Instructor: Dr.
Arshad Farhad
Grading Policy
•Absolute Grading
Assessment Item Number Weight (%)
Assignments 4 20
Quizzes 4 10
Midterm 1 20
Final Exam 1 50
Course Information
Course Title: Computer Communication and Networks
Course Code: CEN222
Resources:
▪ Data Communication and Networking, 4th Edition, Behrouz A. Forouzan.
▪ Behrouz A. Forouzan, “TCP/IP Protocol Suite”, McGraw-Hill. (Latest Edition)
▪ A. Leon-Garcia, “Communication Networks”, McGraw-Hill. (Latest Edition)
▪ William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, Prentice Hall. (8th
Edition)
3
Course Contents
Network Models: Communication Model, Layered Protocol Architecture, OSI
Reference Model, TCP/IP Architecture.
Physical Layer and Media: Data and Signals, Digital Transmission, Analog
Transmission,
Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing, Switching,
Data Link Layer: Error Detection and Correction, Data Link Control, Multiple
Access, Ethernet, LAN and VLAN.
Network Layer: Logical Addressing, Internet Protocol, IP Packet (IPv4),
IP Addressing and Routing: IP Classes and Subnetting, Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP), Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP), Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
BY DR. ARSHAD FARHAD 4
Course Contents
Routing Algorithms: Link State Routing, Distance Vector Routing, Address
Mapping, Error Reporting and Multicasting, Delivery, forwarding and routing.
Transport Layer: Process to Process Delivery: UDP, TCP and SCTP, Congestion
Control.
Application Layer: Domain Name System (DNS), Electronic Mail and File
Transfer, WWW, and HTTP.
BY DR. ARSHAD FARHAD 5
Course Objective
To understand the architecture,
working and operation of computer
networks
6
Lecture Content
▪ Data communication
▪ Components of a data communications system
▪ Data Flow
▪ Networks
▪ Network Criteria
▪ Network Topologies
7
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
o The term telecommunication means communication
at a distance.
o The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data.
o Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.
Topics discussed in this section:
▪ Components of a data communications system
▪ Data Flow
1.8
Fundamental Characteristics
◼ The effectiveness of a data communication
system depends on three fundamental
characteristics
❖ Delivery
⚫ must deliver data to the correct destination
⚫ (the intended device or user)
❖ Accuracy
⚫ must deliver data accurately
❖ Timeliness
⚫ must deliver data in a timely manner
Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system
1.10
Data communication system components (cont’d)
◼ Medium
❖ is the physically path by which a message travels from sender
to receiver.
(twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber- optic cable, laser , or
radio waves(terrestrial or satellite microwave))
◼ Protocol
❖ is a set of rules that govern data communication.
Data Presentation
◼ Text is represented as a bit pattern.
Code : Each sets of bit patterns to represent text symbols.
ASCII : by ANSI, 7bits
Extended ASCII, 8bits
Unicode : 16 bits
ISO : 32bits
◼ Numbers : also represented by bit patterns.
◼ Images : also represented by bit patterns. (Picture)
◼ Audio : It is continuous, not discrete. (Voice or music)
◼ Video : The recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie.
Direction of Data Flow
❖ is used to define the direction of signal
flow between two link devices
◼ Simplex
unidirectional, as on a one-way street (keyboard, monitor)
◼ Half-Duplex
each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time
◼ Full-Duplex
both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
1.14
1-2 NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
Topics discussed in this section:
▪ Network Criteria
▪ Physical Structures
▪ Categories of Networks
1.15
Network Criteria
◼ Performance
◼ Depends on Network Elements
◼ Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
◼ Reliability
◼ Failure rate of network components
◼ Measured in terms of availability/robustness
◼ Security
◼ Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
◼ Errors
◼ Malicious users
1.16
Physical Structures
◼ Type of Connection
◼ Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
◼ Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
◼ Physical Topology
◼ Connection of devices
◼ Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast
1.17
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
1.18
Type of transmission
◼ Unicast
• Definition: This involves sending data from a single sender to a single receiver.
• Example: Sending an email from your personal account to a specific recipient.
◼ Multicast
• Definition: This involves sending data from a single sender to a group of receivers that have subscribed to the
same multicast group.
• Example: Streaming a live video to a group of viewers interested in the same content.
◼ Broadcast
• Definition: This involves sending data from a single sender to all devices on a network.
• Example: Sending a network-wide announcement or a network discovery request.
Feature Unicast Multicast Broadcast
Sender-Receiver
Relationship One-to-one One-to-many One-to-all
Limited to specific
Scope recipients Targeted to a group Network-wide
Efficient for targeted Efficient for group
Efficiency communication communication Less efficient for large networks
Unique IP address for Broadcast address (typically
Addressing each receiver Multicast group address 255.255.255.255)
1.19
Categories of Networks
◼ Local Area Networks (LANs)
◼ Short distances
◼ Designed to provide local interconnectivity
◼ Wide Area Networks (WANs)
◼ Long distances
◼ Provide connectivity over large areas
◼ Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
◼ Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
1.26
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
1.28
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
1.29
1-3 THE INTERNET
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily
lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our free time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
Topics discussed in this section:
Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
1.30
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet
1.31
1-4 PROTOCOLS
A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of
a set of rules that govern data communications. It
determines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated. The
key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics
and timing
Topics discussed in this section:
▪ Syntax
▪ Semantics
▪ Timing
1.32
Elements of a Protocol
◼ Syntax
◼ Structure or format of the data
◼ The specific arrangement of bits or bytes to represent different
types of data (e.g., integers, characters, floating-point numbers).
◼ Indicates how to read the bits
◼ Signal levels: The voltage or current levels used to represent
binary data (e.g., 0s and 1s).
1.33
Elements of a Protocol
◼ Semantics
◼ Interprets the meaning of the bits
◼ Control information: The data that controls the communication
process (e.g., start/stop bits, addressing information, error-
checking codes).
◼ Error Handling
◼ This aspect ensures reliable and efficient communication.
◼ Asd Mechanisms to detect and correct errors that may occur during
transmission.
◼ Error detection: Techniques like parity checking, checksums, and
cyclic redundancy codes (CRCs) to identify errors.
◼ Error correction: Methods like retransmission or forward error
correction (FEC) to recover from errors.
1.34
Elements of a Protocol
◼ Timing
◼ The synchronization of data transmission and reception
◼ Speed matching
◼ Adjusting the transmission rate to match the capabilities of the
sender and receiver.
◼ Mechanisms to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver
◼ Sequencing
◼ Ensuring that data packets are received in the correct order.
◼ Packet numbering: Assigning a unique sequence number to each
packet.
◼ Control information: The data that controls the communication
process (e.g., start/stop bits, addressing information, error-
checking codes).
1.35
