| —— laaXcue and theTASTE ANTIQUE c Lure of | al Sculpture 1500-1900 PRANCIS HASKELL and NICHOLAS PENNY Yale University Press New Haven and LondonComey ten igheogd Ta a be eames arn Nea yt Fort NSW Nomoto ow "Raion es Oe aro Cag Cag Paden Dat Sore Sete arc Js oar, Ee Shoe u u v vi vu vu XI Xi xi xiv xv Contents Preface to the Second Printing Acknowledgements List of Hlusrations Introduction *A New Rome ‘The Public and Private Collections of Rome Plaster Casts and Prints Control and Codification Casts and Copies in Seventeenth-Century Courts “Tout ce qu'il ya de beau en Italie EEradite lnerests Florence: The Impact of the Tribuna ‘Museums in Bightoenth- ‘The New Importance of Naples ‘The Proliferation of Casts and Copies ‘New Fashions in the Copying of Antiquities Reinterpretations of Antiquity “The Last Dispersals Epilogue Notes to the Text Catalogue Appendix Bibliography Index ncury Rome 108 Bs 13 a a 366For John Fleming and Hugh Honour Preface to the Second Printing fr wu, we Home, be lpi wo the sede If we lt very Inefly the principal shertios which we hare nade to Tete mth Antiprne ex appearence in 18 "Thoth specs, obvins ero and seme milening incoees have ber conected ently, a few changes ofsubtance have abo ben incorporated. Thee Include our refeencsso Caradoso ln Chapter [and inno. 52 ofthe cstalogse: © the identity and whereabouts ofsome of he catemade for Chane Land Philip IV Chapter Vand nos 24 nd 7 of dhe ctabgpe;wotheavalabiity of pater eae ana fusted souvent ofthe ansgue in sevameenth-cetary France and eightereh= mstury aly in Chapter Xorg deveipronofpastesin Chapecr Mand ‘our (anderiresed) account of Babecenne bros in Chapter XV. ‘Wehaveslwo amended ou versions of icons response t the Apa Beledre (eat na 8) and of Winckslnanns to he Nabe Grarp (ent, no. ff); given the ‘whereabouts of Lawes Wattemronge’s adapeation ofthe Fara Bal etn. (3), hoted doubts abour the authenticity ofthe Caracalla (emo. 18); added ome ‘unpublished material to our (el sadly incomplese) history of Count Fed's Cypid tnd Payee eno. 26); and draw aterm co valle ails (previously mite by us} on sitcent-cenrry atstudestonard the Meleaper (et no. 6) he likely provenance ofthe Celi! Venus (ato, 85), and an eal tecord ofthe Venu de Madi et no. 88), Oueiadexbasbeenagjstedo ke account of these hangesand ‘wehave added» sopplementry ibiognphy, Teves, of couse, never our sino hope to incaderefeences coal he countless copies, adapenions and desrpons of the scalpeues eaalogued in our book [Nonethclet we ould have ed to beable to add to thi septing ste of he fsreat mass of ew mater which bin only come fo our attention ance we oespleted our ersinl txt. Thus we woul have wished to dieu he four fine bone cvteafter the tique which weresold en Harton Palace 18g witha incorrect peoverance going back to Pranoi I and which ae now placed ede the Elunthigaon Libery ft Son Mackey Callen; ae alo s iw partculy Intering marble copisof de late cigherh and ery nineteen contre sc due of ve Borge Gladiator carved by Pere Pest in 1780 eth yall hte froup on each aide of the bawe (Dijon Museum) that of die Farms Hera on Donte column, carved for the Parco del Favontam Palermo in abo 184 nd the extensive tener mae a moh the ame tne by Paolo Trieorss and his sscante in Cara which te tl to beveen im Leningrad. Siisely we hive notbeen able to take into account some of ee sgicane new ales which have appewed since our book was fis published. We have not altered the locations hen iiven othe Hoof St. Maran he equstcian tie of Marna out poss rather than caclenet or economy ’Ax wells thisaddiconal material we would—if we ad de chance rewrite the book certainly inclode one shift in emphasis. We would point out even more strongly than we orginally di how very accurate isthe received opinion echoed by one or two of our reviete) which continue 0 chim tht thee war 2 preciptous decline inthe teputaion of most of the saves in our cxlogue following the arival of the Parthnon marbles in London, and we would ad fanther evidence prove how very slow the seaa proces ws. "Weare once pai indeed to many of the nds snd elles whom Welave already thanked sp our peeve arknovwledgement and we would keto express ‘urrenewed gratitude them. Wehaveaao ured farther blgsion: anda cur asi Ist we would ike w add the names of Charles Avery. Chifoxd M. Brow, “Alsen Kelly, George D-Mekee, Alte sing, Daoré Lands Jot Onin, Ruth ‘Rabari Ged Seidman EH, Nv. Acknowledgements ‘We ane sry indebted to the many’ porple who have helped wi the preparation ‘ofthis ook. Artong them sre a numb hs have most genoa aleed 20 sake we of thee ota orice rsartey, snd, although this wll soestines be ppaten from referencein our fooenots unpubl mater, hie semoesWways {he cane and ste wool like to dank tha al here: Brace Boucher, Yes Brad SSueanne Brown Bur, Mauro Crunfin, Jol Fleming, Edward Goldberg David’ Howarth, Thigh Tlonosr. Anne Pingeot. Alex Pots, Frangot Sacha. Hg Honour nd John leing have alia end prt ofthe typescript cater venion ana have gwen si mov able advice Wella rmaton. "Weareako extremely gratefulcothetllowing wholave patiently anwered ox _quetions, brought work oft our atention and elped ura obenin acts hd in many other ways: Ian Campbel, Ulf Ceded6t, Deborah Cherry, Marco ‘Chiat, Andrew Ciechunowiect, Howard Calvin, Alesio Crea, Grnia Cron, (Caroline Fawkes, Tesry Tredman, Noein Frschman, Philip Gaskally Carlo Ginaborg, David Gris, Eleen Harts, John Hoes, Lara Haskel, Wiliam Hisull, Charles Hope, Gérsrd Huber, Michael Jaf, Ande® Janine, Bruno James, Roger Jones, Thomas Da Cov: Kanfinann, Rolf Knlaen, Dred Lang, ough Lewis Pitre Lemoine, Hugh MacAndeew, Romeo de Mio, Ekzbth ‘McGrath, Neil McWilliam, Oliver Niche, Elias Mikonats, Antldo Momi= sano, Jnnfer Montaga, Moniqee Messer. Giuseppe Oli, Fons Peas ‘Chrstisae Pinte, Dominique Pons, Julia Poole, Simon’ Pugh, Anthony [Radlie, Olgs Ragaio, Masianae Relind Michel, tei Rongen, Lan Said, Diana Scursbick, Werer Schade, Ver Schuster, Nala Smith, Exore Spat Joha Spurtow, Catherine Stover, Franco Stazallo, David Udy, Susan Walker. Chiktpher Ware, Ells Waterhouse, Zogmune Walbiski, Richard Wrigley, [Raimond Wucriche, Michael Wynne, Silla Zamboni Fath Hart and Jon Nicoll have giteainaluae help with editing this book, snd fo them too we would like give our warmest tha "The wring of thi Book would bave ben imposible bu fo the fics feed. by liberi 9 London, Oxfird, Cambridge ad Manchin parcel twas rade much easier by’ de magnificent services of Oe London Libary. of the Warburg litte, and of the Aimolcan, Tayleram and Dake Humphrey (Bodleian) ibe i OnfrdList of Illustrations + Rept me 2 he ce in chp Edict ETT trie Fit Cae fg de Fete ete td tein ia oSvismhe tie aie 1 Se pe ee Ree en inn Fane Fone te sisting tm Ramis acpi ts v1 elntng on ve foe teams {Se sp a seine aah can ‘Serr ee Nass Rea a ‘tere Comncy ase Coat ana Corsa Peet ag hl may ht Soe sete aah 2 Rani Bini: Sa py of Clin ined fal: Meme 1 ca ‘os Vom as Papo Fh Eee cere Sentra acta a Soounsy visage Bice mea pateaae Eee sete ‘Seep tng ns, den) aan me ara Eee ‘eho oto The ims hep Oy eager ee Siemon eee Spear esrat SERRa Sree cn omen e amc Bias Eee eS cone Say mace iee ugeeowt he Se eh tes carr ieee D axeunnsemnoe erase ee ett Agee east “ oes oer So dm ‘Cipsnc eats Gc Bons 3h Ca. Capt (Cun) ofa ha a [Nk ope ome a SE tater tee ened babe ‘Adee, [Bgl Life Pub: “igied by Rober: Ado [Banton Ls Bomcmaarne ee ee Sierra oat 5 leoeeriine cat iemeeaerae she oes Eemrooseres oe oe awe Sete eocs ae ete Proce Host The Tee fe Waleed Mean, aa, et se gta i etn, toe, Sac ey TEx” ef io Quin Sane oSaahe es pepo Se kato = apt tlaencuprgnercon Game rye eons EE en ce sen nent Saree oh selgegancat sharia cas Be a ets eto 7 sian” hy Wal” Ate oni, ion len te An 2 Sec (aa le br ween Ne, ECS pee Sse Ra. - es (A A ee a Cen, Foret tae eo, Sapl = Ps Gre hn i Comer (Aa) Gena pitee Neto pa) 2 rot ae [Dron oan eum? su Ben Ce ii Men.‘Yong et Crm Cpe Me Gt i Cad oo i 3S coca owe tay 1 maw Hl Moe, ‘Fp Pte Cee ca, Sf a seo Weng Dake (a di Comrie es ‘gr De a Gn Shem 10 Beet Faw 809 TA ee a sn 7 3 scans Ea ant SSS SST ne mt nee fend et Seana eemecae 3 1 eee names i Smee Settee Bae aed Soe oes ies Se Code Cota tase ce cea. seater ok iT nn 44 Mine Capatine Mascon esa, el ts ee Nn Kom vos Mr (ap Daas Analg "Sp: Sth co Neon op (Ae aa ue My, Cac a, [Sree hcg, Re oe Reet SN on i Bag (a 1k Bmp Mea HE ner Nf ie ng 9s fo te Safran Ee pa None Uae See gts Meum etal bana, SE ei urn Sioeecieetay See Ee eh nansrtent Sars eer. g we Sermons zeroes mire Se mre gnome Secrest Introduction Fo sas cevrems it wasacoypted by everyone with acaim oat thatthe eight ‘fet creaton tad been reached ins ited amber of aque sculpture, These swore to be fond Fist an Tame and, later, in Florence, Naples and Pans. They swore rpestely copied in every edu, andthe forms and names thus became Femukar vo educated people dhrougoal he Wester World. Nowedhces almost ‘withoat exception thos travellers who docked to Tay agced thatthe eealty “Brpaued the copes on which they fad ten brought up-tn the raproroue erste ‘vaked by tha sculpeues the only res-vaion one commonly encounters ia ae ‘feng unable to rerpond adesuatelysemasterpiecer whose fie wats great and tinhalenge “Allthitae now changed, and with toroughnes that would have bees beyond the imaginstion of generation of art lovers who looked upon the beauty of the “Apalle eed and the Vers do Meas the only bulwariso absoluce ales ina ‘world governed by exprisious and feqsedy changing uses. The crowds in the scolpre alls ofthe Visca ae today sting to the Stine Chapel at schoats ‘cerywhere have boon dicarding dhe platr cas hat were once dhe ran de, lind modern cholirshove este the tata themelves with contemptand distaste the Furrc Heras 0 Addison oe of tre Four fact Figures perhaps ata 10" Extn deemed hnge repulsive bag of swollen muscles (Chisel selpeore i ceramly noe acct, ut very Rew poole would aim that ie provides te eandard by wich al ar sbould be judged. Morcoves i the scolpreof fifth-ceneery Greee thats wimired, and not what arc now recogiied to be, forthe moe part essly restored Roman copie of Hllensc orginal “To sty thc havory of aust acne ae would be o sey the ory European culture a5 3 whole Our purpose Is very much mre modest and uulitsan, We hive wants only fo prosde sere of eertions hich ae na ‘ffaimpomible t Bind except in specalived Hira) of the principal sculpts ‘which were atone time aeceps as marerpeses ano demonstrate ther sanding Everyone will have seen some ceptions of there seuprarer—largeacae sable i niches, Dalowtades or formal gardens; Browse and pore eduction on mantlpces or in showcase; puncrating the punted views of ‘Rosman ms or cosrsly traversed chap pins bat noeveryonc wil ecopnse the orgnls which ence nspted so wae atten. The Laecean the Daren Bn atl rei acmited the Whge Vcr and che Vena de Ml al veryswalknown but ihestaees called Annouin the Vatican and Captoineclleetios, tea olebrsted a are today the Mona Lis’ andthe ‘Beh of Venu ave sank stmt wichoat ace rom the general consccanies, How many ofthexe who ave feud Howton’ s Marble Fu a sendy alo mind she appearance of the ‘atue which impted the novel? Yet ths example should prove tha itr nos only travel books which ou such of the mening one the reader hossome ftiey Sh hit ads hw dozen other antique sclpeeer—afamilngy om whic, ana 2 Thundred year oro ago writers ena fey ely ‘Sock fbmiianey war alo once expected of the arte and by dhe arts, and ironically the seulpares dncused in these chapters now ive mos nthe rection, pes ae variants which they inspire, For most people tony asall bronze by (Gmbalogns, 4 marble by Coyrevo ors drawina by Resben wl Be ms fester sgmincance sn the Line atactingo ore the Nymph wik 2 Shel othe Sow which give re eo them, Some of lstaton wil be of vale lover, ofthese and very many otier acs, but such considerations have ox determined theshape of ths book, for panersandseulprorshave atl times ange free than ven the bestniormed tavalles: many second-rate and batered fragment Uumoriced by Evelyn or Cochin or Goethe, has provided the inpeaton for some fret marerpics by 2 Remissnce, Bagogue or neoeasial are The tacking flowen of rach soares can be ane of he ment remraeding (hough een one ofthe tnt pean) tats ofthe a sori not one th ha concer where ‘Our selection of antique sclpure snot however, an abitaty one. From the thousand of statues constantly being exesvated in many parts of Europe, bat ‘scl i aly clave small number acute gute spec standing which ‘was often acknowledged (and somesmes stimulate} bythe way that hey were Aisplayed in the Belvedere courtyard a Rome in the Tribu in Florence otnthe “Musée Napoon in ars, between he sixteeth and te inerenth cee inthe pics of tern that were commisoned for Veraille and St Peterburg. English ountry hows and American art academies in the lutated volumes devoted the and the epeious and chaste ation paid totic by generations of teaallers and writes of pusdebooks. Their very repetions and ccs have been of spechl value 10 us, fries by paying regard othe that we have compiled ous bist and ken decsion tat may surprise many rades: we have excluded scophog {which were alays of greater significance tart and to scholars tha to onpoisers) and even coins and. gems (which acracted the collector and Stuiquaian more than the oxdinary tavelle) ‘Sometime the statues we dicts became fasous quickly, et others only afer many decades; sometimes fame laste for enti, a thee fr only a few Yess: sometimes i was universal, a olbers confined to specific counties; someuimes ptoneday tte would (recto show suicent meres acknowledge the urce Sch fame a oder He would be sarded by eet fen gute impowdoe to count adequately for che developments, chough we hive indisted where we Ielieve ha partial fctos—the pre of an iluetal ats or eonnoseus, the ‘whi of maginauve eessoce, the impact of politcal povte, the accident of a3 Unexpected dacovery, anew discon in scholahip--nay have been reponse. And although we have tid to hint afew ofthe wider ius asing fom ou scason, the lini of this hook are crumb: patrons of dhe eminence of| Fonts 18 store x detngaited as Winckctmsany reo concera exon in {0 fra they have feted the fortes of the seulprr ted i ou extalogue “Ths bok i dsigned sa contbuso tothe htory of tte. Nekhr of urna acchtclogt and we mk no clam whoever toany orginal mvetigaton of the Gscing of atebution or status ofthe cular edie atch mate ae oF lnaportsnce ws only insofar they ned te opinion oF people wien sheeme Spun covered by our Book We have, cx the oer hand, eed wo pay partcar sent to Rast of facts which our maeatces ave shown us to be sarprisngy tlivverthe dates of dacovery and hanging location ofeach Figure, and waitons in-nomencatsre. -Travll, guides and scholies Sequel ered tothe sme supra inde ride divenity oF namer: one fmout matble qroup im the Mico Nasonsle Romano way alle "apis and hie mer, Hyppaion and Phaedra! La abe dee Gres, ‘Ores and lec, ‘Maras Aurela and Laci Vera. We have included in oer Indexal he mame’ wel ben able to ace forthesatues weave ‘lected, hoping mths wy to make te book a wal osnble. Such information wil e found n o Catalogue, but ths Catalogu, although more specie, aio designed to. develop the genera theses ined the ineradacrory chapeen. These chapten and the Catloguc ents are dus interdependent "Becaae ofthis we have not, in our etodctory esr, supplied notes for hone scalptures which ae discussed separately in the Catalogue or given tefereness the lusrations ofthese, which en be fond inthe Catalog except where ich a feterenc likely ne capecaliy help. To make reference convene, se mars ‘Stestlogted ecules bot not other wars afar) ate printed n air hrouphost this book [A Note on the Presentation of the Catalogue Seulperes re ted alphabetically mde the Gilet which we baie wo have been ‘xt curent inthe year before about 1850, but wehave bo te, siphabeeal frder and indexed other ames that wre sed daring te sme perio. Some of| Shee at in Latin, French and lion bw foreign names are not given when 35 English name which is « staightiorward tration was alo popular. Minor ‘nitions in nomenchtre are no alnays recorded: “lenis with the Infant [Bzcchae given, bor noe Salen sd hs inta Beeas' oe Salen an Bacchi ‘From abot the middle ofthe inert century Lain names tended 16 be conver to Grek. “Cupi became "For, “Diana became ‘Arti apd 1 on to te diintion becween Says and Fans (he former having the legs alba ‘am of gouty, ad thebatteronlythe ails ander), whichhadbeen observed since the ‘Renaissice, was lst. These developmen we have ignored many aes the name of collection collector eipeorporated na the at's fle ike Beledoe dninous andthe Della Valle Sarr, bor oe om pepores alphabescalpronit esablsbed by the other pac of each compose (Anti,Say) Very fen the site accompanied by an adjective Dancing Fans, Weng aan which case alphabesieal prong is exablhed by dhe noun Pan, Data). Where ewo sculpeues have the same name (Dawing Fa) alphabeccalpisity LSeilihed by the prevent loason of exh (Ronen before Naps) the fas Section ofeach entry we rcord the popular names of ech sculpts, give ts eight (Gnd, occasionally, Teng) meas, and mention the maceral~ discriminating typeof coloured marble, but nos types of white marble. We do not provide information on condition or rextoracion here. Bat when the eype of white maze, the work's condition or de chaacterof the restoration his acted the statics Feputation thee ae discus ter in the next ection fe atempe to record the documented Gets concerning the seats dtsovery and owmerihip and ie major movements. This follow By ah count ofits rseand (in most cise il om favour, during the course of which we mention some ofthe waysin which ke was bled and copied, dhe scholarly (rd tnscholaty) inexpretations given of it ad, where appropete he old adiboms and recent speculations conceming songs. In conclusion we paraphrase or quote the opinion of the work which isto be found ie the most umn suthortacive ‘xtalogurof the colecon conezmed (or nan equivalent source) wahout recording Jnl orinany way contributing to, modern debaters othe dating, dhe sau oF the subjece mater of the salute “A New Rome’ Js 1528 Fuancos I, the King of Frans, began to make modifications t an old hhunaing lodge a Fonrancbew, some ‘ey miles om Pare. Two yee ter “Aecino, one of his artic avin nal, astm ta have recommended Yo him he Florentine pret Giovat Buttsta Resio whose briliane career had been interrupted bythe Sick of Rome in 1527 In 4532 the Bolognese painter Francence Primatol Masts for Fontainelca. Daring the cours ofthe next er Yeu, these wo arts and ei sistant ereatedone ofthe mow remarkable and bent ‘ecorative schemes ofthe situ century. The Gath, snd ae mere of Cthic Snel deta, Which had tert ben patrons bythe Kang, hitcounter hd the Church, was swept away and he not moder lelian syle beeame the ‘overriding fashion. No one grected it wh more ungualiedeaeusiem thm the King himsel™ rangle F had enjoyed his most spectacular victories and slr his most spctacalar defeats i aly At the age of twenty-one, within yet or to of is Coronation, he ad reesptared Milan fr the French snd had met Pope Leo X ‘Bologna in ote to daw up highly advaneageous eoncordat?—an Gcason hat ‘waslludd aby Rahul ina esc (ckeceedyhis pp inthe Vatican which ve {Charlemagne the festurn of Francia.” A dee ert long debate | Davia, head boo taken sone by fn great val. te Emperor Chale V, ne ‘was justaerhisretun ftom ignominiouscapivityin Madd that he undertook the ‘roonstraction of Fontinebisa ‘veut de son reve Mie, ie fit we Talis Enea’ Feangols M had inherited some gret Iain pantngs from hi ftherin-w ‘Louis Xl? and during his alin eampigns be had shown a Beenie in lion ae clamaing inter toave ce al the et works by she ext mars inal lye bd been pariulary serack by Leonardo da Vines ‘Las Super a hough he ‘was Goss iy plans to have tesco taken #0 Francs,” Re wie 2B t6 sence Leonardo himself Wellbetoreboganinghs reconercton of Fontancen ibelud indaced ether jor ein arta tack ms Aries dl Soto to ero te Alp atu hod given importanecomminions snd acquired importa work fom thse ‘who. could not, oF woul! not, make the joumey-induding. Rape] aud Michelangelo, Yeu in one respec, he remtined a provinchl. Unt abotr 1549 he failed appreciate to the fll tht anesental element of modemit, a he Tins onesie lay the worship of ang, tmodhiceidte se shat poe year fer his mpl vi to Bologoa in 1s ews rumowed tae Feng hd on that oerdon ed the Pope gi hm the fet seubture of Lowers which bed ber excaaed on 960 an ake othe ‘idan nme oem imeday gad the wok edb Png be ofa yrimings an epee he root worthy of amino” Vets porate 3 Rene Fe warenly ne) & Hay co bave ben prompted more by he Tasted thre Lao wa gh creme by he Pope tam by any poh Sct orowrenlp.inany ene by any iaothe Rng wes kingony fr roma ou? andwhen ble mate

* The Pope ha infact want to por» ere, Bat, shen Mihclngso propre caving suc Moms sng toe ork, be sed That the open woul take to long and here flowed Vas advice and ttaleed the Clopare which ha aes en a out fount in ce state Courtg=no atempicemetotave brn made il theemp che fom wht co ranoved Tedd panties yaad forthe Vatican clpore colons. Ia aboin shou rbhat alsIl gave De Cosmo fof Fores he Merry ig 139. 2 drach cored snc which ad aoodins covered gallery jue behind thc 0d ‘Siku intr Pao Lig, acct oir Vendome sees mares Gasgn by ing th logg tie we ote cou (wich wan teplce by pat of ‘Sew rwesnreyd pate wing) ad by eseyng te fra aren bend tha had ca deel err vars. New bulLing wee added ere sho. and Ligon comple eorpniston oe renaiing cons ofthe Beer e denen heresseinhe quantity. banat the quale, othe aueselpare wa hept es aatsry ward i desratee pps oly and rood ‘shoal ah sc dau ctetonofchotc: Fors ow mont the ge come {jotnng te cme Court thu sume an Impresion of extreme agence,caring the sil unpretenion garden sting forthe Apollo the Lavon ad other ‘areal selec manerpicees Prom dhs garden aTarhcr depen was made ‘went kay hat yet one more ofthe movtadmitedfguts fom thecal yeas sre eoleton ws sneer Florence. Thiet ewe the Het tas (ig a) which wae gaven to Cosimo Ihe at signa and highly escmed ‘work ever to lave the sate court self where, though imuch bettered and not peed ins niche iehad remained wince the dys of Jin The ome were thie ZHreay iasspiciows when n 1966 Cardinal Michele Gh was eect pope and took the name of Pan V. “This emacated Dominican friar, sprung from peasant stock, had always ved 2 li ofthe gests austetyond he made lesson te moment ol his eeton that he dl not intend change bi habite2® Almoss the east target he reforming zal wan thesculpate cllecon ofthe Belvedere, Within few weeks of Ibs dlecsoniewas announced thats wa abe dispensed because wast table forthe sceesor of Se Peter to keep such ialsathome-28 Suah fectngs were by no means new nor was Pas Vin any Way logical. Dring de course of tis bok we ‘wl sc shee devoeon tothe catia ete of Rone ould sium vomne ofthe Fervour of surogat eigion-a religion, tuorcove, tat way ay attractive to the Proteane or tally sceptical wort the ety ste was tothe Catholic, The reputation ofthe ancient could make respectable the expression of fcings that ‘would hardly have been acknowledged where oder ae was concerned and we ‘ed not doubt tha it was offen the nudity, at last as mc ay the “puty’ and “mpliety’.ofmany anoque struc that camc asa elie to readers of Ovi af the beak assert of Calin or the claborate imagery of mach ofthe at ofthe (Counter Reformation "Even the humans ofthe cal sixteenth century wer war ofthe empations ann 1527 Andrea Fulvio found ienecasarytodeny, a nuanady nsccurae, the ld story that Pope Gregory the Great hd “ordered shat all the move beni Status should he dgown no the Tiber so that men, cpevated by thee bey, Should vot beled astay fro eign hat was fre and rene” and this ‘ena may bave ben prompted by evidence that not everyone sored his eight st antique salpetes and his admitation for hose popes nd prltes eho dled them Te was the impropesty of sich sealpeare beng exhibed bythe Vice of (Cus tht cased shel concern Axcaly tsi wstor to the sate court had fonerived a speci hatred of the Venus Fels (Fg. 17) for ks teson ad had Azcame of expelling such images fom de Vatican?" A decd tr Pope Adis ‘i could comment tha the Laon and oder antique ulpures wer the dala the ancients lear iioed boon suggested sha he are cour may fave bess conceived of from theft 2 an oblique tbute to popoism>" and eter esieie Implicit have been see an the collection and i smaingement* Holy, therefor, was ox surprising bas here had alays Been ep check by the ‘veneration fe by all esucted men forantgity Ps V now pu tit veeraton to ardor tt “The fis sculprures co lewve the Belvedere wre thote tht bad boss hay semble by ito Ligaro Forks nish these emicyale = whi ethan seat fair ad provided dhe eng fora magnificent jet. Ae wl be apparent oh what we aves bore hic emoval the Capital hardly involved an estes tf ret tis vl tt dep armed he at Lovey of eer craton who only jx prevailed uponthe Pope notto get nd ofthe masterpieces Sic uatos cours Such bed ekeody teen poy eoroniel by ater ped fone of them. in the end thoe sates were llowed t9 remain im place on onion that acre wo them wa orien > Reimour tht dhe Pope wae striping Vatican of isang starr aroused rest hope, which were only in pre fied. among ether European collectors {The Holy Roman Emperor, the King ofSpuin andthe satuble and ndtaQgaDe Medi al profited from hi acvities* Bact fact wen the Pope filly ded in 172 became spate tha fee and hopes alike had been cxogastted nora sale {ate conser tobe of the hight extinct the ct, and, shtered oF how contents were, the courtyard with 8 Vee and Anan ives ince despite a campuigh of unpreafented violence against courte and ‘osm. Tn making oer the eaprrs fom te remaining pars ofthe Belvedere 0 the Capitol, Ps V was tovoat extent flowing well-eablished precedents Wehave secnthataindred year carer Sats IVbad inured de Capitol collectors ‘Sth donation of bonse fm the eran Paice. Many aubeuene popes Bad Follows hisexampl, andthe Censeratsthemclveshad bon active in he ate forsale stgue ees” Already by 1s33 visors could look upon the stares 00 the Capitol "the most beaut and aroun nthe word even hough he man Impole bcd the callin seems to save Been Rito nova rather than inti Des: “Tec ele orginally fom the mumphal areh of Marcus Auris were preeried by Teo X and tok their pice among the most admired works of Sige, ad, when 38 aul arid out the vigil nenton of Sixes TV ibybaving ransered from the Lateran equetin satuc of Maras Aelita he Capit confirmed ihe sats of the colectns howd ees amen the egal of cin te Vaten. In s6 Cardinal Rodlfo Doda Carp bogusubod another ‘rodigion memoria of te grees of et Rome—the ona bead which Irehavesady veered) camel tobe at of Lacs fans Bt the under oF the Republic. nthe context of works ich a thee the hotchpoech of sues presented by Pos V fom the Belvedere shea, hough acepeed by dhe Reman Feople with witable esrewiom of yatta” mus bare sme ts smcthing fa Sotecimey, nat the hme not one ct hem stated uch eats oven Sttetion. And i way not etl the ght eeatry it the two oil pemanene ana pb cllecions ced any notable increaseTL Plaster Casts and Prints ‘Acatarcouscron of brome copie ssh a tat t Fontana could not be Sond by many people but lar ents war les expe, ad we Ene 3 itive pina cobectin with war Sorned not macht. Vana ethat the ‘Styne Leone son enced in the emt oh howe in Man the Cn deh ‘Orenonisa east ofthe cqucston Mare Aue spl bad eat Chee Eiting ofttmany oft lebred works, crwed ane est, amiga nd oder, tbe ws ake obtain! Some of thee mw have heen made fom he mous ‘Nich we have sem Loot renewed om Fonanchley The clon at Togun bets #5, ands that Var sonaeed so be remaable Th yrs s00Gaoann Dati Armes on pang recommend atlsdens to dow from cts of the fg vats Rome se Laooon, the Fegeerthe Apa, the get Torso the Cleopatra the Vensand the Nilo the Beledere together wh thc Doane Mari cel; the Awan ad Buea the Poop the ess onthe wpa schs and on te Tran and Anton Clann He badsens waxsmode othe Lape no more then tw peli rd Strygood bnvcaza ver abltlyseblerepie ing price igh td {lyons wih aoe er on cnn Stywhere lingo fillow te good and ance pt hao eas sete)? ‘Ghvionly we Sonor ae des beaiys cus of te aloe gp on Sc Ql {ihe Als ed Brcple) cot hac been cones eal papal ence as Seed or Len oc ss ior Roa sad we ow ta ey ere moved ‘threat cae by mule nesta ow foe the Bedi scoot books at he {tb Stake Mote Grup unt te Horence 1588, vein are whch needed Selinger gre ea of atanon snd were ao cxccedingly ec to pore! When Avon dined tht he had sen oom ied ih excelent Sissin Mian, Genor, Vance, Manton, Hlorene, ologn, Peso, Usbin, Raven at othes orci, healing fr sere) nave been een scaly to bat and fo relacly sols work which had soded been Sembled and wed by vit ele ce the fen cen ® The fre hat Atvelas bothered exp avo centri ler Armen ema comment on Ahecan cobectons hen een formed in Tai, Bola ad Venice hows ht Inngescal eerie were musa snd we cam ay case Be quite eta hat funids Tnly su of eas fom te Bxlcdo wee trendy rare beloe he Sheet etry. “The fiacadomy of ary the Horentine Academia del isegno mention in its original rezulabons drawn up it 156:."Una Liber’ teaching callecion Gomposedor” dean, modal, ister, ante, dedi — but dheeseno evidence ‘tseses were included andsince de ft mesion oie aes comes in Te38 0 fot likely thatthe edcationl intentions of the institution vere matched i practice.” On the other hand, the Accademia dS. Luca in Rome was given aset oF sti 1508 five years afer i foundation, and Fedeneo Borromeo made some Sallable to the Milanese Academy fomnded under his ptronage i 20. He ‘epved these fom the clleion ofa etn Leoae of ArexgLeone Leo oF ou -wh, bebelicved, bad made them for Pango I. Amonthem he Api, like ee sun, shone most blind text eame the Ancinous so cltrated foe subieza and then ate seen ranged in single file, Pasqlno, Heres, the Gladiator, and Narcisus. "Those ests were sil alized se the eighecendh ‘enrary."© The Roman Academy, dpe the intentions of ats fist pinapal, Federico Zarcar, wasotat iat sce saschooh an although wrne teaching wis done the 46308 and x6}, it was oely mud ater tat realy became Cucstonal establishment whove ideals were exemplified n anlar drawing by Carlo Maraca which incindd as modds the Fare Hero, the Vos Melt tnd the Hevelve Aino. A fe eto sts Was then supplied. The example fellowed was tha ofthe French Academe (o be ecu tans caper) wach ‘world prove ta be the model fr most othe ound in the hice contary find thar the dasmal whereby drawing fem cs ater the antiaue evenly ‘became what Armenia had Tong sine proposed standard academic eating treryeter, and, incientally, virally ernanymous with popular concep od Sisconerpions about the very nature ofwich academe the mat “There cam be no doubt thie che chit way by which knowledge ofthe moe ‘amon and beast tates of Rome was spread throughout Europe daring the petod ofthe High Remasance wr de print ihc tan he cat. Sureng en Eigeavings ofthe fitenth century sre ml of werd subjects and laying oe batafer 1500 pagan subjecs became ineaingly popular and we beg to Bd Prints of the meat Emons Roman snegeses- ove all te Marne Awe, but {th the Apolo and the Leen. Thee ate pri ofa et cgi antigo stats by Mareionio Raimond! and tnce me 1 many by other engravers working in ‘Rome during the carly sistent centry seh as Giovanni Antonio da Breen ‘Nicolet do Modena, Marco da Ravenna and Agotina Veneaana 9 “The acts eho tared thee prin oem alo tade other of cmamients ond architectural detail yroteguey, decorate piaters, etslntre nd cpt —and these consieae perhaps ce mot popular subjects ofthe ‘Roman skercbooke of Sraaghtsmen ofthe ate icemh and ear Sateen entries, which lo served co ‘spread information about ancent ar (athe new att inpited). Ove sketchbook, ‘he Codes xcurialess, for example, whch contains drawings of ancient sulpeate focloding the Maras Auris, the Apste Revedre, and relies on the Arch of Constantine and Trajn's Column) vogether with ancient archiecere and ‘omarent, was Beng ed aa ptter bon Spin in 59. Tisha ky 0 ave ben compile with the needs of Spnish masonsin id bu the archiver "