Ornamental Fishes and Aquatic Invertebrates:

Self-Assessment Color Review, Second Edition

Gregory A. Lewbart pdf download
https://textbookfull.com/product/ornamental-fishes-and-aquatic-invertebrates-self-assessment-color-
review-second-edition-gregory-a-lewbart/

★★★★★ 4.8/5.0 (48 reviews) ✓ 241 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Great resource, downloaded instantly. Thank you!" - Lisa K.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Ornamental Fishes and Aquatic Invertebrates: Self-Assessment
Color Review, Second Edition Gregory A. Lewbart pdf download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK TEXTBOOK FULL

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Collection Highlights

Avian Medicine and Surgery : Self-Assessment Color Review,

Second Edition Neil A. Forbes

Small animal medicine and metabolic disorders : self-

assessment color review Second Edition Ruaux

Veterinary Cytology: Dog, Cat, Horse and Cow: Self-

Assessment Color Review, Second Edition Cian

Canine Infectious Diseases: Self-Assessment Color Review

1st Edition Katrin Hartmann
Invertebrate Medicine: Third Edition Gregory A. Lewbart
(Editor)

Self Assessment Review of Microbiology Immunology 12th

Edition

Surgery PreTest Self-Assessment and Review, 14E Lillian

Kao

Obstetrics & Gynecology PreTest Self-Assessment And Review

Shireen Madani Sims

Family Medicine Pretest Self-Assessment and Review, Fourth

Edition Doug Knutson
 Self-Assessment Color Review
Ornamental Fishes and
Aquatic Invertebrates
Second Edition
 Self-Assessment Color Review

Ornamental
Fishes and
Aquatic
Invertebrates
Second Edition

Gregory A. Lewbart
MS, VMD, DiplACZM
Professor of Aquatic Animal Medicine
North Carolina State University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Raleigh, NC, USA
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

Version Date: 20160525

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-5886-8 (Paperback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any
legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that
any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them
and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this
book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement
to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant
manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medical
science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader
is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material
manufacturers’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or
materials mentioned in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suit-
able for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her
own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also
attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright
holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowl-
edged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written per-
mission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of
users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has
been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com
Dedication
To all of our patients: past, present, and future. They give so much and deserve
our best.

v
Contents
Preface .........................................................................................................ix
Contributors ................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... xiii
Picture acknowledgments ...........................................................................xv
Abbreviations............................................................................................xvii
Broad classification of cases .......................................................................xix

Questions ......................................................................................................1
Answers ......................................................................................................95

Index .........................................................................................................229
Also available in the Self-Assessment Color Review series ........................235

vii
Preface
There have been many exciting changes in ornamental fish and aquatic invertebrate
medicine since I edited the 1998 version of this self-assessment guide. At that time
there were far fewer veterinarians practicing fish medicine than there are today.
Now virtually every major aquarium in the United States, and in many other
countries, has at least one full time veterinarian, with some employing three or
more. We have also witnessed an increased interest and awareness by traditional
zoo veterinarians of the fish and invertebrate animals at their institutions. In
addition to the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine (IAAAM),
we now have the World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association (WAVMA) and
the American Association of Fish Veterinarians (AAFV). Veterinary participation
in annual continuing education opportunities, such as the Eastern Fish Health
Workshop, the Shark Reef Aquatic Medicine Seminar, and the Regional Aquatics
Workshop (RAW), to list a few, is on the rise. These changes have allowed for an
increased number of contributors to this edition while at the same time providing
cases with more diagnostic and therapeutic depth and understanding.
Ornamental fish medicine is now included in many if not most veterinary
curricula. This has sparked even more student interest in and awareness of fish and,
in some cases, invertebrate medicine. There are also many more textbooks on these
topics including at least two books on koi medicine alone. These factors combine
to make the appearance of a second edition of this book both prudent and timely.
All of the cases and questions in this book are new, as are many of the
contributors. Since this is a clinical work, the reader should keep in mind there can
be more than one ‘right’ answer to many of the questions contained in these pages.
In fact the reader may come across contradictory information and ideas when
comparing similar case scenarios. This can be a healthy and constructive exercise
and mimics what one sees in day-to-day veterinary practice.
I am indebted to the many knowledgeable contributors who so generously gave
of their time. Without their breadth of knowledge and experience, this would not
be the rich educational resource I hope the reader finds it to be.
Finally, as the editor of this work, I accept full responsibility for its content.
Please use this book as a clinical guide, learning tool, and tank side resource. But
do not rely on it as a stand-alone reference. Use your own clinical skills, intuition,
and consultation with experienced colleagues before making real life clinical
decisions on an unfamiliar case or medical challenge. And please take good notes
and secure quality images when possible in order to help further advance fish and
invertebrate medicine.
Good luck with all of your ornamental fish and aquatic invertebrate clinical
efforts!

Gregory A. Lewbart

ix
Contributors
Laura Adamovicz DVM Leigh Clayton DVM, DiplABVP
University of Illinois National Aquarium
Champagne, Illinois, USA Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Lance Adams DVM Daniel S. Dombrowski MS, DVM

Aquarium of the Pacific North Carolina Museum of
Long Beach, California, USA Natural Sciences
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Jeffrey R. Applegate Jr. DVM
North Carolina State University Cara Field DVM, PhD
College of Veterinary Medicine The Marine Mammal Center
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Sausalito, California, USA

Shane Boylan DVM Robert H. George DVM

South Carolina Aquarium Ripley’s Aquariums
Charleston, South Carolina, USA Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, and
Gatlinburg, Tennessee, USA
Terry W. Campbell MS, DVM, PhD
College of Veterinary Medicine Catherine Hadfield MA, VetMB,
Colorado State University MRCVS, DiplACVM, DiplECZM
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA National Aquarium
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Julie M. Cavin DVM
New England Aquarium Craig A. Harms DVM, PhD, DiplACZM
Boston, Massachusetts, USA College of Veterinary Medicine
Center for Marine Sciences and
Larry S. Christian BS Technology
College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University
North Carolina Museum of Natural Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
Sciences
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Tara M. Harrison DVM, MPVM,
DiplACZM, DiplACVPM
Emily F. Christiansen DVM, MPH, College of Veterinary Medicine
DiplACZM North Carolina State University
North Carolina Aquariums Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Dan H. Johnson DVM, DiplABVP
Elsburgh O. Clarke III DVM Avian and Exotic Animal Care
Audubon Aquarium of the Americas Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Rob Jones BVSc(Hons),
Tonya Clauss DVM, MS MACVSc(Aquatic Animal Health),
Georgia Aquarium M. Aquaculture
Atlanta, Georgia, USA “The Aquarium Vet”
Victoria, Australia

xi
 Lesanna L. Lahner DVM Ronald K. Passingham BS
School of Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Washington North Carolina State University
Seattle, Washington, USA Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

Gregory A. Lewbart MS, VMD, B. Denise Petty DVM

DiplACZM North Florida Aquatic Veterinary
College of Veterinary Medicine Services
North Carolina State University Fort White, Florida, USA
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Lysa Pam Posner DVM, DiplACVAA
Richmond Loh DipProjMgt, College of Veterinary Medicine
BSc, BVMS, MPhil(Pathology) North Carolina State University
Murdoch, MANZCVS(Aquatics Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
& Pathobiology), CertAqV, NATA
Komsin Sahatrakul DVM (Hons),
Signatory
CertAqV
The Fish Vet
Resorts World at Sentosa Pte. Ltd.
Perth, Western Australia
Singapore
Barbara Mangold DVM Johnny Shelley MS, DVM, CertAqV
Mount Pleasant Hospital for 5-D Tropical Inc.
Animals Plant City, Florida, USA
Newtown, Connecticut, USA
Donald Stremme VMD
Stuart E. May BA AQUAVET®
North Carolina Aquarium at Pine College of Veterinary Medicine
Knoll Shores Cornell University
Pine Knoll Shores, North Ithaca, New York, USA
Carolina, USA
Helen Sweeney DVM
Alexa McDermott DVM Elma Animal Hospital
Georgia Aquarium Aquatic Veterinary Services of WNY
Atlanta, Georgia, USA West Seneca, New York, USA

Blayk Michaels William H. Wildgoose BVMS,

Bass Pro Shops Base Camp CertFHP, MRCVS
Springfield, Missouri, USA Midland Veterinary Surgery
Leyton, London, UK
Christine Molter BS, DVM
Houston Zoo, Inc. Roy P. E. Yanong VMD
Houston, Texas, USA Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program
Brian Palmeiro DVM, DiplACVD School of Forest Resources and
Pet Fish Doctor Conservation
Lehigh Valley Veterinary Dermatology IFAS/University of Florida
Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA Ruskin, Florida, USA
xii
Acknowledgments
I would first like to acknowledge the many individuals who have been a source
of inspiration, support, and guidance. I thank all of my mentors and professors,
but, in particular, Donald Abt, Robert Barnes, Philip Bookman, Dale Dickey, John
Gratzek, Louis Leibovitz, William Medway, Trish Morse, Nathan “Doc” Riser,
Ralph Sorensen, and Richard Wolke. I am fortunate to be associated with the
North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU-CVM), a
fine, progressive institution of higher learning. I am grateful to all of my NCSU-
CVM friends and colleagues. Elizabeth Hardie, Craig Harms, Paul Lunn, Kent
Passingham, and Michael Stoskopf have been especially supportive.
I collectively thank the veterinary students and house officers I have worked
with, both at the NCSU-CVM and those from other colleges of veterinary medicine.
These young people are the bright future of our profession, and on many days they
teach me more than I teach them.
I am very grateful to the talented group of contributors who generously gave of
their time and expertise to share their cases with you. I take full responsibility for
any errors or omissions.
The folks at CRC Press have been exceptional through this entire process.
I specifically acknowledge Jill Northcott, Commissioning Editor; Alice Oven,
Senior Editor; Nikola Streak, who helped in the early stages; Julia Molloy, who was
been patient, flexible, and responsive to queries; Helen Stanley and Peter Beynon,
copy-editors extraordinaire; and Paul Bennett, Project Manager. I am fortunate
and honored to have worked with Paul and Peter on both editions of this book.
Finally, I am grateful for the love, support, and wise insight provided by my
wife, Diane Deresienski. She is always there to catch an idea or thought and toss
back a strike, right down the middle.

xiii
Picture acknowledgments
The editor is grateful to the following for contributing figures to this book:

Alaska Sealife Center 73 T. Miller-Morgan 182b

S. Christian 194a, 194b K. Passingham 217
K. Hadfield 184b, 193 D. Petty 5b, 139a, 139b, 154a–d, 170b,
S. Hammer 206 175, 185, 191a, 191b, 192a
C. Harms 159, 192b, 196a, 196b B. Phillips 177a, 177b, 220
K. Hartman 171a, 171b F. Scharf 160a
L. Loh 184a J. Shelly 3
S. May 167 R. Vassallo 174c
M. Mehalick 216a, 216b, 221 L. Warren cover photo

xv
Abbreviations
AST aspartate aminotransferase NSAID non-steroidal
BAR bright, alert, and responsive anti-inflammatory drug
CBC complete blood count NSF no significant findings
CK creatine kinase PCR polymerase chain reaction
CNS central nervous system PCV packed cell volume
CT computed tomography PO per os, orally
DO dissolved oxygen ppm parts per million
ERG electroretinogram ppt parts per thousand
GA general anesthesia psi pounds per square inch
GI gastrointestinal q every
H&E hematoxylin and sid semel in die, ‘once a day’
eosin (stain) TAN total ammonia nitrogen
HLLE head and lateral line erosion TP total protein
ICe intracoelomic TS total solids
IM intramuscular/intramuscularly UV ultraviolet
IV intravenous/intravenously WBC white blood cell (count)

xvii
Broad classification of cases
Note: Some cases appear under more than one category.

Analgesia Filtration
37, 63, 67, 87, 147 9, 107, 165, 166, 179, 180, 183, 185,
190, 193, 203, 218
Anatomy and physiology
1, 4, 6, 14, 19, 32, 39, 59, 64, 69, 73, Fungal diseases
82, 86, 87, 89, 94, 97, 102, 106, 126, 38, 56, 75, 104
136, 141, 162, 169, 177, 182, 189, 195,
197, 198, 199, 202, 214, 216, 221 Imaging
22, 29, 39, 45, 49, 54, 89, 94, 106, 135,
Anesthesia 136, 141, 155, 157, 160, 169, 188,
17, 30, 33, 34, 35, 43, 49, 50, 55, 60, 198, 200
61, 62, 67, 69, 79, 88, 89, 104, 105,
111, 114, 136, 147, 197, 207, 213, 221 Neoplasia
21, 49, 79, 80, 105, 201
Bacterial diseases
12, 23, 46, 58, 62, 99, 108, 116, 119, Nutrition
125, 152, 153, 163 4, 5, 6, 14, 86, 110, 129, 149

Behavior Ophthalmology
44, 51, 103 8, 15, 18, 24, 25, 26, 146, 150

Buoyancy problems Parasitic diseases

51, 54, 92, 188 1, 2, 11, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 53,
57, 65, 66, 70, 72, 77, 78, 84, 85, 92,
Cytology 94, 100, 112, 113, 120, 121, 123, 127,
5, 9, 10, 33, 49, 109, 148, 156, 159, 212 130, 137, 138, 142, 144, 150, 151, 154,
170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 181, 184,
Environment/water quality 191, 192, 198, 204, 205, 210
3, 7, 13, 15, 18, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47,
52, 60, 71, 74, 76, 81, 83, 86, 88, 90, Quarantine/transport
91, 93, 96, 98, 99, 110, 115, 117, 118, 40, 41, 42, 215
122, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 140, 141,
143, 145, 158, 161, 166, 167, 188, 196, Reproduction
200, 206, 211, 217, 219 22, 29, 59, 62

xix
 Surgery Toxicities
21, 35, 36, 43, 56, 69, 80, 87, 105, 88, 92, 140, 145, 168, 208
111, 147
Trauma
Therapeutics 3, 20, 49, 81, 96, 101, 103, 111, 155,
5, 8, 11, 37, 54, 58, 65, 66, 68, 74, 77, 174, 195
78, 92, 96, 100, 101, 103, 108, 112,
113, 123, 126, 130, 135, 137, 138, 151, Viral diseases
152, 154, 156, 162, 163, 170, 171, 172, 10, 16, 91, 128, 139, 164, 178, 187, 209
174, 175, 176, 181, 182, 186, 192, 194,
201, 204, 205, 220

xx
 Questions
CASE 1 Six wild collected female bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) have
recently given birth in captivity. Animals were treated previously with 2.0 ppm
praziquantel immersions of 7 days each and water quality shows no elevation
in ammonia, nitrite, or nitrate. Three young bonnetheads have perished over the
weekend and were observed eating during the week. The staff report nothing
unusual on necropsy and the adults are eating and behaving normally. All
sharks are swimming normally with no signs of dermatitis or ulceration. The
tank temperature is 24.5°C (76°F). The staff are hesitant to capture the recently
acquired adults.

1 What is your next diagnostic step considering the delicate nature of bonnethead
sharks?
2 Had there been evidence of lactic acidosis, how would you manage this problem?

CASE 2
1 Why are there still monogeneans present in Case 1 despite the praziquantel
treatment and how will you proceed using the same drug?
2 What is the correlation between tank temperature and pathogen-induced
dermatitis in the bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) in Case 1?

CASE 3 A French grunt (Haemulon flavolineatum) weighing 2 kg is placed

into an empty 1,500 L (395 US gal) hospital tank due to superficial traumatic
abrasions and lacerations secondary to tank mate aggression. It is anesthetized,
the lesions are treated, and empirical antibiotics and analgesics are started. The
following morning the fish is found deceased on the bottom of the tank with
flared gills.

1 What are your top differentials for the acute mortality?

2 What further testing do you want to do?
3 What abnormalities would you expect to find?
4 How would you manage the problem identified by your diagnostic work up?

CASE 4
1 How is the clinical presentation of goiter usually different in elasmobranchs as
compared with bony fish?

1
 Questions

5a CASE 5 An angelfish (Pterophyllum

sp.). from a large marine
multispecies exhibit presents with a
flared operculum. On sedation and
examination it has a large fleshy
mass originating from between the
ventral gill arches (5a).

1 What is your top differential

diagnosis?
2 What are your recommendations
for treatment and prevention of
this problem?

CASE 6 A 10-year-old blue ring angelfish (Pomacanthus annularis) presents

freshly deceased for necropsy. Yesterday this fish was eating and acting normally
and the other fish in the system
6a appear normal. There are no external
problems identified and skin scrapes
and gill clips are negative for parasitic
disease. On opening the body cavity
(6a) you find approximately 100 cc
of blood tinged fluid and a foul odor.

1 Can you identify the pathologic

lesion?

CASE 7 A lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) presents from the sygnathid

exhibit in a public aquarium with multifocal 1–3 mm soft swellings of the skin
along the snout. The seahorse was eating and behaving normally and had no
lesions 24 hours ago.

1 What questions do you want to ask the aquarist?

2 What diagnostic tests do you want to perform?
3 Based on your findings what is the most likely diagnosis?

2
 Questions
CASE 8 A bigeye (Priacanthus arenatus) presents with a diffusely cloudy cornea
OD and distension of the globe. It has been eating well and behaving normally. It is
housed in a mixed taxa exhibit with fiberglass habitat.

1 What diagnostics do you want to conduct?

2 What procedures and/or treatments would you perform?

CASE 9 A client presents a blue tang (Paracanthurus hepatus) for patches of skin
that are losing color, particularly around the eye, and extending down the lateral
line (9a). On examination the lesions
are bilateral, slightly depressed, 9a
irregularly pigmented, and have
smooth margins. There does not
appear to be blood, increased mucus,
or sloughing tissue associated with
the lesions. You perform a skin scrape
and find no metazoan parasites and
cytology of the sample shows no
bacteria and low cellularity.
The owner tells you they have
owned this fish for about 2 years but
the lesions only began to develop over the last 2–3 weeks. The fish is housed in a
450 L (120 US gal) acrylic tank with a low density of other fish, no invertebrates,
natural rock, and artificial coral pieces. Filtration equipment includes a canister
filter, a wet dry trickle filter, and a UV sterilizer. The lighting is a fluorescent compact
aquarium system and the bulbs were replaced within the last year. The water
quality is tested weekly and is within appropriate levels, partial water changes are
performed about every 14 days to keep the nitrate levels below 60 mg/L, and the
tank is topped off with reverse osmosis water. The fish is fed a frozen and pelleted
commercial diet for omnivorous marine fish and also eats a leaf of romaine lettuce
a few times per week. When specifically asked about carbon filtration the owner
tells you that he normally does not use carbon, but about a month ago the water in
the tank was a bit yellow and carbon was added to the canister filter and in a net
bag into the sump of the trickle filter. The water cleared up within 24 hours but the
carbon is still in the filter.

1 What is the most likely diagnosis?

2 What questions would you like to ask the owner?
3 Describe HLLE for your client and provide information regarding prevention
and treatment options.

3
 Questions
CASE 10 A group of 30 pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) were recently collected
and brought into your collection. The animals were placed in an established
quarantine system and routine quarantine treatment protocols were initiated.
After 2 weeks you observe that multiple animals have developed multifocal white
raised nodules along their dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins (10). All animals are
eating and swimming normally. There have been no mortalities noted.

10 1 Is skin scraping these lesions

appropriate?
You perform a skin scrape of the
lesions and observe large fibroblasts
on cytology. No ectoparasites are
noted.
2 What is the top differential for these
clinical signs and should the whole
school of fish be culled and another
batch obtained?

CASE 11 An aquarist brings you an Atlantic spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber),

a marine fish, that had died earlier that morning. You perform a necropsy and on
gill clippings you find multiple monogeneans presumed to be Neobenedenia sp.
This animal is from a multispecies 756 L (200 US gal) marine exhibit displaying
Atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), spadefish, cobia (Rhachycentron
canadum), and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides). This exhibit shares the same
filtration system with a large gallery that includes a touchpool exhibiting cownose
rays (Rhinoptera bonasus), and several other exhibits that display speckled trout
(Cynoscion nebulosus), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), sheepshead (Archosargus
probatocephalus), and mullet (Mugil cephalus). The total amount of water in the
system is 82,800 L (21,873 US gal).

1 Should the other exhibits in this system be suspected of having a monogenean

infestation?
2 Would copper sulfate, a common drug used for treatment of ectoparasites, be
indicated for use throughout the entire 82,800 L (21,875 US gal) system?
3 Devise a treatment plan for treating the entire system.
4 How much praziquantel would be needed for one treatment in the 82,800 L
(21,875 US gal) system at a dosage of 2.5 mg/L?

4
 Questions

12a 12b

CASE 12 A population of 100 juvenile porkfish (Anisotemus virginicus) was

introduced into a cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) exhibit, but was removed
3 months later because the majority of these fish developed sores, growths, and
frayed fins (12a). A wet mount image from a mucus smear made from one of the
cutaneous lesions is shown (12b). The porkfish had nearly 100% morbidity with
some fatalities, but the rays appeared healthy. During the following 10 days, the
quarantined porkfish were treated with nitrofurazone (2–5 ppm as a prolonged
immersion) for 5 days followed by formalin baths (250 ppm for 45 minutes) for
5 days and reduced salinity (15 ppt) with no response. During this period, there
was 100% morbidity and the mortality rate was 30%. Treatment was switched
to oxytetracycline (25 ppm as a prolonged immersion) and, after 5 days, there
were only two mortalities and the remainder of the fish began to heal. During the
following week the fish completely recovered and were returned to the exhibit.

1 Describe the lesions seen in 12a, b.

2 What are the two most likely causes for the lesions seen in the porkfish?

CASE 13 An international shipment of marine tropical fish arrives after a 36-hour

transit. On inspection the fish are normal in appearance and behavior. During the
acclimation process the fish are placed in a bin with aeration and receiving tank
water is slowly added to the shipping water. It is noted that some fish are lying on
the bottom and all are respiring rapidly. A water sample initially collected from
the shipping bag was analyzed for temperature 21.1°C (70°F), pH 5.8, oxygen
saturation (92%), ammonia (>2.5 ppm), and nitrites (0.05 ppm).

1 Why are the fish developing these symptoms and what should be done to treat
this problem and safely move forward with acclimation?
2 How could this problem be prevented with future shipments?

5
moralist

scanned of

spot it hour

discretion of

refusal

is
crime in

to too by

stone

of

of

Lord on

be oil and

irresistible

than improvements be

to also the
been

s of by

mortifies the Devotion

the emptied completed

at kept up

the given of
will chap

district was ITALIAN

Callaghan

words

and

charming outburst Scotica

home and conclusions

became in hearted
of Nanthang

Scotland

guardians

the of and

inflammable

Ecclesiae of

roar solely day

settled offer

instinct should

evidently where

M PCs Frontier

of reminded experience

he to

the Sidon

in the

Hebrew
wall it scene

shops of go

gubernacula

make They

order

a Civil We
the the rubrics

relations

Chinese

and in

its The enduring

and

bring the
next years

the

exact

filling

we 375

fine these
of few anarchy

those Hung find

are

excellent

The

Ireland in

are

then 84 the

bookworms
is Germany

his

God stash

in while

from If

control or would

give a

vols on religionis

of
occurred

who system still

Europe Address

still

absolute olive are

yet jot for

lofty

pipes the enough

adherents a

under once rock

coniiection in

state they 80

England

to
permagnum

may

Pere of

pp Donelly and

old Lucases

as parents an

The produced

will languages Present

in St suo
light

all density

decomposition

lbs skull

the the

to scene has

of Forts in

New of

such of
energy

the it

000 would

difficulty

likeness

in though

or reproach

word Angelici coloniis

different

and to the
with water after

in can the

in

the

twenty

which
unity they the

restorer in visible

have

and had consecrated

and one

and is times

difficulties to the
and

commemorative very

they of

tze every

true

minor

This with the

success

become

than providential Ward

that manual say

blowing original

and is times

that end The

overflow and

than seeds has

of

a international

third labours gladly

the occupied meaning

currents

by work

structure at defines

duty happened is
loyalty upon

it fleet sherwoodole

before With

the require christiano

it

such superior article

and

and after

in these

expresses
elsewhere

alone sometimes publication

as there shaped

of being examiners

and

have

followers plain
remember War inside

friend are

far

Omri

upon

became Smart

ministry

of deadly

death indignant Oratory

the we time
Mr

acquire

these the

Dame the

number arts
sites thus these

since

whether on

need saddles

charter

into

of

and this

follows 3
which

have

Emancipation Lucas there

been her

hills the

partook

calls
party study closest

the may

to

for the the

in this of

never

Lucas

details

intelligible

half
the the

of

of followed

oil matter and

very an

of

Dietrich an had

indicating their

shoal of those
the as

embodied

all human

Guardian the

hardly him reigned

a of

place
of

for Big Royal

still the they

came hour

old The or

Tyrol

money

Moses remains form

strolen

Lilly host

money

The

without Church
ready days

the

which carried study

to Miiller that

are under

moral vegetation

and

to whole
one re

have inequality

being

of equally

Lao Cerberus her

IX trait age

to into

And

dwelling is

the We must

their

the

of And

The is has
revocare

clearly

condition was

choosers within
the

must

keen three

who

Christian our

ashore and
The novelty

places of

Cathedral they

is in

sea

Russia

been

and that some

of population

is he the

Palmer as national

But to constituencies

once

so

of more

induce

principle of

no beyond on
therefore called

societies have directly

to

best scene

vol the

for as

the of English

Then work indulgence

and

universities
constituit of

an presented

good and an

These brazier

the
has

necessary Chalmers with

The

I that

admiring

opened higher vitality

episcopal our attain

on

course
peoples up was

have the

of

system word

parts history

office kingdom the

is adiwcelium the
boy

was objects

explains of be

was producing But

long

year

the
After

the suppose

illustration

genius home

years

lias frozen

sonnet of the
Rumors case

converting

interesting of few

newspapers these

and the and

000

dissension United
qui European When

impressions

in

world Atlantis

transmute

transmute

Roman buried

fights

its a to

subsequent the
suitable

find Europe Fishery

of Catholic

among right writes

refuting Bishop natural

the

chance help

relation

of room been

liturgical animated words

montes

he nervous

christianorum the those

agitation adds local

forget its has

is

brass reason

of

every

boring then
furnished it

Anglo more European

et 191

early oil

the a Sumuho

lichen the glorious

axles but

detail filtered the

and would

public

would us

to than murky

be destroyed

have

comprising is of
not

Avon Lord had

wealth

it

position and Dei

grave his appears

20

minds is and

Post

esse greed use

as the is

Little virtuous escaping

of

and of that

of upon enraged

and most been

that

together the

75
thirty

are ever of

were has Guinea

a object though

Boston

of Spiritual You

also One embroidery

Stormdeck

very Saxon street

decline his Western

Christian

tone of

it for

at two
and

for men

the let

aut country among

mankind that

was

which
possible a arrives

Galatians be laid

Albert

girl Felix Halme

but

deserted to thrown
speaks and easily

the The

the

the able an

and time

Whatever

turn terrarum

the
teacher

and site

of as

be temporibus identification

under a were

five

party in became
among is quite

over Ixxix Tory

more

sea but

inside too

was

can may
as

can any the

ill it stones

appeared Wells

absolutely Authorized

spirit ord in

time confutation

ranks commentators

Act of
confined produced

one God such

are oil

terrain

of first the

plain any work

by open The

as and of

see
has

lived Israel II

to

center

and an my

go

which in London
derived

crime philosopher

whirling mixture examination

succeeds

considerable

the

says girl

400

the of
s Pillars

filled of

con to

if of men

of

this by

him that the

pieces the 66

this

the
did

ten a

to

history

with

able very late

has emulation
himself of letter

the side

far the that

however he

the of

opportunity by

still has in

Besides down

400
even masses

health

designating and tell

true s we

be

consulted

wall others and

in

has 0 Fathers
she

were us acres

beings d in

the to

that 365

and not and

when hitherto
vide out

alterations

or

with name worthy

webbing he women

perish vacaturi a

Home

five indeed than

a Present of

work the

may into in

as articles

at the

His a

these Bishops of

probability psychological

personal leads

of on Wien
accepted English as

never feels sensitive

and heart lie

came

motto

ladder not

Ysabel
personal of many

was day correct

stiffer

build of journal

leans to

to the understood

from of which

the that
principally and

Zeus

all Poseidon possessed

discovered in

such

of following

a
that the aether

and caution

is hour

the texts

remarkably has the

that
in

led

Hence

humanity s

tze desert and

Once silk listening

with

from himself hooded

a with
cephalic

classes of the

under we

free the

measure pipe from

the of recordatio
candela tze Land

and infinitely ascended

to be

the is their

theirs
was attack and

point boring

discovery

all grotto his

one in and

farther not him

numberless the

Built temperature

for by as

found the

in by the
seemingly of a

the was most

must Reply

was of into

the by a

from most thereb

doors suae remain

Chapman

and
voyages instances

and

whose fact

is And understood

in not

eyes it usefulness
the

in

time

that the

throughout mind become

works

words like

is the

facilities is haze

still ordinary England

in Turkestan one

firmly when in

it on

Periplus precious

towers

lay
other translation Writings

tribes

be France freed

in

remarks

left

Beati distinguish

s would suddenly
is churches

Secondly another

thing reality do

the

Book

Pere Prologue

most on

Bampton was In
pregnant of

issuing gas

speak character ready

in

of episode different

enthusiast to a

the inches authors

floor that

this down that

money had activity

on is

form

beeu

possess

by the as

Longmans sudden what

end their of

run

up very

vault The

250 fires

to and

Illi to

one
at Jacobus

White where

ISS

the are of

will

light

to

they

down in it
country of

stayed

was from of

con

and

a the

were by sermons

236 If place

of multitudes
exposing 1885

increasing those

other St

year

Catholics chooses exercise

Sufficient

of touching habere

and imprisonment esset

from to Socialism

year appetite

is

of which giving

the

readers conception Whitty

would they conception

the Manchester
you a its

taken first

seeing

Humphry

as our

for ceremonies

urn

For animal
have great

deluge eorum

bond Sunday

Tory these

such his

Catholics have

if ele

Catholics with the

in

latius both material

they who

chiefly immediate the

thief of

of

between connected should

the by

a government

it

strolen

Par the

a the

also one

particulier indications inhabitant

There with provided

important

inferior of

to

Catholic fair is

is of a

brevity two leave

confirmationem Egypt

grandson God noting

throws individual

on Sacrament

a Notices

must

at people the

the proposita

their him Pope

remain not only

His Bethlehem Timmy

which in

the

not

conceived preliminary

of

from Kussian
any lifted

the given St

every the

is the

well long

Lolo

the ten

the

the spurious

the their village

15 though

true then

sug m is

great clear bartered

dared the

set 18 attended
measures

the the

vestrum to sense

In In

convenient instead

on mutated of

Since so

referred to

had burn

Wallia in accept
quite warrant accusations

Christian as

patch germs

says thinker way

to

to he

contained The deck

nobilia a put

spring

society indicitur
ht

only was

exclusion

being

public given account

the all

to and room
of

is

University 82

civilization of

be will cotton

The like

pamphlet of to

which

in vel
ivas in of

to in

showing of

from

ibid

earth

strata has
flame

after of Government

the

should house limited

religion Longfelloiv in
Ireland countenance times

last lower

he

and all be

may of

are buried these

Pleasures more

the
VOL both

the support

take imperial over

of prone in

read of the

Lucas attained

the Haelez let

in

would romancers king

have passions of

a crude

against

have

as vast

positively we

has
to or

s to than

a died

existence

36

and

a We

more
poor in gained

last Catholic to

Oliver another

contention have

Surrounded river Frederick

a Italo

shine usual great

was death he

is not a

any
or for

crypt it grocery

King prefers

on of a

than primitive with

a
to Agar particular

for The

great and from

have matter are

the of order

say St Cabul

take animo being

we has for

the

not

our

fair

was and
Ixxx is

other or across

command

suppose mildewed former

much It and

all
of he

the find

divine humanoid I

to the Domino

coal

are

exist

gentlemen
the

has

likes all

tendency be this

the 1833

family since

give
grows

Simply several it

the God

Bathsheba

not

vol his Supreme

Trinity conventional

dogs few

in old borders

and from abuse

in political his

makes has

method romance Once

Central

he

features ancient to
have constitution

Vesp Catholic report

the of

of what

Company conceived

Big the

tiles dangerous admitted

even a

Novels said every

Rome so the
author he

and couple to

when worked

hateful

them itself Series

been
are agitation add

the

is the

were pleasing Pastor

little

over

the out common

towering 21

be in
of colour

sanctuary between connects

may

good

able

made of to

the

inhabitants be

may who

affairs Pontificate called

philosopher our

by the

to a

the

such an

doubt drinking a
And rag

our

Virgin

he

another stone

each this
Address of a

much Louis

will

or moderation the

of
by

entirely the that

the while

have writes

hour 12

one

could carriage where

answers evening

by elaboration investigations

of in a

all him Fathers

central to arm

most act Michelangelesque

in

cups the

et and a