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 Disputed moral issues 5th Edition Mark Timmons

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 Proportionality: The evil that will be brought about by the action is not
out of proportion to the good being aimed at.
A violation that satisfies all of the provisions of the DDE counts as an
indirect violation and is thus not prohibited by NLT.

C. KANTIAN MORAL THEORY

Humanity formulation of Kant’s fundamental principle, the categorical
imperative:
H An action is right if and only if (and because) the action treats
persons (including oneself) as ends in themselves and not merely
as a means.
Universal Law formulation

UL An action is right if and only if one can both (a) consistently

conceive of everyone adopting and acting on the general policy
(that is, the maxim) of one’s action, and also (b) consistently will
that everyone act on that maxim.

D. RIGHTS-BASED MORAL THEORY

As the name suggests, a rights-based moral theory takes the notion of
moral rights as basic and defines or characterizes the rightness or
wrongness of actions in terms of moral rights.

R An action is right if and only if (and because) in performing it

either (a) one does not violate the fundamental moral rights of
others, or (b) in cases in which it is not possible to respect all
such rights because they are in conflict, one’s action is among the
best ways to protect the most important rights in the case at hand.
Typical moral rights taken as fundamental include the Jeffersonian rights
to life, various liberties, and the freedom to pursue one’s own happiness.

E. ETHICS OF PRIMA FACIE DUTY

This sort of moral theory features a plurality of principles of prima facie
duty. To reach an all-things-considered moral verdict in cases in which two
or more principles apply and favor conflicting actions, one must use moral
judgment to figure out which duty is most stringent.

F. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

BASIC IDEA:

SC An action is morally right if and only if (and because) it is

permitted by a set of moral principles that hypothetical agents
would agree to under conditions that are ideal for choosing moral
principles (the precise characteristics of the hypothetical agents
and ideal conditions to be spelled out.)

RAWLS’S TWO PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE:

In the context of developing a theory of social justice governing social
and political institutions, John Rawls proposed two basic principles of
justice that he argued would be chosen by agents (under certain
specified conditions) who are deciding on basic principles for mutual
governance.
The principle of greatest equal liberty: Each person is to have an equal
right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar
liberty for others.
The difference principle: Social and economic inequalities are to be
arranged so that they are both (a) reasonably expected to be to
 everyone’s advantage and (b) attached to positions and offices open to
all.

G. VIRTUE ETHICS
A type of moral theory that takes considerations of virtue and vice to be
the basis for defining or characterizing the rightness and wrongness of
actions.

VE An action is right if and only if (and because) it is what a virtuous

agent (acting in character) might choose to do in the
circumstances under consideration.

Commonly recognized virtues include honesty, courage, justice,

temperance, beneficence, humility, loyalty, and gratitude.

Ross’s list of prima facie duties:

Justice: prima facie, one ought to ensure that pleasure is distributed according to
merit.
Beneficence: prima facie, one ought to help those in need and, in general, increase the
virtue, pleasure, and knowledge of others.
Self-improvement: prima facie, one ought to improve oneself with respect to one’s own
virtue and knowledge.
Nonmaleficence: prima facie, one ought to refrain from harming others.
Fidelity: prima facie, one ought to keep one’s promises.
Reparation: prima facie, one ought to make amends to others for any past wrongs
one has done them.
Gratitude: prima facie, one ought to show gratitude toward one’s benefactors.
Audi’s proposed additions to Ross’s list:
Veracity: prima facie, one ought not to lie.
Enhancement and prima facie, one ought to contribute to increasing or at least preserving
preservation of the freedom of others with priority given to removing constraints over
freedom: enhancing opportunities.
Respectfulness: prima facie, one ought, in the manner of our relations with other people,
treat others respectfully.
H. CARE ETHICS
This type of theory emphasizes the importance of interpersonal
relationships and takes attitudes and actions that express care to be among
the primary values (if not the primary value) in the realm of ethics.
Attitudes and actions that express care are thus put forth as explaining at
least some if not all of our moral obligations.

CE In circumstances where one believes it is possible to care for

others, one ought to act in a manner that expresses an appropriate
level of care for those others.
DISPUTED MORAL ISSUES
DISPUTED MORAL ISSUES
A Reader
Fifth Edition

Mark Timmons
University of Arizona
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
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should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address
above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Timmons, Mark, 1951- editor.
Title: Disputed moral issues : a reader / [edited by] Mark Timmons, University of Arizona.
Description: Fifth Edition. | New York City : Oxford University Press, 2019.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019012000 | ISBN 9780190930523 | ebook ISBN
9780190930547
Subjects: LCSH: Ethics—Textbooks. | Ethical problems—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC BJ1012 .D57 2019 | DDC 170—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2019012000
Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by LSC Communications, Inc.
United States of America
 CONTENTS

Quick Guide to Moral Theories inside front and back covers

Preface
User’s Guide

1. A MORAL THEORY PRIMER

1. What Is a Moral Theory?
2. Eight Essential Moral Theories
A. Consequentialism
B. Natural Law Theory
C. Kantian Moral Theory
D. Rights-Based Moral Theory
E. Ethics of Prima Facie Duty
F. Social Contract Theory
G. Virtue Ethics
H. Care Ethics

3. Coping with Many Moral Theories

2. MORAL THEORY SELECTIONS

MARK TIMMONS / Why I Am Not a Moral Relativist (and Neither Are You)
J. S. MILL / Utilitarianism
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS / Treatise on Law
IMMANUEL KANT / The Moral Law
JOHN LOCKE / Natural Rights
W. D. ROSS / What Makes Right Actions Right?
 JOHN RAWLS / A Theory of Justice
ARISTOTLE / Virtue and Character
STEPHANIE COLLINS / Care Ethics: The Four Key Claims

Additional Resources

3. SEX
IMMANUEL KANT / Of Duties to the Body in Regard to the Sexual Impulse
LINA PAPADAKI / Sexual Objectification
JOHN CORVINO / What’s Wrong with Homosexuality?
JOAN MCGREGOR / What Is the Harm of Rape?
ROBIN WEST / The Harms of Consensual Sex

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

4. FREEDOM OF SPEECH
J. S. MILL / On Liberty
LOUISE RICHARDSON-SELF / Woman-Hating: On Misogyny, Sexism, and Hate
Speech
ANDREW ALTMAN / Speech Codes and Expressive Harm
GREG LUKIANOFF AND JONATHAN HAIDT / The Coddling of the American Mind

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

5. D RUGS AND A DDICTION

MICHAEL HUEMER / America’s Unjust Drug War
PETER DE MARNEFFE / Decriminalize, Don’t Legalize
DANIEL SHAPIRO / Addiction and Drug Policy

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

6. SEXISM AND RACISM

ANNE E. CUDD AND LESLIE E. JONES / Sexism
 J. L. A. GARCIA / The Heart of Racism
TOMMIE SHELBY / Is Racism in the “Heart”?
ELIZABETH ANDERSON / The Future of Racial Integration
DANIEL KELLY AND ERICA ROEDDER / Racial Cognition and the Ethics of Implicit
Bias

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

7. THE ETHICS OF IMMIGRATION

STEPHEN MACEDO / The Moral Dilemma of U.S. Immigration Policy: Open Borders
versus Social Justice?
JOSEPH H. CARENS / Migration and Morality: A Liberal Egalitarian Perspective
CHRISTOPHER HEATH WELLMAN / Immigration and Freedom of Association
SARAH FINE / Freedom of Association Is Not the Answer

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

8. EUTHANASIA AND PHYSICIAN-A SSISTED SUICIDE

JAMES RACHELS / Active and Passive Euthanasia
PHILIPPA FOOT / Killing and Letting Die
DANIEL CALLAHAN / A Case Against Euthanasia
MICHAEL B. GILL / A Moral Defense of Oregon’s Physician-Assisted Suicide Law
DAVID VELLEMAN / Against the Right to Die

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

9. A BORTION
PATRICK LEE AND ROBERT P. GEORGE / The Wrong of Abortion
ROSALIND HURSTHOUSE / Virtue Theory and Abortion
DON MARQUIS / Why Abortion Is Immoral
JUDITH JARVIS THOMSON / A Defense of Abortion
MARGARET OLIVIA LITTLE / The Moral Complexities of Abortion

Cases for Analysis

 Additional Resources

10. CLONING AND G ENETIC ENHANCEMENT

LEON R. KASS / Preventing Brave New World
GREGORY E. PENCE / Will Cloning Harm People?
MICHAEL J. SANDEL / The Case Against Perfection
FRANCES M. KAMM / Is There a Problem with Enhancement?
PETER SINGER / Parental Choice and Human Improvement

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

11. THE D EATH PENALTY

STEPHEN NATHANSON / An Eye for an Eye?
ERNEST VAN DEN HAAG / A Defense of the Death Penalty
JEFFREY H. REIMAN / Civilization, Safety, and Deterrence
THADDEUS METZ / African Values and Capital Punishment

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

12. W AR, TERRORISM, and Torture

THOMAS NAGEL / War and Massacre
MICHAEL WALZER / Terrorism: A Critique of Excuses
ANDREW VALLS / Can Terrorism Be Justified?
ALAN M. DERSHOWITZ / Should the Ticking Bomb Terrorist Be Tortured?
MARCIA BARON / The Ticking Bomb Hypothetical

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

13. ECONOMIC JUSTICE

GARRETT HARDIN / Lifeboat Ethics
PETER SINGER / The Life You Can Save
JOHN ARTHUR / World Hunger and Moral Obligation
THOMAS POGGE / World Poverty and Human Rights
 ELIZABETH ASHFORD / Severe Poverty as an Unjust Emergency

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

14. THE ETHICAL TREATMENT OF A NIMALS

PETER SINGER / All Animals Are Equal
CARL COHEN / Do Animals Have Rights?
PETER CARRUTHERS / Against the Moral Standing of Animals
ALASTAIR NORCROSS / Puppies, Pigs, and People: Eating Meat and Marginal Cases

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources

15. THE ENVIRONMENT, CONSUMPTION, AND CLIMATE

CHANGE
WILLIAM F. BAXTER / People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution
ALDO LEOPOLD / The Land Ethic
THOMAS E. HILL JR. / Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving the Natural
Environment
STEPHEN M. GARDINER / A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change, Intergenerational
Ethics, and the Problem of Moral Corruption
WALTER SINNOTT-ARMSTRONG / It’s Not My Fault: Global Warming and
Individual Moral Obligations
MARION HOURDEQUIN / Climate, Collective Action, and Individual Ethical
Obligations

Cases for Analysis

Additional Resources
Appendix
Glossary
 PREFACE

The guiding aim of this anthology is to connect various disputed moral

issues with moral theory in order to help students better understand the
nature of these disputes. The issues featured in this book include questions
about the morality of various forms of sexual behavior; freedom of speech
and censorship; drugs and addiction; sexism and racism; immigration;
euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide; the ethical treatment of
animals; abortion; cloning and genetic enhancement; the death penalty;
war, terrorism, and torture; economic justice; and ethical questions that
relate to consumption, climate change, and the environment in general.
The connection between moral disputes over such issues and moral
theory is that opposing moral viewpoints on some topics are very often
grounded in one or another moral theory. Thus, to understand an author’s
arguments for her or his favored position, one must be able to recognize
the author’s deepest moral assumptions, which are reflected in the moral
theory from which the author proceeds in reasoning about particular moral
issues.
In editing this anthology, I have attempted to help readers connect moral
issues with theory in the following ways:
A moral theory primer. One way to connect issues and theory is to have
students read compact summaries of the various moral theories—
summaries that convey just enough detail about a moral theory to aid
understanding without overwhelming the reader. This is what I have
tried to do in the first chapter, “A Moral Theory Primer,” in which I
first explain what a moral theory is all about—its main concepts and
guiding aims—and then proceed to present eight types of moral theory
that are essential for understanding moral disputes over the sorts of
issues featured in this book. In the brief introduction and “User’s
Guide” immediately following this preface, I explain how one might
integrate the moral theory primer into a moral problems course.
Addressing moral relativism. For this edition I have included an essay
of my own that critically discusses moral relativism. In teaching ethics
courses at a college or university level, I often encounter students who
express skepticism about the philosophical study of disputed moral
issues because they think it’s “all relative to one’s culture” or “how one
feels.” My hope is that this relatively short discussion of moral
relativism, which leads off chapter 2, will convince students that the
sort of “anything goes” moral relativism is just false (or at least highly
dubious).
Chapter introductions. In addition to the primer, I have also written
introductions to each chapter that go over certain conceptual,
historical, and theoretical issues that students must have in beginning
their study of moral issues. These introductions include remarks about
how the moral theories presented in the primer relate to the arguments
of the authors whose writings are featured in the chapter.
Selection summaries. Again, in order to aid one’s understanding of the
articles, each selection is preceded by a short summary of the article.
Immediately after the summary I have, where relevant, included a cue
to readers that indicates the relevant part of the moral theory primer
that will aid in understanding the article in question.
Reading and discussion questions. Following each selection, I have
included a set of reading and discussion questions. The reading
questions are meant to prompt students’ understanding of each
selection’s content, whereas the discussion questions are meant to help
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