS reactive oxygen species
SMAC second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases
SOD superoxide dismutase
Abbreviations xix

STZ streptozotocin
TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine
THC tetrahydrocannabinol
TLC thin layer chromatography
TNFR TNF receptor
TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α
TRADD TNF-receptor associated death domain
UNAIDS United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS
WHO World Health Organization
PREFACE 1

Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like HIV/AIDS and cancer

are emerging as the most predominant challenges in human health.
According to the UNAIDS survey of 2017, about 36.9 million people in the
world live with HIV/AIDS, including 1.8 million children less than 15 years
of age. Similarly, cancer is another leading cause of suffering and globally
about 9.6 million people died in 2018, shockingly about 70% of these deaths
(about 1 in 6) are in the under-developing and developing countries.
Hence any new tool to tackle the NCDs can supplement/supplant in
the disease management scenario, and the available treatments are often
symptomatic of the interest in the emerging traditional medicines because
of low cost and easy availability. The wide variety of potential plant species
are amazing as about 250,000 higher level and 215,000 lower level plant
species have been identified. However, only about 6% of these species
have been screened for their biological properties while about 15% have
been subjected to phytoconstituent analysis.
Phytoconstituents comprise of chemical bioactive compounds that
occur naturally in plants, and these are generally called as ‘biologically
significant chemicals,’ but not essentially are considered as nutrients. The
plant bioactive compounds (such as flavanones, chromones, benzenoids,
inositol, pyrimidines, triterpenoids, steroids, etc.) are well-established
secondary metabolites with complex organic molecules and possess
several physiological or toxicological effects in humans and animals.
In the modern era, a number of novel techniques are available for the
extraction of bioactive components and essential oils from the medicinal
and aromatic plants. These phytomedicines (phytoconstituents) have
been used throughout the world as an integral part of our healthcare
system since a long time ago. Although modern drugs are effective in
preventing NCDs disorders, yet their use is often limited due to their
adverse side effects.
The WHO estimated that more than 80% of the human population
living in developing countries still relies on herbal drugs for their primary
healthcare. Recent scientific literature has documented the link between
certain phytoconstituents and inhibition or protection against NCDs.
xxii Preface 1

It has been recently estimated that natural products have enjoyed a 100
times higher hit rate when compared with synthetic drugs. The philosophy
behind these approaches is the long-standing therapeutic experiences and
the belief that a complex pathophysiological process can be treated more
effectively with the combination of low dose extracts due to synergetic
effects and apparently with fewer side-effects than with a single high
dosage of an isolated compound.
Several research laboratories are actively involved in phytomedicine
research, and new chemical entities are being successfully used over the
years, and many are in the clinical trial phase. Correspondingly, the current
global trade of herbs has increased to a yearly turnover of US$100 billion.
In India and China, the medicinal plant trade has increased from about $2
billion to $5 billion when compared to $1.00 billion annually in Germany.
Under these circumstances, this book volume aims to review the
therapy with herbal phytoconstituents with special reference to the current
scenario on the basis of: type of disorders, mode of action, and pharma-
cological screening. This book volume, The Role of Phytoconstituents in
Health Care: Biocompounds in Medicinal Plants, under the book series
on Innovations in Plant Science for Better Health: From Soil to Fork
focuses on: Part I: Herbs and Their Extracts: Scope and Role of Bioactive
Compounds in Human Health; Part II: Functional Activities of Selected
Plants. The information in five chapters in this book volume is essential
for herbal drug researchers and scientists in pharmaceutical industries. The
collated information will not only provide information on the management
or prevention of HIV/AIDS and cancer disorders but also pave the way for
future research.
I am beholden to Dr. Megh R. Goyal for inviting me to join his team
in publishing this book volume. He is a well-known international scientist
and engineer with expertise in agricultural and biological engineering, a
rare blend indeed. He is a patron, leader, mentor, and model for budding
scientists.
—Ramasamy Harikrishnan, PhD
Editor
PREFACE 2

To be healthy, it is our moral responsibility,

Towards Almighty God, ourselves, our family, and our society;
Eating fruits and vegetables makes us healthy,
Believe and have a faith;
Reduction of food waste can reduce the world hunger and
can make our planet eco-friendly.
—Megh R. Goyal

Medicinal plants contain certain chemicals in leaves, stems, roots, and

fruits that can provide therapeutic benefits against different kinds of
diseases. These chemicals are often referred to as “phytochemicals.” The
word “phyto” is a Greek word that means “plant.” Phytochemicals are
natural non-essential bioactive compounds found in plants and plant foods.
In our world today, many commercially available drugs have plant-based
origins, with more than 30% of modern medicines directly or indirectly
derived from medicinal plants. The use of medicinal plants has largely
increased because they are locally accessible, economical, less toxic with
fewer side-effects, and vital in promoting health. However, scientific data
and information regarding the safety and efficacy of these medicinal plants
are inadequate.
The book volume will further encourage the preservation of traditional
medical knowledge of medicinal plants. These plant products are drawing
the attention of researchers/policymakers because of their demonstrated
beneficial effects against diseases with high global burdens. This book
volume is a treasure house of information and, provides excellent reference
material for researchers, scientists, students, growers, traders, processors,
industries, dieticians, medical practitioners, and others. We hope that this
compendium will be useful for students and researchers as well as those
working in the food, nutraceutical, and herbal industries.
The contribution of all cooperating authors to this book volume has
been most valuable in the compilation. Their names are mentioned in each
chapter and in the list of contributors. We appreciate you all for having
xxiv Preface 2

patience with our editorial skills. This book would not have been written
without the valuable cooperation of these investigators, many of whom are
renowned scientists who have worked in the field of plant science and food
science throughout their professional career.
The goal of this book volume is to guide the world science community
on how plant-based secondary metabolites can alleviate us from various
conditions and diseases.
We thank editorial and production staff, and Ashish Kumar, Publisher
and President, at Apple Academic Press, Inc., for making every effort to
publish this book when all are concerned with health issues.
We express our admiration to our families and colleagues for their
understanding and collaboration during the preparation of this book
volume. As an educator, I share with you a piece of advice to one and all
in the world: “Permit that our almighty God, our Creator, provider of all
and excellent Teacher, feed our life with Healthy Food Products and His
Grace; and Get married to your profession.”
We request the reader to offer your constructive suggestions that may
help to improve the next edition.
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, PhD
Editors
 PART I
Herbs and Their Extracts:
Scope and Role of Bioactive
Compounds in Human Health
CHAPTER 1

POTENTIAL OF HERBAL EXTRACTS

AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FOR
HUMAN HEALTHCARE
RAMASAMY HARIKRISHNAN and CHELLAM BALASUNDARAM

ABSTRACT

Globally, herbal therapy is still the backbone of about 80% of the popula-
tion in developing countries as essential healthcare, because the herbals
are cheapest, widely available anywhere, and with no side effects. Many
of Western medicines have been derived from plant resources, e.g.,
magnaprin from bark of willow, dioxin from foxglove, qualaquin from
cinchona bark, and zomorph from the opium poppy. Scientists, doctors,
and pharmaceutical companies have access to information on herbal
medicines; however, the main issue is the absence of scientific valida-
tion. The mode of action of many plant-derived methodologies can be
negatively affected by the isolation technique, concentration, time, and
administrative route, lack of uniform formulation within or among manu-
facturers. In addition, the efficiency of herbal medicine may be due to
symbiotic activity of multi-pace bio-compounds and antagonist actions,
so that testing of single bio-compound may not be an appropriate evalu-
ation of the efficiency of the “crude” extracts used by patients. Phyto-
chemicals in the form of dietary supplements, herbs, and spices, comprise
an unlimited source of molecules available for improving human health.
The claimed beneficial values of the described species give a sound basis
for the significant role of folk medicine in the development of new drug.
Further insights on the mechanisms of action for different herbals
and their bioactive compounds are necessary to discover the molecular
targets for human diseases. Such mastery will help to enlighten special-
ists, permit them to give exceptional guidance to their patients and thus
4 The Role of Phytoconstitutents in Health Care

can support in the improvement of innovative pharmaceuticals via a

rediscovery of age-old compounds. For example, the biocompounds in
the fennel plant can be used for different drug formulations, which play a
significant role in our health. Majority of studies were mainly conducted
on the anti-oxidant, antimicrobial activities in different animal models.
Natural products have traditionally been favored for the exploration of
potential targets for drug production, and its function is still clear today.
The pharma-industry has been facing a serious threat as the drug discovery
practice is becoming exceptionally costly, sensitive, and typically ineffec-
tive. Natural materials may serve as the main source of drugs and more
than half of the pharma preparations in use today are derived from natural
plant resources. However, careful experimental designs using multidis-
ciplinary pathways together with consistency and assessment of natural
products are important for the successful production of innovative and
promising therapies.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about one-third

of all deaths are due to infectious diseases, and nearly 50,000 people
die each day globally. Antibiotics continue to be a major therapeutic
discovery in the effective control of pathogens. Numerous broad spectrum
and pathogen-specific drugs to control microbes are available today.
Though the treatment with antibiotics offers significant advantages, yet
their use is still arbitrary today, thus resulting in an alarming increase in
antibiotics resistance of virulent strains. The indiscriminate or improper
usage of antimicrobial drugs has increased drug resistance among
microorganisms [971]. The high degree of multidrug resistance is due
to the presence of antibiotic efflux systems, which trigger resistance
to pathogens [5]. Indeed drug resistance among pathogens poses a
serious threat throughout the world [5, 210, 751, 878]. Therefore, the
exploration of a new generation of drugs is a continuous pursuit, because
the target microorganisms continue to develop new virulent strains that
have become further resistant to currently existing antimicrobial drugs
[254, 1031]. Also, new families of antimicrobial drugs frequently have
short life expectancy [184]. Hence, there is a dire need to explore novel
groups of antibacterial agents.
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