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C) conclusion.
D) theory.
E) data set.

2
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6) After Darwin concluded his voyage on the Beagle, he proposed that the process of natural
selection was a mechanism for:
A) artificial selection.
B) evolution.
C) sexual selection.
D) speciation.
E) overpopulation of finches on the Galapagos Islands.

7) A scientific theory is:

A) a suggested explanation that accounts for observations.
B) a way to organize how we think about a problem.
C) a concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of
study.
D) a way to understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts.

8) What common life characteristic would cells from a daisy, bacteria, and a dog all have?
A) DNA
B) cell walls
C) organs
D) ability to conduct photosynthesis

9) A yellow jacket, an insect in the order Hymenoptera, stung me. A wasp, an insect in
Hymenoptera, stung me. A hornet, an insect in Hymenoptera, stung me. I see a pattern. All
insects in this order must have stingers. What type of reasoning does this represent?
A) inductive reasoning
B) deductive reasoning
C) reductionism
D) comparative reasoning

10) You explain to your study group that a hypothesis is:

A) an explanation that accounts for careful observations.
B) a proposition that will be true and fits the known facts.
C) a theory.
D) constant over time.

11) A suggested explanation that might be true and is subject to testing by further observations is
a(n):
A) experiment.
B) generality.
C) hypothesis.
D) scientific principle.
E) theory.

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12) Based on the literature, you hypothesize that students in traditional biology lectures will have
the same grades as students in online biology lectures. You decide to test your hypothesis by
comparing grades of students in traditional and online biology lectures over a semester. As a
result of the experiment, you observe that the grades in the traditional lectures and the grades in
the online lectures are not significantly different. What do these observations allow you to do?
A) reject the hypothesis
B) accept the hypothesis without further question
C) develop a scientific theory
D) reject the null hypotheses

13) Your microwave will not turn on, and you speculate that a circuit breaker in the house has
been tripped. In scientific terminology, the steps would be described as:
A) forming conclusions from the results of experiments.
B) developing an observation based on a hypothesis.
C) developing a hypothesis based on an observation.
D) testing a prediction generated from a hypothesis.

14) A student poses the question: How does the presence of dissolved salt affect the freezing
point of water? To answer this question, the student set up two conditions. In the first condition,
the student added salt to water in a container and referred to this condition as the variable. In the
second condition, the student did not add any salt to water in a second container and referred to
this condition as the control. The student took both containers and attempted to freeze the water
at various temperatures to assess the freezing point. Would this be a valid experiment?
A) Yes, because there is more than one variable.
B) Yes, because there is one variable and a control
C) No, because there is not more than one variable
D) No because there is only one variable and a control

15) Karl Popper suggested that scientists use "imaginative preconception," which means that
successful scientists:
A) often predict the outcome of experiments.
B) cannot predict the outcome of experiments.
C) do not need to do experiments to test their ideas.
D) do not keep records of experiments that fail.
E) only perform applied research.

16) The proposal that one type of organism can change gradually into another type over a long
period of time is known as:
A) evolution.
B) natural history.
C) preconception.
D) preservation.

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17) Darwin's ideas on evolution were advanced for his time. His approach to science and natural
selection were supported by what main tenet?
A) Various organisms and their structures resulted from a spontaneous action.
B) Species were unchangeable over the course of time.
C) The world is fixed and constant.
D) Operation of natural laws produces constant change and improvement.

18) Besides Darwin, the theory of evolution by means of natural selection was also
independently proposed by:
A) Alfred Wallace.
B) Charles Lyell.
C) Thomas Malthus.
D) Karl Popper.
E) Peter Raven.

19) The term that Darwin used to describe the concept that those with superior physical, behavior
or other attributes are more likely to survive than those that are not so well endowed, and thus
are more likely to pass their traits to the next generation, is called:
A) biological diversity
B) geometric progression
C) natural selection
D) superior beings
E) survival of modifications

20) A key contribution to Darwin's thinking was the concept of limits put on the geometric
growth of populations by nature, originally proposed by:
A) Charles Lyell.
B) Thomas Malthus.
C) Karl Popper.
D) Peter Raven.
E) Russel Wallace.

21) Darwin's book in which he described his views on evolution is:

A) Principles of Geology.
B) On the Principle of Population.
C) On the Origin of Species.
D) Survival of the Fittest.

22) Recent discoveries of microscopic fossils have extended the known history of life to about:
A) 3.5 billion years ago.
B) 2 billion years ago.
C) 4.5 billion years ago.
D) 1 billion years ago.

5
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23) In California, a species of salamanders were geographically separated over time. The group
that lived in southern California relied heavily on large gold blotches on their skin that helped to
camouflage them from predators. The group that lived along the coast adopted a color pattern
that mimicked a poisonous, colorful newt common to that area. Instead of being camouflaged,
these salamanders advertised their colors. What type of selection process has occurred over time?
A) artificial selection
B) natural selection
C) experimental selection
D) theoretical selection

24) The same basic array of bones is modified to give rise to the wing of a bat and the fin of a
porpoise. Such anatomical structures are called:
A) analogous.
B) uniform.
C) homologous.
D) inherited.
E) evolutionary modifications.

25) Structures that have similar structure and function but different evolutionary origins are
called:
A) homologous.
B) analogous.
C) inherited.
D) uniform.
E) evolutionary modifications.

26) The rate at which evolution is occurring cannot be estimated by:

A) studying comparative anatomy.
B) inferring that apes are related to humans.
C) measuring the degree of difference in genetic coding.
D) interpretation of the fossil record.

27) Differences in domesticated animals over relatively short periods of time most likely occur
through:
A) natural selection
B) adaptation
C) evolution
D) experimental selection
E) artificial selection

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As part of your research project, you travel to an island to learn more about the habitats and
relationships of flies, spiders, and centipedes. You and your assistant plot out five different areas
on the island and count the numbers of flies, spiders, and centipedes living in each plot. Your
results show the following:

Plot Flies Spiders Centipedes

1 300 25 4
2 426 17 10
3 147 15 21
4 739 78 0
5 79 13 93

28) The most plausible explanation for the high number of spiders in plot 4 is:
A) there are too many flies overall.
B) there are no centipedes to prey on the spiders and there are abundant flies upon which to feed.
C) the spiders preyed on the centipedes and ignored the flies.
D) the flies and spiders worked together to eliminate the centipedes.

29) The plots that were staked out on the island were part of the:
A) applied research.
B) basic research.
C) constructed model.
D) experimental design.

30) Based in the information provided, the best explanation for the low numbers of spiders and
flies in plot 5 is:
A) centipedes are actively consuming flies and spiders.
B) there were not enough flies to support a large centipede population.
C) centipedes prefer spiders to flies.
D) there were not enough spiders to catch and consume all the flies.

31) The hypothesis that closely matches the data provided is:
A) herbivorous insects survive best on islands where spiders and centipedes live.
B) herbivorous insects feed on spiders and centipedes.
C) herbivorous insects and spider populations are decreased by centipedes.
D) spiders are the top predators on all islands.

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32) If you were to design a long-term research study to determine why there are no human births
in Lapland during the months of August, September, and October, you would need to also
examine a comparison population of humans in which births took place every month. The
primary reason for including a comparison population within the design of this experiment
would be to:
A) accumulate more facts that could be reported to other scientists.
B) test the effects of more than one variable at the same time.
C) prove that there are no births in Lapland during August, September, and October.
D) act as a control that would ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one
variable.

33) Essay on the Principle of Population, written by Thomas Malthus in 1798, influenced
Darwin's thoughts as he struggled to understand what mechanisms could be at work to produce
evolution. Malthus proposed that populations of animals and plants, including humans,
A) increased arithmetically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased
geometrically.
B) increased geometrically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased
arithmetically.
C) decreased arithmetically in numbers while the nutrients available increased geometrically.
D) evolved from islands to mainland, thus explaining why unrelated species on the mainland are
found in the same location.
E) evolved from mainland to islands, thus explaining why the island flora and fauna resembled
the mainland species so closely.

34) A student set up an experiment to test if plants give off water vapor. Fifty pea plants,
growing in pots, were covered with individual glass containers and left overnight. The next
morning, the inside of each lid was covered in droplets of water. The lab student concluded that
plants generally give off water vapor. What critique would you make of the experimental design?
A) There was no control so the water could have come from other sources such as air in the jar or
the soil.
B) There was not a large enough sample of pea plants used to get adequate data.
C) The student did not have a clearly stated hypothesis before beginning the experiment.
D) The experiment was not precise, meaning it was not reproducible.

35) It is known that many trees lose their leaves in response to decreasing day length. As a result,
you think that Ginkgo trees may also lose their leaves in response to decreasing day length. This
statement is an example of:
A) deductive reasoning
B) an experiment
C) a hypothesis
D) a theory

8
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36) Multiple independent experiments have demonstrated that phytochrome helps trigger
seasonal change responses in the plant such as changing color and loosening of leaves. Plants
have the ability adapt to seasonal changes in their surroundings. This statement is an example of:
A) deductive reasoning
B) an experiment
C) a hypothesis
D) inductive reasoning
E) a theory

37) Plants are raised under artificial lights turned off and on by an electric clock. Some are given
long periods of light, others short periods. This is an example of:
A) deductive reasoning
B) an experiment
C) a hypothesis
D) inductive reasoning
E) a theory

38) Both walnut and Ginkgo trees lose their leaves in the fall when day length starts decreasing.
Based on these observations one may conclude that many tree species will lose their leaves in the
fall in response to decreasing day length. This statement is an example of:
A) deductive reasoning
B) an experiment
C) inductive reasoning
D) a theory

39) Ginkgo trees are known to lose their leaves at a certain time each year throughout the United
States. Based on this information, Ginkgo trees in China must behave the same way. These
statements are an example of:
A) deductive reasoning
B) an experiment
C) inductive reasoning
D) a theory

40) Most individuals in academia are basic researchers, funded through research grants from
agencies or foundations. Based on your knowledge of applied research, an industrial company
would most likely employ individuals
A) who develop alternative fuel sources.
B) who identify a new species of beetle in the Amazon rainforest.
C) looking at novel proteins involved in the development of a neurological disease.
D) who document fossils found in a specific archeological expedition.

41) Wings of birds and butterflies have similar functions, but different evolutionary origins.
They are:
A) homologous structures.
B) physiological structures.
C) phylogenetic structures.
D) analogous structures.
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42) An alien from another planet landed on earth. He is fascinated by cars and is determined to
figure out how they work. He decides to disassemble one of them and examine each part
independently. He removes one of the tires and proceeds to learn all he can about the tire. He
then removes one of the headlights and proceeds to learn all he can about the headlight. What
type of approach is this alien taking to learn about the car?
A) reductionism
B) deductive reasoning
C) inductive reasoning
D) Emergent properties

43) While you are riding the ski lift up to the top of the mountain on a very cold day you start to
shiver involuntarily. You know that the shivering is your body′s attempt to help regulate your
body temperature and is an example of what type of mechanism?
A) energy utilization
B) sensitivity
C) homeostasis
D) evolutionary adaptation

44) You have been assigned to address a problem of overpopulation of species X in a nearby
county. One of the members of your team suggests introducing species Y, which is a natural
predator of species X, but not normally found in the area. After some discussion, you go ahead
and introduce species Y. What aspects of the hierarchical organization may be affected within a
period of a several years?
A) population, species, community
B) population, community
C) population, species, community, biosphere
D) organism, population, species

45) You have been assigned to analyze some extraterrestrial material recently collected from
Mars. After examining a sample using a microscope you jump up excitedly and shout to your
colleagues that you have confirmed the existence of life on Mars. One of your colleagues takes a
look at your sample and remarks that all he sees is a single-celled "blob" with little internal
structure. Assuming that life on Mars can be classified into similar domains and kingdoms as
Earth, to which domain does your "blob" belong?
A) Animalia
B) Fungi
C) Protista
D) Archaea

46) Why was the determination of the actual sequence of the human genome considered to be
descriptive science?
A) It involved hypothesis-driven research.
B) It did not involve hypothesis-driven research.
C) It involved inductive reasoning.
D) It did not involve deductive reasoning.

10
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47) You look outside and realize that your grass needs to be mowed. You pick up the container
of gasoline and see that you have approximately a third of a gallon left. You hypothesize that this
amount will be enough to mow your entire lawn. Unfortunately, half way through mowing your
lawn you run out of gasoline. You grumble and think to yourself that the next time you mow the
lawn, you hypothesize that you will need to have at least two-thirds of a gallon of gasoline
available. How did the results of your lawn-mowing experience influence the validity of your
new hypothesis for future gasoline needs?
A) Your prediction of future gas needs is based on experimental data and therefore increases the
validity of your hypothesis.
B) The hypothesis was invalidated by your experimental evidence.
C) Your hypothesis was supported by trial and error. One more trial added to your data set.
D) Your prediction proved that your hypothesis is correct.

48) Why is it necessary to take an interdisciplinary approach to studying biology?

A) Interdisciplinary approaches are required to answer all scientific questions since all
disciplines borrow knowledge from each.
B) Research methods used to solve many biological questions often require a number of different
types of approaches and the expertise of a variety of scientists.
C) An interdisciplinary approach is the only way we can further our biological knowledge.

49) How does peer review influence the development of scientific theories?
A) Peer review allows other scientists to know what is current in their field.
B) Careful evaluation of research results by other scientists ensures that only solid and legitimate
research results are published, and helps prevent faulty research or false claims from being
viewed as scientific fact.
C) Peer review increases competition among scientists and thus increases the quality of the
published work.
D) Peer review makes it extremely difficult for work to be published other than earth-shattering
scientific theories.

50) Cell theory is one of the foundations of biology. What are the tenets of the cell theory?
Check all that apply.
A) All organisms are made up of more than one cell.
B) All cells have the ability to move.
C) Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular division.
D) Cells arise from other cells through the process of cell division.
E) Organisms are formed through spontaneous generation
F) All living organisms consist of cells

51) Darwin's theory of evolution is supported by many modern pieces of evidence. Check all that
apply.
A) New measurements of the age of the earth.
B) An understanding of the mechanism of heredity.
C) Human population growth.
D) Comparative studies of animal structures.
E) Similarities in DNA of related species.

11
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offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
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