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SEVENTHEDITION

Database System Concepts

Abraham Silberschatz

Henry F. Korth

S. Sudarshan

silberschatz6e_fm_i-ii.indd Page i 12/3/09 2:51:50 PM user

/Users/user/Desktop/Temp
Work/00November_2009/24:11:09/VYN/silberschatz DATABASE

SYSTEM CONCEPTS

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Abraham Silberschatz

Yale University

Henry F. Korth

Lehigh University

S. Sudarshan

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

TM

DATABASE SYSTEM CONCEPTS, SEVENTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Silberschatz, Abraham, author. | Korth, Henry F., author. |

Sudarshan, S., author.

Title: Database system concepts/Abraham Silberschatz, Yale

University, Henry F. Korth, Lehigh University, S. Sudarshan, Indian
Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Description: Seventh edition. | New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, [2020] |
Includes bibliographical references.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018060474 | ISBN 9780078022159 (alk. paper) |

ISBN 0078022150 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Database
management.

Classification: LCC QA76.9.D3 S5637 2020 | DDC 005.74—dc23 LC

record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018060474

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of
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mheducation.com/highered

To meine schatzi, Valerie

her parents and my dear friends, Steve and Mary Anne

and in memory of my parents, Joseph and Vera

Avi Silberschatz

To my wife, Joan

my children, Abigail and Joseph

my mother, Frances

and in memory of my father, Henry

Hank Korth

To my wife, Sita
my children, Madhur and Advaith

and my mother, Indira

S. Sudarshan

About the Authors

Abraham (Avi) Silberschatz is the Sidney J. Weinberg Professor of

Computer Science at Yale University. Prior to coming to Yale in 2003,
he was the vice president of the Information Sciences Research
Center at Bell Labs. He previously held an endowed professorship at
the University of Texas at Austin, where he taught until 1993.
Silberschatz is a fellow of the ACM, a fellow of the IEEE, and a
member of the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering. He
received the 2002 IEEE Taylor L. Booth Education Award, the 1998
ACM Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award, and the 1997
ACM SIGMOD Contribution Award. Silberschatz was awarded the Bell
Laboratories President’s Award three times, in 1998, 1999 and 2004.
His writings have appeared in numerous journals, conferences,
workshops, and book chapters. He has obtained over 48 patents and
over 24 grants. He is an author of the textbook Operating System
Concepts.

Henry F. (Hank) Korth is a Professor of Computer Science and

Engineering and co-director of the Computer Science and Business
program at Lehigh University. Prior to joining Lehigh, he was director
of Database Principles Research at Bell Labs, a vice president of
Panasonic Technologies, an associate professor at the University of
Texas at Austin, and a research staff member at IBM Research. Korth
is a fellow of the ACM

and of the IEEE and a winner of the 10-Year Award at the VLDB
Conference. His numerous research publications span a wide range of
aspects of database systems, including transaction management in
parallel and distributed systems, real-time systems, query processing,
and the influence on these areas from modern computing
architectures.

Most recently, his research has addressed issues in the application of

blockchains in enterprise databases.

S. Sudarshan is currently the Subrao M. Nilekani Chair Professor at

the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. He received his Ph.D. at
the University of Wisconsin in 1992, and he was a member of the
technical staff at Bell Labs before joining IIT Bombay. Sudarshan is a
fellow of the ACM. His research spans several areas of database
systems, with a focus on query processing and query optimization.
His paper on keyword search in databases published in 2002 won the
IEEE ICDE Most Influential Paper Award in 2012, and his work on
main-memory databases received the Bell Laboratories President’s
Award in 1999. His current research areas include testing and grading
of SQL queries, optimization of database applications by rewriting of
imperative code, and query optimization for parallel databases. He
has published over 100 papers and obtained 15 patents.

Contents

Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Database-System Applications

1.7 Database and Application Architecture

21

1.2 Purpose of Database Systems

1.8 Database Users and Administrators

24

1.3 View of Data

1.9 History of Database Systems

25

1.4 Database Languages

13

1.10 Summary

29

1.5 Database Design

17

Exercises

31
1.6 Database Engine

18

Further Reading

33

PART ONE

RELATIONAL LANGUAGES

Chapter 2

Introduction to the Relational Model

2.1 Structure of Relational Databases

37

2.6 The Relational Algebra

48

2.2 Database Schema

41

2.7 Summary

58

2.3 Keys

43

Exercises

60
2.4 Schema Diagrams

46

Further Reading

63

2.5 Relational Query Languages

47

Chapter 3

Introduction to SQL

3.1 Overview of the SQL Query Language

65

3.7 Aggregate Functions

91

3.2 SQL Data Definition

66

3.8 Nested Subqueries

98

3.3 Basic Structure of SQL Queries

71

3.9 Modification of the Database

108
3.4 Additional Basic Operations

79

3.10 Summary

114

3.5 Set Operations

85

Exercises

115

3.6 Null Values

89

Further Reading

124

vii

viii

Contents

Chapter 4

Intermediate SQL

4.1 Join Expressions

125

4.6 Index Definition in SQL

164

4.2 Views

137

4.7 Authorization

165

4.3 Transactions

143

4.8 Summary

173

4.4 Integrity Constraints

145

Exercises

176

4.5 SQL Data Types and Schemas

153

Further Reading

180

Chapter 5

Advanced SQL

5.1 Accessing SQL from a Programming

5.5 Advanced Aggregation Features

219

Language

183

5.6 Summary

231

5.2 Functions and Procedures

198

Exercises

232

5.3 Triggers

206

Further Reading

238

5.4 Recursive Queries

213

PART TWO

DATABASE DESIGN

Chapter 6

Database Design Using the E-R Model

6.1 Overview of the Design Process

241

6.8 Extended E-R Features

271

6.2 The Entity-Relationship Model

244

6.9 Entity-Relationship Design Issues

279

6.3 Complex Attributes

249

6.10 Alternative Notations for Modeling

6.4 Mapping Cardinalities

252

Data

285

6.5 Primary Key

256

6.11 Other Aspects of Database Design

291

6.6 Removing Redundant Attributes in Entity

6.12 Summary

292

Sets

261

Exercises

294

6.7 Reducing E-R Diagrams to Relational

Further Reading

300

Schemas

264

Chapter 7

Relational Database Design

7.1 Features of Good Relational Designs

303

7.7 More Normal Forms

341

7.2 Decomposition Using Functional

7.8 Atomic Domains and First Normal

Dependencies
308

Form

342

7.3 Normal Forms

313

7.9 Database-Design Process

343

7.4 Functional-Dependency Theory

320

7.10 Modeling Temporal Data

347

7.5 Algorithms for Decomposition Using

7.11 Summary

351

Functional Dependencies

330

Exercises

353

7.6 Decomposition Using Multivalued

Further Reading
360

Dependencies

336

Contents

ix

PART THREE

APPLICATION DESIGN AND

DEVELOPMENT

Chapter 8

Complex Data Types

8.1 Semi-structured Data

365

8.5 Summary

394

8.2 Object Orientation

376

Exercises

397
8.3 Textual Data

382

Further Reading

401

8.4 Spatial Data

387

Chapter 9

Application Development

9.1 Application Programs and User

9.7 Application Performance

434

Interfaces

403

9.8 Application Security

437

9.2 Web Fundamentals

405

9.9 Encryption and Its Applications

447

9.3 Servlets
411

9.10 Summary

453

9.4 Alternative Server-Side Frameworks

416

Exercises

455

9.5 Client-Side Code and Web Services

421

Further Reading

462

9.6 Application Architectures

429

PART FOUR

BIG DATA ANALYTICS

Chapter 10

Big Data

10.1 Motivation

467

10.5 Streaming Data

500

10.2 Big Data Storage Systems

472

10.6 Graph Databases

508

10.3 The MapReduce Paradigm

483

10.7 Summary

511

10.4 Beyond MapReduce: Algebraic

Exercises

513

Operations

494

Further Reading

516

Chapter 11

Data Analytics

11.1 Overview of Analytics

519
11.5 Summary

550

11.2 Data Warehousing

521

Exercises

552

11.3 Online Analytical Processing

527

Further Reading

555

11.4 Data Mining

540

Contents

PART FIVE

STORAGE MANAGEMENT AND

INDEXING

Chapter 12
Physical Storage Systems

12.1 Overview of Physical Storage Media

559

12.6 Disk-Block Access

577

12.2 Storage Interfaces

562

12.7 Summary

580

12.3 Magnetic Disks

563

Exercises

582

12.4 Flash Memory

567

Further Reading

584

12.5 RAID

570

Chapter 13
Data Storage Structures

13.1 Database Storage Architecture

587

13.7 Storage Organization in Main-Memory

13.2 File Organization

588

Databases

615

13.3 Organization of Records in Files

595

13.8 Summary

617

13.4 Data-Dictionary Storage

602

Exercises

619

13.5 Database Buffer

604

Further Reading

621
13.6 Column-Oriented Storage

611

Chapter 14

Indexing

14.1 Basic Concepts

623

14.8 Write-Optimized Index Structures

665

14.2 Ordered Indices

625

14.9 Bitmap Indices

670

14.3 B+-Tree Index Files

634

14.10 Indexing of Spatial and Temporal Data

672

14.4 B+-Tree Extensions

650

14.11 Summary

677
14.5 Hash Indices

658

Exercises

679

14.6 Multiple-Key Access

661

Further Reading

683

14.7 Creation of Indices

664

PART SIX

QUERY PROCESSING AND

OPTIMIZATION

Chapter 15

Query Processing

15.1 Overview

689

15.7 Evaluation of Expressions

724

15.2 Measures of Query Cost

692

15.8 Query Processing in Memory

731

15.3 Selection Operation

695

15.9 Summary

734

15.4 Sorting

701

Exercises

736

15.5 Join Operation

704

Further Reading

740

15.6 Other Operations

719

Contents

xi
Chapter 16

Query Optimization

16.1 Overview

743

16.5 Materialized Views

778

16.2 Transformation of Relational

16.6 Advanced Topics in Query

Expressions

747

Optimization

783

16.3 Estimating Statistics of Expression

16.7 Summary

787

Results

757

Exercises

789

16.4 Choice of Evaluation Plans

766

Further Reading

794

PART SEVEN

TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT

Chapter 17

Transactions

17.1 Transaction Concept

799

17.8 Transaction Isolation Levels

821

17.2 A Simple Transaction Model

801

17.9 Implementation of Isolation Levels

823

17.3 Storage Structure

804

17.10 Transactions as SQL Statements

826

17.4 Transaction Atomicity and Durability

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