CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCIENCE 4 TEACHER'S RESOURCE > Workbook answers Unit 1 Living Things 1.1 Bones and skeletons Practice 2 a Skull Rib cage Spine Jaw bone Different bones have different jobs. so they need to be different sizes and shapes (or similar answer. Challenge 4 Bird Rabbit Frog Crocodi Wis the skull X is the ribcage Y is the spine Zisthe hip 1.2 Why we need a skeleton Focus + Skull Protection: Ribs. Protection; ‘Arm Bone Movement: Spine Support and Protection (the spine protects the spinal cord). Practice a A skeleton is important because it makes a frame that supports the body: it allows us to move: it protects organs inside the body and holds them in place. ‘The baby would stay small and not grow into a child, A broken bone They can take an X-ray picwure, The ends of the bone grow back together. ‘The skeleton can grow big to support a large animal, A worm cannot grow very ig because it does not have a skeleton to support it.foe aa UN ates e ae iter died acell a Challenge b Part C lifts 3a Meshack lem Aliis the oldest. His upper arm bone is longer than Ahmed’s Our bones get longer as we get older. Ali, Nasreen, Ahmed. Ali has the longest upper arm bone, Ahmed has the shortest. Fatima and Meshack They have the longest upper arm bones ‘That skeletons grow and allow us to grow. Learners should add a bar that is shorter! ¢ Part B relaxes/contracis and gets shorter! ower than the bar for Ahmed’s arm bone longer. Part B pulls/pushes on part C and length, eg. 8em. makes it dropfift 1.3 Skeletons and movement 1.4 Different kinds of skeletons Focus Focus 1 When [lift a weight. the muscle at the front of 1 Tick boxes below fish, cat and rabbit, my arm contracts and gets shorter. The muscle au the back of my arm relaxes and gets longer This shows that muscles work in pairs b Imertetrates a Vertebrates Add labels to drawing: top label the muscle © Exoskeleton relaxes: lower label the muscle contracts. d__ Cross in box below beetle and snail Practice Practice 3) Muscles work by pulling on the bones they are 3g aisabee Joined to, Muscles work in pairs When one , muscle coniracis/relaxes. the other wen at muscle relaxesvcontracts The muscle that cisa spider contracts gets shorter. The muscle that relaxes gets longer. ‘The muscle that is working contracis/relaxes. : ‘The muscle that is resting contracts/relaxes. fisaworm Challenge gisa slug Sa A upper arm bone: B biceps muscle: To C lower arm bone: D triceps muscle. Bird or bat disacentipede eisa snail Fish, seal, dolphin. whale. or snakePe aa maser os Miers eae a Coeee ee Unit 2 Energy 4 Row two left-to-right: Does it have fur? Does it have legs? 2.1 Energy around us Row three left-to-right: Does it have a short tail? Does it have feathers? Does it have four legs? Does it have fins? 1 a Movement 1.5 Medicines and infectious ae Heat and light Focus Sound and movement Medicines make us better when we Rroatce are sick. 7 2 Slay Check with an adult before you take any a Things that do not move medicines. 7 do not have energy Medicines cannot stop us from getting 'b Our bodies contain illnesses. X energy. Plants and animals can have infectious ¢ There is light energy in diseases. 7 wind, Practice d Astove gives off heat energy. @ A television set gives off movement energy and sound energy. 2a There is energy in running water 4 a Energy makes the stroller move b Energy makes wet washing dry Energy changes the raw egg into a cooked eas. f Energy makes the rattle make a sound. g Injection: some learners may also say Challenge tablets as we take tablets to prevent diseases like malaria, ¢ Inhaler Challenge ghit 3° Marcus took medicine meant for someone candle/torch else. He did not check to see whether he veomtnem | movement | ball rolling/ should take it or how much he should take. person/eycling/ He did not check that the tablets were meant funning water for headaches. stove/fire/Sun/ He did not ask an adult to help him take heater/toaster the medicine radio/TV/ phone/musica instrument‘The ball had energy. The ball did not have enough energy to ‘move that far. Sofia can throw the ball havder. This will give it more energy and it will move a bigger ance. 2.2 Energy transfers Focus 1 Food + donkey Air + balloons Fire + meat TV set + person Practice 2 3 4 ‘The heat energy from your hand is transferred to, or moves to. the ice which makes the ice melt, a Movement energy b There isa transfer of movement energy from your hand to the toy to make the toy move. Sun - solar panels + water Challenge 5 16> 18+ 14+ 13+ 124 ut 104 al a | 6 ‘Time for bead to fall off in minutes 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 ‘Weter temperature in °C Heat moves from the hot water to the spoon, The heat moves Irom the spoons to the petroleum jelly and melts it, which makes the bead fall off. 40°C 100°C ‘The bead falls off faster when the temperature is higher. ‘The hotter the water, the more energy it ‘has that can be transferred/move to the spoon, Any from 13 to 15 minutes is acceptable. Data point and line segment added to graph 2.3 Energy changes Focus ta b Flectrical energy > light energy ~ heat energy Electrical energy’ -» heat energy + sound energy Movement energy -» heat energy + sound energy Movement energy — sound energy movement en ee eeeeel aa WU aie sat Rio oul ea rele] ce Challenge ‘To make them warm ‘Movement energy + heat energy Electrical energy is changed in the light bulb into light energy: Electrical energy - light energy + heat energy + sound energy The banana Energy in food + movement energy in legs Sound energy The sound energy movesiis transferred from the bell through the air to Vikal’s ears 2.4 Energy and living things Cabbage -+ snail -+ duck Leaf -+ caterpillar -+ bird Corn » locust lizard > cat Melon + mouse » snake » eagle Practice 2a b ce d e 9 h The plant Herbivores Rat, rabbit Eagle, rat Rat and rabbit are prey for eagle: rabbit is prey for rat. Rat iteats plants and animals Plant -+ rat: or plant ~ rabbit Plant > rat + eagle: plant -+ rabbit + eagle or plant -» rabbit + rat Challenge The grass plant produces food for the deerherbivore. ‘The grass uses energy from the Sun to makes its own food. The direction in which the energy in the food is passed along the food chain. The energy in the grass passes to the deer when it eats the grass. The energy in the deer passes to the tiger when it eats the deer. b Yes. The herbivore will always eat the producer/plant, and the carnivore will always eat the herbivore ‘An animal that eats plants and other animals. Grass > deer -+ bear -> tiger Unit 3 Materials 3.1 Materials, substances and particles Focus v « f Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Solid Practice 2a 333: Sol Liguie All substances are made of particles Solids have a fixed shape due to their tightly packed particles which move ina fixed position, Liquids can spread and take on the shape of their container. Challenge ia b Drawing A liquid: drawing B_ solid The particles in liquids (A) are not as close together as the particles in solids They have larger spaces between them and can move more Ireely than in solids The particles in solids (B) are held tightly together. They have small spaces between them and cannot move freely.Pe rea agrel sae us oct eo 4 a Solids havea fixed shape because their particles do not move very much. b Liquids can change shape in some ways because their particles can move around. each other. 3.2 How do solids and liquids behave? Focus o 3 b To make ita fair test Particles ina liquid are close together. but they ccan slide past each other and change places. Because of this. 2 liquid can change shape easily a No b Particles in a solid are packed close together in fixed positions. They cannot ‘change shape easily. Practice 4 In solids. the particles are packed close together in a fixed position. They cannot move freely. This explains why solids have a fixed shape, In liquids. the particles are closely packed but further apart than in solids. This allows the particles o move past one another. This explains why liquids. such as water, can flow and take the shape of the container they are in, ‘a Sand can flow or be poured. Sand is made up of lots of tiny grains. ‘There is air between the grains which means that the grains have space to move into. This lets the grains flow past one another like the particles in a liquid, Any two. such as flour, salt, sugar or uncooked rice, Time taken for sand to flow in minutes 0 @ 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Volume of sand in mi b The time taken for the sand to flow increases as the volume of sand increases. ‘The size of the sand grains, the sizeof the hole in the funnel, how dry the sand is, or any other suitable idea. Bigger grains flow faster; the bigger the hole in the funnel. the quicker the sand. flows through it: dry sand will flow faster than wet sand because there is more airspace in the dry sand. ig and solidifying You must cool it cool Water (liquid state) —— ice (solid state) Solid Liquid Mekiing heat Butter (solid state) ———> butter (iquid state)CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCIENCE 4 TEACHER'S RESOURCE Practice B ic A A D Challenge 4a b © d 80°C 10°C 14 minutes He should put the same amount of water in each beaker; ice cubes must be the same size, ce melts faster in hot water than in cold water (oF similar conclusion). ‘When we heat the ice, the heat energy makes the particles move faster and move away from each other. This makes the solid ice melt and become liquid water, ‘When we increase the water temperature we add more heat energy. This makes the particles move even faster so they move away from each other quicker. which makes the ice melt faster Te would take less time for the crushed ice to melt, The heat energy in the water only has to be transferred to small pieces of ice. This transfer will happen quicker than a heat transfer to bigger ice cubes. He can ask an adult to heat the water for him. He should wear protective gloves and clothing when he works with the hot water. 3.4 Chemical reactions Focus 1 Chemical reaction ‘No chemical reaction Chemical reaction Chemical reaction No chemical reaction True False False Yes Anew substance formed Challenge as AWater — BAir b There was water and air in tube A. There was no water in tube C. There was no air in tube D. To rust, the iron must be in contact with water and air. Steel does not rust like iron, Do all metals rust in the same way? (Or similar question.) Do all metals rust? (or similar question) Factors can include the shape and size of the test tubes and the amount of water in each test tube, ‘The type of metal the nails or other objects are made from Unit 4 Earth and its habitats 4.1 The structure of the Earth Focus 1 ‘The internal structure of the Earth describes what is below the surface. ‘The Earth’s crust is thinner below the oceans than below the land. The outer core of the Earth is liquid. The core consists of metals. ‘The mantle consists of magma ‘The Earth’s crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth. ‘The temperature increases as you get closer to the centre of the Earth‘The corg is the thickest layer of the Earth. The inner core of the Earth is solid. Magma is a liquid material Practice 2 a Label from top to bottom: Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core Crust rocks Mantle magma Outer core metals Inner core metals Crust solid Mantle liquid Outer core liquid Inner core soli Challenge 30a i2km b histoohot, ¢ The speed of earthquake waves passing through the Earth, 4.2 Volcanoes Focus 1 When a voleano erupts. magma from the ‘mantle reaches the surface through a crack in the crust. When magma reaches the surface it is called lava, Sometimes lava and ash come out of the volcano. These materials build up to form gone shaped mountain called a composite voleano, When the lava is very hot it runs quickly ‘over the surface. The islands of Hawaii were formed like this. The lava cools to form black rocks. CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCIENCE 4 TEACHER'S RESOURCE Practice 2. a Theworld map in the Workbook is centred on Africa and Europe. So, the Pacific Oceun is half on the left-hand side and half on the right-hand side. It is called the Pacific Ring of Fire because there are many active volcanoes along it Parts of the world where there are lots of breaks in the Earth’s crust have lots of volcanoes, Parts of the world where there no breaks in the Earth’s crust have no volcanoes. Challenge 3 4 1: C-4; D-3; E-2: 4.3 Earthquakes Focus 1a Anearthquake happens when there is a sudden movement of rocks in the Earth’s crust. This ereates huge amounts of nergy. The energy transfers into waves. The waves travel through the Earth’s crust to the surface. Any three From: + buildings collapse + landslides and mudslides + flooding + railway lines bent + bridges and roads destroyed + electricity lines broken + fires caused by broken gas pipes. The Pacific Ring of FireeT ielel Practice 2a b When an earthquake begins under the sea a huge wave develops. When the huge wave reaches a low-lying coastal area it floods the land. The village will be flooded and there will, be a lot of damage. The people could be seriously injured or drown A tsunami Challenge 3 a Buildings must be built with deeper. stronger foundations to reduce the effects of shaking. ‘They notice animals behaving strangely For example, snakes come out of their winter sleep. 4.4 Animals in different habitats Very cold with snow and ice (North Pole/ Arctic) Polar bear Polar bears have very thick fur to help keep them warm. Polar bears have a thick layer of fat to help keep them warm. Water A fish, AA fish has gills to allow it to take in oxygen. tunder water. Its fins and shape allow it to swim well, Practice 3 Bird C (and B) Bird D Bird A Bird B An eagle. falcon, owl, hawk or other bird of prey Challenge a b « dA duck, swan, goose or other water bird e f 4 a Tropical grasslands with thorn trees. Itis hot and dry most of the time. b By using/extending its long neck. RIMARY SCIENCE 4 TEACHER'S RE SOURCE A giraffe has a long. thick tongue to curl round branches and bring the leaves to his mouth. Its mouth is covered with very thick skin to protect it from the thorns. Unit 5 Light 5.1 How we see things Focus 1 a TheSun b Light travels from the Sun to the palm tree. The light reflects off the palm tree into Arun's eyes. This is how Arun sees the palm tree. Practice 2 Alamp ‘The needle and the thread Light travels from the Sun to her sewing. The light reflects off her sewing into Mrs Liong’s eyes. This is how she sees her sewing. Challenge 3 A box of books b Itistoo dark. © She must shine a flashlight into the cupboard. ‘The light from the flashlight travels to the box of books. The light rellects off the box of books into Zara's eyes. This is how she sees the box, 5.2 Light travels in straight lines Focus 1 Sofia shines the flashlight down the tube. Zara ‘can see the light when she looks up the tube from the other end. Sofia makes a bend in the tube. She shines the flashlight again down the tube. This time Zara cannot see the light This demonstrates that light travels in stcaight lines.Practice 3. a Thelamps b Light shines on Khalid. Light reflects off Khalid and travels into Rabab’s eyes. Rabah cannot see Khaild when he goes around the corner because light cannot travel round corners. Light travels in straight lines Challenge 5 hd ieee talib one 5.3 Light reflects off different surfaces Focus 1 a Smooth and shiny surface Image or mirror image ¢ Light shines from the lamp on to Zara's t from Zara’s face travels to the mirror. The mirror reflects Zara ‘s image into her eyes. Wood absorbs/does not reflect light. Practice 2 a Aluminium fol bb Reflects light Water d__Alllsurfaces reflect some light, otherwise ‘we could not see them, Challenge 3 [eaerer Event event, 7 |The light reflects off the cars behind Mr Damsong. @ | MrDamsong sees the cars behind him. 4 _ | The light reflects off the rear view mirror. g | Thelight revels into Mr Damsong's eyes. 3 | Thelight travels tothe rear view miror. ‘i Light from the Sun shines on the cars behind Mr DamsongeA eta hae et Maes ea aco ce 5.4 Light in the solar system Focus (Orbit of the Moon around the Earth (Orbit of the Earth around the Sun A planet Astar c g Therocks contain iron oxide. The atmosphere consists mostly of carbon dioxide. 5.5 Day and Focus 1 Sun's roys ‘A body in space that ic gives out light ‘Abody in space that |EorD reflects light b Mercury. Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter ‘Saturn, Uranus. Neptune ¢ Asteroids, moons and comets Practice 2 a Thesolarsystem The Sun 2. Mereury:3. Mars:4 Neptune 365% days or I year A shorter time Venus is closer than the Earth is to the Sun, Neptune Neptune is the planet furthest from the Sun. Challenge 30a Aplanet Further from the Sun ‘A telescope magnifies everything (makes everything look bigger), They looked at the night sky with theit eyes. ‘They knew it was red in colour. ‘They discovered that Mars has two moons. ‘They discovered that there was ice on Mars. 24 hours Learners should colour in the part facing away from the Sun on the diagram. This is the half of the Earth to the right of the vertical tine. Practice 2 a The Earth spins on its axis and makes one complete turn in 24 hours. Almost every place on the Farth faces the Sun and has day for part of the 24 hours. When a place is facing away from the Sun it has night All the planets orbit the Sun. When parts of each planet face the Sun, these parts, have day. and parts facing away from the Sun have night, Longer d= Shorter Challenge 3 a Dy Venus 121% Earth days Jupiter 2% hours (6 hours on Earth is one quarter of 24 hours. So on Jupiter one quarter of 10 hours is 2¥4 hours) 5.6 Investigating shadow lengths Focus 1 a 1200 b Short(09:00 and 15:00 Long During the moming the shadow becomes, | shorter and is shortest at midday. During tee the afternoon the shadow becomes longer. ‘The shadow at 18.00 will be beyond the shadow at 15:00 and much longer. Practice Fi 12:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 a The Sun appears to move across the sky: b No, The Sun only appears to be moving. It is actually the Earth that is moving as it spins on its avis, Challenge 3a 10:00 drawing S 12:00 drewing 2 16:00 19:00 b The position of the Sun and the length of the shadow Unit 6 Electricity 6.1 Which materials conduct electricity? Focus 10a Amateri through b A material that does not allow electricity to pass through it is an electrical insulator. that allows electricity to pass an electrical conductor. 2 [Object [Material object ismade from ‘Key | metal Z 2Botle | glass ¥ ‘Toy duck | plastic v 4 Paper clip | metal wa | 2Bock___| paper 6 Shopping | plastic v Bag y Practice 3 a Ciruit Yes:circuitsB,.CandD No [i ‘Material A is an electrical conductor and materials B, C and D are electrical insulators. © Materials made of metal. such as the key. are electrical conductors. Materials made of ceramic, plastic and cork are insulators of eleciricity Challenge 4 a Holding the plastic covered wires. allow the bare metal wires to touch each other. If the larap lights up, the circuit works. b Coin’ chopstick x lass plastic spoon ¥ ¢ Test each object by holding one of the plastic-coated wires in each hand so that the bare wires touch two different parts of the object. Observe the lamp. If the lamp lights up. the object conducts electricity If the tap does not light up. the object does not conduct electricity Metals are conductors and non-metals are lators of electri ‘Object | Material | Electrical | Electrical ‘ebject | conductor | insulator ismade ; ‘from Key [Metal v Glass | Glass v bottle Spoon_| Plastic v Cok [Cork 7CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCIENCE 4 TEACHER'S RES 6.2 Does water conduct electricity? Focus 13 b © Pure water is water with no salts dissolved init. Tap water contains salts dissolved in it, ‘They can conduct electricity because they contain water with salts dissolved in it. Practice 2 Assess poster using this grid: catch peoples’ attention? contain a picture that clearly conveys the message? contain a short clear written warring? Challenge aa b Jawad got an electric shock A. Theelectricity was switched ON. B The plastic insulation had worn off the wire where he held it © He had sweaty hands Salt water conducts electricity. 6.3 Using conductors and insulators in electrical appliances Focus 7 b Ais an electric kettle; Bis an electric hairdryer and C is an electric mixer/whisk, HOV or 220 (or similar, depending on location). Plastic An electrical insulator Electrical insulators do not conduct electricity ‘The wires are the electrical conductors. ‘These are inside the appliances. NT fa Practice za a Anelectric kettle. b The plastic insulation on the electric wire has worn away. This exposes the metal wire. The metal wire conducts electricity. Ifa person touches the wire they will get an electric shock, ‘The kettle is close to the sink, The water has salts dissolved in it. Salty water conducts electricity. So 2 person who touches the bare wire with wet hands will get an electric shock Challenge ‘The cables are made of metal because metal is2 good conductor of electricity. Copper ‘The separators are made of ceramic because ceramic isa good insulator of electricity ‘Arun and Marcus must not climb the pylon. ‘They could fall. and if they touch the cables they will get an electric shock which will kill them. 6.4 Switches Focus 1 a A switch open or closes « circuit ‘The lamp should light up in circuit B In circuit B the switch is closed s0 the electricity can pass through the circuit. A switeh causes a break in acireuit when itis open. as in circuit A. The electricity cannot flow all around the circuit.eda LU ates (ae Miele iacell ce Practice 2a The switch is open Close the switch. Yes, electricity is owing in circuit B. The switch at the wall is tumed on. (Not heat is coming from the iron’.) # Turn off the switch at the wall, Challenge Accel a switch, a lamp. a lamp holder and connecting wire. The switch is closed. ‘The switch is open so the circuit is broken. ‘They must close the switch so that the circuit is complete. 6.5 Changing the number of components in a circuit Focus 1 a Cells. lamps, lamp holders. connecting wire and a switch. b Close the switch. Less brightly The same strength of electricity has to be divided between three lamps instead of two lamps, Practice Za ‘Three cells a cell holder. three lamps. three lamp holders. a switch and five connecting wires. No. The switch is open. More brightly Less brightly Less brightly More brightly Challenge Learners should circle everything except ‘one of the lamps in a lamp holder and one of the cells You can stick two cells together using the sticks and tape. Make sure that the + end of each cell is next to the end of the cell next to it The lamps will come on if T close the switch, but not if Tleave the switch open. ‘The remaining lamp will burn more brightls The same strength of electricity will only be used by one lamp instead of two lamps. The lamps will burn less brightly: The same strength of electricity will be shared between three lamps instead of ‘wo lamps.