CHAPTER-9

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

MOTIVATION- MEANING
● The term motivation has been derived from the Latin word ‘movere’, referring to
movement of activity. Thus, it pushes an individual (organism) into activity.
● It is an individual's internal force which energizes and directs the behavior in order
to help an individual achieve their goals and objectives.
● It is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-driven
behaviors.
● Motivation is that process that causes us to take action. Whether it is eating food to
satiate hunger or doing exercise to keep our body fit.

NATURE OF MOTIVATION
- Motivation is goal directed.
- Motivation is an inner feeling which energizes a person to action.
- Motivation is one of the determinants of behaviour.
- Instincts, drives, needs, goals, and incentives come under the broad cluster
of motivation.

THE MOTIVATION CYCLE

- The process of motivation functions in a cycle i.e., Need —» Drive —» Arousal

—» Goal Directed Behaviour -» Achievement -» Reduction of Arousal -» Need.
 1. NEED- A need is lack or deficit of some necessity. The condition of need
leads to drive.
Ex- Suppose you have to go to a party/function and you have nothing to
wear. Then buying new clothes will become your need.
2. DRIVE- A drive is a state of tension produced by a need. This state of drive
leads to arousal.
Ex- This will produce a state of tension where you will start thinking of the
ways in which you can fulfill your need of buying new clothes.
3. AROUSAL- Arousal is simply the state of action that is undertaken by the
individual to fulfill his/her needs.
Ex- In arousal you will undertake certain physical actions or activities to
fulfill your need. Maybe you can go to the mall to buy new clothes.
4. GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIOR- All the actions undertaken by an
individual will be to fulfill the need or will be goal directed in nature.
Ex- Exploring different shops in the mall to find new clothes to wear to the
party.
5. ACHIEVEMENT- When one of the goal directed activities leads to the
fulfillment of need a state of achievement will be attained.
Ex- Selecting and buying new clothes to wear to the party.
6. REDUCTION IN AROUSAL- The state of achievement or fulfillment of
need will lead to a reduction in the state of action of an individual.
The organism stops being active. The organism returns to a balanced state.
Ex- Going back home from the mall.

When one need is fulfilled another need arises and again the same cycle is
repeated.

MOTIVES

- A motive is the reason WHY you do something or engage in a particular

behaviour.
- For example, a motive for exercise is better health and weight loss.
- In criminology a motive is the reason an individual committed a crime or offense.
- For instance, the motive for someone who robbed a store is most likely that they
needed money.
- Motives are broadly categorized into two types-
1. BIOLOGICAL MOTIVES
- Also known as physiological motives.
- Motives related directly to the functioning of the body.
- They are present from birth and are universal in nature i.e. they are innate in
nature and not learned.
- These motives are essential for the survival of the organism.
- They are basic pushes that motivate a person to carry out tasks and behaviors
necessary to exist.
- Some of the examples of biological motives are mentioned below:

● HUNGER
We develop hunger motive in order to maintain homeostasis or balance in our
body. This is indicated by contraction of the stomach; the liver also responds to the
lack of food by sending nerve impulses to the brain, muscles causing some pain or
discomfort called hunger pangs.

● THIRST
In our daily life we regularly take fluids in the form of water and other beverages.
These fluids are essential for our body tissues for normal functioning. When the
water level in the body decreases we develop the motive to drink water.
Usually thirst motive is indicated by dryness of mouth. Experiments by
psychologists have shown that just dry mouth getting wetted is not enough. We
need to drink a sufficient quantity of water to satiate our thirst.

● SEX OR PROCREATION
 This is a biological motive, arises in the organism as a result of secretion of sex
hormones-like androgens and estrogens. Sex need is not essential for the survival
of the individual, but it is essential for the survival of the species. Usually this need
is fulfilled through marriage.

2. PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES
- Psychosocial motives are primarily learned from the individual's interactions
with the various environmental factors.
- They evolve with age and are influenced by culture.
- They are learned and acquired.

Need for Achievement

1. This need refers to the desire of a person to meet standards of excellence

2. It energizes and directs behavior as well as influences our perception of the
situations we face.

Curiosity and Exploration

1. It doesn’t have a specific and identifiable goal or target

2. It basically includes seeking new experiences, learning new things, and
enhancing one’s knowledge.

Need for Affiliation

1. Seeking other human beings and wanting to develop a close relationship with
them is termed affiliation.
2. People who are high on this need, develop friendly relations with others and
have an urge to be a part of all the social groups.

Need For Power

1. It is defined as the ability of a person to produce intended effects on the

behavior and emotions of another person.
2. Various goals of power motivation are to influence, persuade others and
enhance one’s own goodwill in the eyes of others.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow came up with his theory of motivation which clearly portrayed all the
human needs in a hierarchical manner:

1. Physiological needs include all the basic needs like food, water, warmth
which are necessary for survival
2. Safety needs include staying safe from any kind of danger and it includes job
security as well which ensures financial security
3. Belongingness needs which focus on seeking out cordial relationships with
others and companionship
4. Esteem Needs focus on developing a feeling of self-worth and pride which
gives a boost to self-confidence and self-esteem
5. Self-Actualization Needs mainly focus on unleashing one’s potential to the
fullest and a self-actualized person is self-aware, socially responsive, faces
difficulties and challenges, etc
EMOTIONS

- MEANING- EMOTIONS ARE SUBJECTIVE INTERNAL STATE THAT

ARISES AS A RESULT OF AN EXTERNAL STIMULUS
ACCOMPANIED WITH BOTH PHYSICAL AS WELL AS
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES.
- Emotions have a strong influence on our daily lives.
- We make decisions based on whether we are happy, angry, sad, bored, or
frustrated.
- We choose activities and hobbies based on the emotions they incite.
- Understanding emotions can help us navigate life with greater ease and
stability.

There are 6 basic emotions which are mentioned below

1. Anger
2. Fear
3. Surprise
4. Disgust
5. Surprise
6. Joy

- According to Plutchik, there are eight basic or primary emotions. All other
emotions result from various mixtures of these basic emotions. He arranged
these emotions in four pairs of opposites, i.e. joy-sadness,
acceptance-disgust, fear-anger, and surprise-anticipation.

NATURE OF EMOTIONS
- Emotions are internal affective states.
- Emotions are subjective in nature i.e. they vary from person to person.
- Emotions also vary from situation to situation.
- Emotions are influenced by culture.
- Emotions vary in intensity (high, low)
- Factors like gender, personality also play a role in emotions. Evidence
indicates that women experience all the emotions except anger more
intensely than men. Men are prone to experience high intensity and
frequency of anger.
-
TYPES OF EMOTIONS

1. POSITIVE EMOTIONS -Positive emotions are emotions that we typically

find pleasurable to experience.

2. NEGATIVE EMOTIONS- Negative emotions can be described as any

feeling which causes you to be miserable and sad.
Managing Negative Emotions
Negative emotions need to be managed in an effective manner to reduce our stress
and improve our well-being. Here are few steps to manage your negative emotions:

● Enhance Self-Awareness – Being aware of one’s emotions and delving into

the hows and whys of one’s emotions help in managing negative emotions
● Appraise the situation objectively- The problematic situation faced should be
appraised in an objective manner which means that it should be viewed
without any bias and that will help us in seeing things from a proper
perspective.
● Do some self-monitoring : This involves constant or periodic evaluation of
your past accomplishments, emotional and physical states, real and vicarious
experiences. A positive appraisal would enhance your faith in yourself and
lead to enhanced feeling of wellness and contentment.
● Develop and nurture good relationships : Choose your friends carefully. In
the company of happy and cheerful friends you will feel happy in general.
● Participate In Community Service- Being active in community service and
charitable endeavors helps in reducing stress and management of negative
emotions
● Perceptual reorganization and cognitive restructuring : Restructure your
thoughts to enhance positive and reassuring feelings and eliminate negative
thoughts.
● Be creative- Involving oneself in a creative hobby like writing, painting
gives a direction to our energy and hence, we are able to manage our
negative emotions easily.
● Have Empathy- Stepping into others’ shoes and seeing the situation from
their point of view not only builds a great relationship with the other person
but also reduces stress and anger.
● Learn healthy ways of coping
● Acceptance of emotions instead of ignoring or suppressing them.

Anger Management
Anger Management is not easy. Here are a few tips and trick to manage your anger:

● Give yourself time to recognize destructive behavior and thinking patterns

and come up with a positive alternative to the same
● Don’t have irrational beliefs about people and events
 ● Recognize the power of thoughts
● Look inward not outward for anger control
● Find constructive and rational ways of expressing anger

Management of Examination Anxiety

An examination is a potentially stress provoking situation and like other stressful
situations coping involves two strategies, i.e. Monitoring or taking effective action,
and Blunting or avoiding the situation.

Monitoring strategies
- Prepare well
- Have a rehearsal
- Inoculation
- Positive thinking
- Seek support

On the other hand, blunting strategies involve avoiding the stressful situation
- Relaxation
- Exercise

Enhancing Positive Emotions

Enhancing positive emotions is crucial for our physical and mental well-being and
some of the effective ways of enhancing positive emotions are as follows:

● Personality traits like optimism, confidence, hopefulness are important

● Looking at the positive side of a problematic situation
● Having cordial relationships with family members and friends
● Being engaged in work and attaining mastery in work
● Having a strong purpose in life instills a sense of positivity in our lives

Emotional Intelligence
- Emotional intelligence or EI is the ability to understand and manage your own
emotions, and those of the people around you. People with a high degree of
emotional intelligence know what they're feeling, what their emotions mean, and
how these emotions can affect other people.
EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS
- Emotion is an internal experience not directly observable by others.
- Emotions are inferred from verbal and nonverbal expressions.
- These verbal and nonverbal expressions act as the channels of communication and
enable an individual to express one’s emotions and to understand the feelings of
others.

Culture and Emotional Expression

- The verbal channel of communication is composed of spoken words as well as
other vocal features of speech like pitch and loudness of the voice.
- These non-verbal aspects of the voice and temporal characteristics of speech are
called ‘paralanguage’. Other non-verbal channels include facial expression, kinetic
(gesture, posture, movement of the body) and proximal (physical distance during
face-to-face interaction) behaviours.
1. Facial expression is the most common channel of emotional
communication. TThe amount and kind of information conveyed by the face
is easy to comprehend as the face is exposed to the full view of others.
2. Bodily movements further facilitate the communication of emotions. The
roles of gestures and proximal behaviours are also significant. For instance,
Indian classical dances like Bharatanatyam, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Kathak and
others, emotions are expressed with the help of movements of eyes, legs, and
fingers.

The processes involved in emotions have been known to be influenced by culture.

- The emotional meaning conveyed via gestures (body language) varies from culture
to culture. For example, in China, a handclap is an expression of worry or
disappointment, and anger is expressed with laughter.
- Silence has also been found to convey different meanings for different cultures. For
example, in India, deep emotions are sometimes communicated via silence.
- Cultural differences have also been found in the gaze behaviour. It has been
observed that the Americans and the Europeans direct their gaze to the eyes of the
interactant. Asians, in particular, Indians and Pakistanis, prefer a peripheral gaze
(looking away from the conversational partner) during an interaction.
Culture and Emotional Labeling
- Basic emotions also vary in the extent of elaboration and categorical labels. The
Tahitian language includes 46 labels for the English word anger.
- It is important to remember that culture plays a significant role in all processes of
emotion. Both expression and experience of emotions are mediated and modified
by culture specific ‘display rules’ that delimit the conditions under which an
emotion may be expressed and the intensity with which it is displayed.