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Savu
 Savu
History and Oral Tradition on an Island
of Indonesia

Geneviève Duggan and Hans Hägerdal

© 2018 Geneviève Duggan and Hans Hägerdal

Published by:

NUS Press
National University of Singapore
AS3-01-02, 3 Arts Link
Singapore 117569

Fax: (65) 6774-0652

E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://nuspress.nus.edu.sg

ISBN 978-981-4722-75-9 (case)

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or
any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without
written permission from the Publisher.

National Library Board, Singapore Cataloguing in Publication Data

Names: Duggan, Geneviève. | Hägerdal, Hans, authors.

Title: Savu: history and oral tradition on an island of Indonesia / Geneviève Duggan
and Hans Hägerdal.
Description: Singapore: NUS Press, [2018]
Identifier(s): OCN 1024231438 | ISBN 978-981-47-2275-9 (hardcover)
Subject(s): LCSH: Sawu Islands (Indonesia)--History. | Sawu Islands
(Indonesia)--Civilization. | Sawu Islands (Indonesia)--Politics and government. |
Sawu Islands (Indonesia)--Social conditions.
Classification: DDC 959.868--dc23

Unless otherwise stated, all the illustrations in this volume are the private collections of
Geneviève Duggan.

Cover image: A traditional priest (Apu Lod’o Muhu of Mesara) in his customary attire
mounted on his sacred Savunese horse. He and the young woman, Danga, are both
wearing traditional Savunese ikat. The structure in the background is the founding
house of Ledetadu village, Mesara (est. 1760s/1770s). Photograph by Geneviève
Duggan.

Typeset by: Ogma Solutions Pvt Ltd

Printed by: Markono Print Media Pte Ltd
Contents
List of Figures vi
List of Maps ix
List of Photographs x
List of Plates xiii
Foreword by Professor James Fox xiv
Acknowledgements xvii

Introduction: Methods and Sources 1

1. From the Base of the World 13
2. The Descendants of the Elder Brother 40
3. The Descendants of the Younger Brother 76
4. Foreign Influences: Majapahit and the Portuguese 124
5. Enter the Company 150
6. The Six Domains Under the Company Flag 176
7. Savu and the Colonial State, 1800−1900 261
8. Changes in the Late 19th Century 329
9. The Late Colonial Period 360
10. Towards the Tip: Continuity and Change After 1949 406
Appendix I: Narratives 428
Appendix II: The Knots of the Land, kewèhu rai 449
Appendix III: Traditional System of Exchange 502
Appendix IV: Villages of Savu and Raijua from 1832 to the Present 505
Appendix V: List of Rajas and Fettors 520
Appendix VI: Savu Raijua in Statistics 526

Glossary of Selected Savunese Words 530

Bibliography 552
Index 568

v
List of Figures

1. From the base of the world 14

2. Early mantra genealogies 18
3. Kika Ga’s descendants 21
4. Clans descended from Dida Miha 37
5. Clans descended from Ie Miha 38
6. Moieties, hubi and the formation of wini 39
7. Council of Three Men 44
8. Early times of Teriwu and Haba Dida 45
9. Kolorae and the Council of Five Men 49
10. Early times in Dimu 52
11. Do Nalai in Dimu 55
12. Do Napuru in Dimu 61
13. Early Kekoro clan genealogies in Menia 63
14. Tadu Rebo; relationships between clans in Menia,
Mesara and Seba 64
15. Clans descended from Dida Miha in Raijua 66
16. Lingu Tede and the Melako clan in Raijua 73
17. Clans descended from Ie Miha in Liae and the Council of
Seven Men 82
18. Chronology of settlements, ritual cockfight arenas and
ceremonial places for kowa hole 83
19. Descendants of Jua Kole in Mesara 88
20. Upper Mesara; relationships between priest position and
clan formation 91
21. Diagram of Raepedèro 92
22. Descendants of Horo Kole in Mesara 93

vi
 List of Figures vii

23. Descendants of D’ara Wai in Seba 100

24. Ritual centre of Namata 104
25. Kelara clan 112
26. Descendants of Pia Adu in Raijua 114
27. Marriage alliances in Seba before Portuguese times 139
28. Rulers of Seba in Portuguese times 140
29. War alliances in Kore Rohi’s time 141
30. Napujara clan and the Jawa Riwu−Uju Rebo war 144
31. Natadu clan 178
32. Nadowu clan 179
33. Napuru clan in Kujiratu 185
34. Alliances during the Wele Jami−Jara Lomi war 204
35. Namata clan 205
36. Nataga clan and the rulers of Seba in VOC times 206
37. Fettors of Seba 207
38. Nahoro clan 208
39. Alliances during the Jami Lobo−Tèro Weo war 219
40. Menia rulers in Portuguese and VOC times; genealogies of
wini Migi and Mamo Tèro 220
41. Rulers of Mesara in Portuguese times 225
42. Rulers of Mesara in VOC times 226
43. Domogenies of Upper Mesara 227
44. Textilogenies or genealogies of wini Ga Lena textiles 230
45. Rulers of Liae since VOC times 234
46. Rulers of Raijua in VOC times 238
47. Mau Alo of Raijua and wini Jèwu 239
48. Fettors of Dimu, Natadu clan in the 19th and 20th centuries 277
49. Rulers of Seba in the 19th century 281
50. Marriage alliances between Menia, Seba and Mesara in the
19th century 293
viii List of Figures

51. Rulers of Mesara in the 19th and 20th centuries 295

52. Important figures of Liae from the 18th to 20th centuries 296
53. Melako clan; line of fettors and the genealogy of Nera Bia 301
54. Rajas of Raijua in the 19th and 20th centuries 302
55. Christians in Savu in 1887 338
56. The Nia Nguru rai lere case 367
57. The last rulers of Savu 372
58. Revenue in 1914−16 384
59. The war at Liti and the story of Bitu Luji 445
List of Maps

1. Map of NTT (Nusa Tenggara Timur,

the Eastern Southeast Islands) xix
2. Map of Savu; its five districts and places of historical importance xx
3. Map of Sabu Liae xxi
4. Map of Sabu Tengah (Central) and Sabu Timur (Dimu) xxii
5. Map of Hawu Mehara (Mesara) xxiii
6. Map of Sabu Barat (Seba) xxiv
7. Map of Raijua xxv

Key for all maps

Features Examples of lettering

style and symbols
Country, island, regency and district SAVU
Present-day village and town ● Bolou
Place of historical importance; ancient settlement ● Raenalai
Bay Uba Ae
River Liu
Mountain ▲ Pemulu

ix
List of Photographs

Photo 1 Sacred stones − some in the shape of mini dolmens;

Raenalai, Dimu (2017) 57
Photo 2 A ritual place in the shape of a boat bow; Raenalai,
Dimu (2017) 57
Photo 3 Sacred stones; Namata, Seba (Sabu Barat) (2012) 105
Photo 4 Kerogo, a basket to hold sacrificial meat to be shared with
members of the same lineage; Ledetadu, Mesara (2006) 105
Photo 5 Rebuilding the priest Maukia’s ritual house; the beams
supporting the loft, carved in the shape of ancestors,
are reminiscent of a catamaran’s hull; Namata (2011) 122
Photo 6 Discarded damaged beams representing ancestors;
Namata (2011) 122
Photo 7 The harbour, Banyo (derived from ‘Spanyol’),
is an ancient landing place in Dimu used in Portuguese
and VOC times. The giant clams in the foreground were
traditionally used for sea-salt production (2015) 131
Photo 8 Banyan trees at Tuwi − Kore Rohi’s settlement after his wife
expelled him from Nadawawi (2013) 137
Photo 9 The Ga Lena stone; Rae Ja, Mesara (2013) 168
Photo 10 Ruins of Ama Bala Nguru’s stronghold by the Liu river
estuary; Sabu Tengah (2015) 188
Photo 11 A section of old cannon that according to collective
memory caused the death of Raja Wadu Lai in c. 1742;
Namata hill ( 2016) 210
Photo 12 Heirloom baskets containing textiles kept in an
ancestral house; Seba (2012) 258
Photo 13 Tegida or ancestress ritual house for worshipping
Ga Lena; Rae Jo, Seba (2012) 258

x
 List of Photographs xi

Photo 14 A stone carving representing the ship MS Sutherland

that capsized off the north coast of Savu in the 1860s.
Tourist guidebooks wrongly identified the carving as
Captain Cook’s Endeavour; Nadawawi,
Namata hill (2016) 282
Photo 15 The Kowa Makaha (Makassar boat) motif for a
man’s hip cloth; the unrestricted pattern is a reminder of
Makassarese traders settling in Seba at the time of
Ama Nia Jawa; Seba (2010) 283
Photo 16 The residence of the rajas of Seba and later of Savu.
On the right is the broken mast of the Peni,
Ama Nia Jawa’s boat; Teni Hawu, Seba (2012) 283
Photo 17 House of Nera Bia, a cultural hero of the early
19th century; Boko, Raijua (2012) 300
Photo 18 Daily female activity − using lontar baskets to fetch water;
Pedèro (2015) 309
Photo 19 Daily male activity − tapping the sap of lontar palm trees;
Pedèro (2015) 310
Photo 20 Graves in Ba, settlement of the Dimu rulers (Nadowu clan);
the large number attest to the devastating impact of the
epidemics from the l860s to the 1880s (2011) 333
Photo 21 Mrs. Wijngaarden’s grave (1868−90); Raeloro (2011) 364
Photo 22 The grave of Ama Nia Jawa; Rae Jo (2011) 364
Photo 23 Alexander Rihi Jawa’s grave; Raeloro (2011) 365
Photo 24 Anna Amalo and her sons, Semuel and Charles
(picture taken after 1901, the year her husband died,
as she is wearing a batik pattern associated with
widowhood) 373
Photo 25 Portrait of Semuel Thomas Jawa; Teni Hawu (died 1935) 373
Photo 26 Paulus Charles Jawa, the last raja of Savu (died 1963) 373
Photo 27 David (also known as Daud) D. Bire Luji, the first
subdistrict head of West Savu (died 1981) 373
Photo 28 Memorial to the 1914 Mone Mola rebellion built in 2013
with donations from the Savunese community in Jakarta;
Ledemawide, Mesara (2013) 376
xii List of Photographs

Photo 29 Detail of the Mone Mola memorial with a list of the

victims (2013) 377
Photo 30 School children in Savunese attire; the only person wearing
shoes is the teacher, Salmon Bèngu. Seba (1961) 417
List of Plates
(between pages 326 and 327)

1. Wadu Mea where the first ancestors arrived (2012)

2. A beach near Koloalo, the site of a VOC shipwreck in
1672 (2015)
3. A ritual house currently inhabited by the priest Kenuhe;
Ketita, Raijua (2015)
4. The ritual house of priest Apu Lod'o Wadu;
Ledelo, Mesara (2012)
5. An ancestral house with an extended roof ridge;
Kujiratu, Dimu (2015)
6. Deo Rai Gopo of Liae arriving at Kolorame for a ritual
cockfight (2015)
7. Deo Rai of Mesara blessing offerings covered with sacred cloths;
Kolorae (2011)
8. Villagers of Lobohede building a kowa hole (thanksgiving boat)
on the beach; Uba Ae, Mesara (2013)
9. Ruins of the Hurati fortress with children’s graves on
the left (2016)
10. The house of Fettor Dohi Lado; Bogi, Raijua (2012)
11. A Raijuanese in full attire at the daba ae ritual cockfight;
Dèiwei, Ledeke village (2013)
12. Two members of the Nadega clan dressed for a ritual cockfight;
Bolua, Raijua (2012)
13. Ledo dancers at a tao leo funeral; Boko, Raijua (2013)
14. Voorvechter van het Eiland Savoe (A warrior from the island
of Savu) by P van Oort, printed by Kierdorff, Leiden,
Netherlands between 1839 and 1846 (private collection)
15. The kowa hole ceremony or launching a thanksgiving boat;
Menia (2006)
This content downloaded from 75.69.46.187 on Mon, 16 Jan 2023 17:49:41 UTC
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16. Shelters for seaweed farm on the southern coast (2017)
Foreword by Professor James Fox
This is a book of exceptional scope and consummate scholarship focused on the
small island of Savu, located between the larger islands of Sumba and Timor
in eastern Indonesia. A 19th century Dutch visitor described it as “a lump of
stone in an immense sea”. Yet Captain James Cook, who happened upon Savu
in 1770, heading home after his voyage across the Pacific and along the coast
of Australia, was entirely taken by the beauty of the island: “At the time the
Endeavour lay there it was the end of the dry season, when it had not rained for
almost seven months, nor was there a running stream of fresh water to be seen …
yet even in this dry season, the appearance of the island was beautiful.”
Joseph Banks, who accompanied Cook, was even more fascinated by the
Savunese themselves and he used his brief time on the island to interrogate
Johann Christopher Lange, a native of Saxony, who had been stationed in
Savu as an officer of the Dutch East India Company for over ten years. Lange
appraised Banks of Savu’s five “principalities”, each with its own raja; the island’s
produce, particularly its palm juice which cooked to syrup was the mainstay
of the population—an “immense quantity” of which, “several hundred gallons”
was purchased to supply the Endeavour; the Savunese “marshal prowess” and
“warlike disposition” whose only sign Banks could see was in a “refuse of old
armories”—spears, lances and rusted muskets; and most notably, Savunese “pride
of descent, particularly of being sprung from a family which has for many years
been respected”. Cook was equally explicit on this point: “The chief object of
pride among these people … is a long pedigree of respectable ancestors.”
Significantly Banks recognised Savu’s comparative linguistic connections.
On the basis of a list of some 66 words in Savunese, which he carefully
recorded, Banks concluded of the language: “The genius of it seems much to
resemble that of the South Sea Isles; in several instances words are exactly the
same and the numbers are undoubtedly from the same source.”
As Banks was the first to recognise, the Savunese, as an Austronesian-
speaking population, possessed many features in common with the Polynesian
populations whom Cook and Banks had met— in particular, a society of status
and precedence, an elaborate priesthood and an obsession with genealogies
linked to the creation of the cosmos, thus assigning each individual a specific
place in the formation and unfolding of their past.

xiv
 Foreword by Professor James Fox xv

This book is an examination of these key features of Savunese life. It is a

work of meticulous fieldwork and extended archival scholarship—a fusion
of anthropological and historical research. It is a work of long and significant
collaboration by its two authors. Geneviève Duggan, who has been doing field
research in Savu for almost three decades, has gained an almost encyclopedic
knowledge of its traditions. She relies on the elaborate scaffolding of the island’s
oral genealogies to present the Savunese conception of their past: the ordered
succession of the deeds of their ancestors and the conflicted development of
the island’s constituent social and religious divisions. In a similar vein, Hans
Hägerdal, who has laboured, over two decades, in the archives of the Dutch East
India Company to gain an unparalleled understanding of the recorded history of
eastern Indonesia, presents a detailed account of developments on Savu from the
time of early contact with the Dutch. This combination of special skills provides
a unique portrait of a remarkable society.
The confluence of these two perspectives—from within and without—
offers a valuable opportunity to assess what each of these perspectives
provides. The overlap between these perspectives, for which there is neither
complete coincidence nor entire dissimilarity about the past, is itself revealing.
Interestingly, for example, Cook provided a clear description of Ama Doko
Lomi Jara, the raja of Seba, and of Manu Jami whom Cook referred to as his
“Prime Minister”. He and Banks dined and dealt with both men to obtain
the supplies the Endeavour needed for its onward voyage. The names of these
Savunese figures are thus recorded in the annals of 18th century exploration.
They are also documented in the archival records of the Dutch East India
Company but, notably as well, these same names are still remembered in current
oral genealogies and their descendants who live on in Savu continue to take
pride in the pedigrees that join them to their ancestral past.
This book, however, goes well beyond the imaginings of Cook and
Banks. In Savu, genealogies reckoned through women are as extensive and as
comprehensive as those through men. Male genealogies assign individuals to
clans (udu) and lineages (kerogo) while female genealogies assign these same
individuals to ‘blossoms’ (hubi) and their various ‘seeds’ (wini). While there are
many clans and even more lineages on Savu, there only two ‘blossoms’ across the
whole of the island—a Greater Blossom (Hubi Ae) and a Lesser Blossom (Hubi
Iki)—each with its distinctive ‘seed’ groups. This female affiliation is coded
through complex textile patterns that are personally displayed by participants
at rituals.
Nowhere in the Austronesian-speaking world is there this level of genealogical
elaboration. This double genealogical specificity for all members of society is
what gives Savu its local grounding. The ethnographic attention to these dual
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