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Wearable Computing From Modeling to Implementation of

Wearable Systems based on Body Sensor Networks 1st Edition
Giancarlo Fortino

Antennas and Radar for Environmental Scientists and

Engineers 1st Edition David Hysell

Handbook of Antennas for EMC Thereza Macnamara

Internet of Medical Things: Paradigm of Wearable Devices

(Internet of Everything (IoE)) 1st Edition Manuel Cardona
(Editor)
Wearable Technology for Robotic Manipulation and Learning
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Quantum Antennas Harish Parthasarathy

Nano Dielectric Resonator Antennas for 5G Applications 1st

Edition Rajveer S. Yaduvanshi (Author)

Deep Learning for Medical Decision Support Systems Utku

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Compact Slot Array Antennas for Wireless Communications

Alan J. Sangster
Novel Wearable Antennas
for Communication and
Medical Systems
Novel Wearable Antennas
for Communication and
Medical Systems

By
Albert Sabban
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Sabban, Albert, author.

Title: Novel wearable antennas for communication and medical systems / Albert
Sabban.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | “A CRC title, part of the
Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the
academic division of T&F Informa plc.” | Includes bibliographical
references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017014864 | ISBN 9781138047907 (harback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Biomedical engineering--Instruments. | Smart materials.
Classification: LCC R856 .S23 2017 | DDC 610.28--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017014864

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 Dedication

This book is dedicated to the memory of my

father, mother and sister. David Sabban,
Dolly Sabban and Aliza Sabban
Table of Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................xix
About the Author ....................................................................................................xxi

Chapter 1 Wearable Communication and Medical Systems................................. 1

1.1 Wearable Technology ................................................................1
1.2 Wearable Medical Systems........................................................2
1.2.1 Applications of Wearable Medical Systems .................2
1.3 Wearable Medical Systems........................................................2
1.3.1 Measurement of Human Body Temperature ................ 2
1.3.2 Measurement of Blood Pressure ..................................2
1.3.3 Measurement of Heart Rate .........................................3
1.3.4 Measurement of Respiration Rate ................................ 3
1.3.5 Measurement of Sweat Rate .........................................3
1.3.6 Measurement of Human Gait .......................................3
1.3.7 Wearable Devices Tracking and Monitoring
Doctors and Patients inside Hospitals ............................4
1.4 Wireless Body Area Networks ..................................................4
1.5 Wearable Wireless Body Area Network (WWBAN)................ 7
1.6 Conclusion .................................................................................8
References ............................................................................................8

Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines for Wearable

Communication Systems Designers ................................................... 13
2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum ...................................................... 13
2.2 Basic Electromagnetic Wave Definitions ................................ 15
2.3 Electromagnetic Wave Theory ................................................ 17
2.3.1 Maxwell’s Equations .................................................. 17
2.3.2 Gauss’s Law for Electric Fields .................................. 17
2.3.3 Gauss’s Law for Magnetic Fields ............................... 18
2.3.4 Ampère’s Law ............................................................ 19
2.3.5 Faraday’s Law............................................................. 19
2.3.6 Wave Equations ..........................................................20
2.3.7 General Boundary Conditions.................................... 21
2.3.8 Boundary Conditions for Dielectric Medium ............ 21
2.3.9 Boundary Conditions for Conductor .......................... 21
2.4 Wave Propagation through Human Body ................................ 22
2.5 Materials .................................................................................. 23
2.6 Transmission Lines Theory ..................................................... 23
2.7 Matching Techniques .............................................................. 30

vii
viii Table of Contents

2.7.1 Smith Chart Guidelines .............................................. 32

2.7.2 Quarter-Wave Transformers ....................................... 32
2.7.3 Wideband Matching—Multi-Section Transformers ..34
2.7.4 Single Stub Matching .................................................34
2.8 Coaxial Transmission Line...................................................... 35
2.8.1 Cutoff Frequency and Wavelength of Coax Cables ... 37
2.9 Microstrip Line ........................................................................ 37
2.9.1 Effective Dielectric Constant ..................................... 37
2.9.2 Characteristic Impedance........................................... 38
2.9.3 Higher-Order Transmission Modes in Microstrip
Line............................................................................. 39
2.9.4 Conductor Loss...........................................................40
2.9.5 Dielectric Loss ...........................................................40
2.10 Waveguides .............................................................................. 41
2.10.1 TE Waves.................................................................... 43
2.10.2 TM Waves .................................................................. 45
2.11 Circular Waveguide ................................................................. 47
2.11.1 TE Waves in a Circular Waveguide............................ 49
2.11.2 TM Waves in a Circular Waveguide .......................... 51
References .......................................................................................... 53

Chapter 3 Introduction to Basic Theory for Wireless Wearable

Communication System Designers .................................................... 55
3.1 Wireless Wearable Communication System
Frequency Range ..............................................................................55
3.2 Free Space Propagation ........................................................... 57
3.3 Friis Transmission Formula..................................................... 58
3.3.1 Logarithmic Relations ................................................60
3.4 Link Budget Examples ............................................................ 61
3.5 Noise ........................................................................................ 62
3.6 Communication Systems Link Budget ....................................64
3.7 Path Loss ................................................................................. 65
3.8 Receiver Sensitivity .................................................................66
3.9 Receiver Definitions and Features ........................................... 67
3.9.1 Receiver Definitions ................................................... 67
3.10 Types of Radars ....................................................................... 69
3.11 Transmitter Definitions and Features ...................................... 69
3.11.1 Amplifiers ................................................................... 69
3.11.2 Amplifier Temperature Considerations ...................... 70
3.11.3 Power Amplifiers ........................................................ 70
3.12 Satellite Communication Transceiver ..................................... 71
3.12.1 Introduction ................................................................ 71
3.12.2 Description of the Receiving Channel ....................... 71
3.12.3 Receiving Channel design and Fabrication ................ 72
Table of Contents ix

3.12.4 Description of the Transmitting Channel ................... 72

3.12.4.1 Transmitting Channel Specifications.......... 74
3.12.4.2 Diplexer Specifications ............................... 74
3.12.5 Transmitting Channel Fabrication.............................. 74
3.12.6 RF Controller ............................................................. 76
3.12.7 Concluding Remarks .................................................. 77
References .......................................................................................... 77

Chapter 4 Basic Antennas for Wearable Communication Systems .................... 79

4.1 Introduction to Antennas ......................................................... 79
4.2 Antenna Definitions................................................................. 79
4.2.1 Types of Antenna ....................................................... 81
4.2.1.1 Wire-Type Antennas ................................... 81
4.2.1.2 Aperture-Type Antennas ............................ 81
4.2.1.3 Steerable Antennas ..................................... 82
4.3 Dipole Antenna........................................................................ 82
4.3.1 Radiation from Small Dipole ..................................... 83
4.3.1.1 Dipole Radiation Pattern ............................84
4.3.1.2 Dipole E Plane Radiation Pattern ...............84
4.3.1.3 Dipole H Plane Radiation Pattern............... 85
4.3.1.4 Antenna Radiation Pattern ......................... 86
4.3.1.5 Dipole Directivity ....................................... 86
4.3.1.6 Antenna Impedance .................................... 88
4.3.1.7 Impedance of a Folded Dipole.................... 88
4.4 Monopole Antenna for Wearable Communication Systems ... 88
4.5 Loop Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems........... 89
4.5.1 Duality Relationship between Dipole and Loop
Antennas..................................................................... 89
4.5.2 Applications of Loop Antennas ................................. 91
4.6 Conclusions..............................................................................92
References ..........................................................................................92

Chapter 5 Wearable Printed Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems .. 95

5.1 Wearable Printed Antennas ..................................................... 95
5.1.1 Wearable Microstrip Antennas .................................. 95
5.1.2 Transmission Line Model of Microstrip Antennas .... 98
5.1.3 Higher-Order Transmission Modes in Microstrip
Antennas.....................................................................99
5.1.4 Effective Dielectric Constant .....................................99
5.1.5 Losses in Microstrip Antennas ..................................99
5.1.6 Patch Radiation Pattern ............................................ 100
5.2 Two-Layer Wearable Stacked Microstrip Antennas.............. 101
5.3 Stacked Mono-pulse Ku Band Patch Antenna ...................... 102
5.4 Wearable Loop Antennas ...................................................... 105
x Table of Contents

5.4.1 Small Loop Antenna ................................................ 105

5.4.2 Wearable Printed Loop Antenna .............................. 106
5.4.3 Wearable RFID Loop Antennas............................... 108
5.4.4 Wearable Loop Antenna with Ground Plane ........... 110
5.5 Wired Loop Antenna ............................................................. 113
5.6 Radiation Pattern of a Loop Antenna near a Metal Sheet..... 115
5.7 Wearable Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) ........................ 117
5.7.1 Grounded Quarter-Wavelength Patch Antenna ........ 118
5.7.2 A Wearable Double-Layer PIFA Antenna................ 119
References ........................................................................................ 122

Chapter 6 Wideband Wearable Antennas for Communication and Medical

Applications...................................................................................... 123
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 123
6.2 Wideband Wearable Printed Dipole Antennas...................... 124
6.3 Wearable Loop Antenna with Ground Plane ........................ 127
6.4 Wearable Antennas in Vicinity of Human Body................... 131
6.5 Wearable Antenna Arrays ..................................................... 135
6.6 Compact Dual Polarized Printed Antenna ............................ 138
6.7 Helix Antenna Performance on Human Body ...................... 141
6.8 Compact Wearable RFID Antennas ...................................... 142
6.8.1 Dual Polarized 13.5 MHz Compact Printed
Antenna ................................................................. 142
6.8.2 Varying the Antenna Feed Network......................... 145
6.8.3 RFID Wearable Loop Antennas............................... 146
6.9 Conclusions............................................................................ 149
References ........................................................................................ 150

Chapter 7 Base Station Aperture Antennas for Communication Systems ....... 153
7.1 Parabolic Reflector Antenna Configuration .......................... 153
7.2 Reflector Directivity .............................................................. 154
7.3 Cassegrain Reflector .............................................................. 156
7.4 Horn Antennas....................................................................... 157
7.4.1 E-Plane Sectoral Horn.............................................. 157
7.4.2 H-Plane Sectoral Horn ............................................. 162
7.4.3 Pyramidal Horn Antenna ......................................... 165
7.5 Antenna Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems ..... 167
7.5.1 Introduction .............................................................. 167
7.5.2 Array Radiation Pattern ........................................... 167
7.5.3 Broadside Array ....................................................... 169
7.5.4 End-Fire Array ......................................................... 170
7.5.5 Printed Arrays .......................................................... 170
7.5.6 Stacked Microstrip Antenna Arrays......................... 171
7.5.7 Ka Band Microstrip Antenna Arrays ....................... 174
Table of Contents xi

7.6 Integrated Outdoor Unit for MM Wave Satellite

Communication Applications .................................................176
7.6.1 Description of the Outdoor Unit, ODU .................... 176
7.6.2 The Low Noise Unit, LNB ....................................... 177
7.6.3 Solid State Power Amplifier, SSPA, Output
Power Requirements................................................. 181
7.6.4 Isolation between Receiving, Rx, and
Transmitting, Tx, Channels ...................................... 181
7.7 Solid State Power Amplifier, SSPA ....................................... 181
7.7.1 Specifications ........................................................... 181
7.7.2 SSPA General Description ....................................... 182
7.7.3 SSPA Electrical Design ............................................ 183
7.7.4 The ODU Mechanical Package ................................ 184
7.8 Solid State High Power Amplifiers, SSPA, for MM Wave
Communication System..........................................................184
7.8.1 Introduction .............................................................. 184
7.8.2 Power Amplifier Specifications ................................ 185
7.8.3 Description of the 0.5 W and 1.5 W Power Amplifiers. 185
7.8.4 Gain and Power Budget for the 0.5 W and 1.5 W
Amplifires................................................................. 187
7.8.5 Description of the 3.2 W Power Amplifier ............... 187
7.8.6 Measured Test Results .............................................. 187
7.9 Integrated Ku Band Automatic Tracking System.................. 191
7.9.1 Automatic Tracking System Link Budget
Calculations .............................................................. 192
7.9.2 Ku Band Tracking System Antennas ....................... 196
7.9.2.1 Mono-Pulse Parabolic Reflector Antenna. 196
7.9.2.2 Horn Antenna ........................................... 199
7.9.2.3 Omnidirectional Antenna ......................... 201
7.9.3 Mono-Pulse Processor..............................................202
7.9.4 High Power Amplifier ..............................................202
7.9.4.1 HPA Design Based on a 6.5 W Ku
Band Power Amplifier .............................. 203
7.9.4.2 HPA Design with 41.5 dBm Power
Modules ....................................................204
7.9.5 Tracking System Down- and Upconverters .............209
7.9.5.1 Tracking System Upconverter Design ......209
7.9.5.2 Tracking System Downconverter Design ... 210
7.9.6 Tracking System Interface........................................ 213
References ........................................................................................ 214

Chapter 8 Novel Wearable Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems

8.1 Wideband Wearable Metamaterial Antennas for
Communication Applications ................................................ 217
xii Table of Contents

8.1.1 Introduction .............................................................. 217

8.1.2 Printed Antennas with Split Ring Resonators.......... 218
8.1.3 Folded Dipole Metamaterial Antenna with SRR ..... 222
8.2 Stacked Patch Antenna Loaded with SRR ............................224
8.3 Patch Antenna Loaded with Split Ring Resonators .............. 227
8.4 Meta-Material Antenna Characteristics in Vicinity to the
Human Body.......................................................................... 230
8.5 Metamaterial Wearable Antennas ......................................... 233
8.6 Wideband Stacked Patch with SRR ...................................... 236
8.7 Fractal Printed Antennas ....................................................... 237
8.7.1 Introduction .............................................................. 237
8.7.2 Fractal Structures ..................................................... 238
8.7.3 Fractal Antennas ...................................................... 239
8.8 Anti-Radar Fractals and/or Multilevel Chaff Dispersers ...... 241
8.8.1 Definition of Chaff ................................................... 241
8.9 Definition of Multilevel Fractal Structure ............................. 242
8.10 Advanced Antenna System.................................................... 243
8.10.1 Comparison between Euclidean Antennas and
Fractal Antennas ......................................................244
8.10.2 Multilevel and Space-Filling Ground Planes for
Miniature and Multiband Antennas ......................... 245
8.11 Applications of Fractal Printed Antennas ............................. 247
8.11.1 New 2.5 GHz Fractal Antenna with Space-
Filling Perimeter on the Radiator............................. 247
8.11.2 New Stacked Patch 2.5 GHz Fractal Printed
Antennas...................................................................254
8.11.3 New 8 GHz Fractal Printed Antennas with Space-
Filling Perimeter of the Conducting Sheet .. .............257
8.11.4 New Stacked Patch 7.4 GHz Fractal Printed
Antennas................................................................... 261
8.12 Conclusion .............................................................................266
References ........................................................................................266

Chapter 9 Active Wearable Printed Antennas for Medical Applications

9.1 Tunable Printed Antennas........................................................ 269
9.2 Varactor Theory ....................................................................... 269
9.2.1 Varactor Diode Basics.................................................. 270
9.2.2 Types of Varactors........................................................ 271
9.3 Dually Polarized Tunable Printed Antenna ............................. 271
9.4 Wearable Tunable Antennas .................................................... 272
9.5 Varactors .................................................................................. 275
9.6 Measurements of Tunable Antennas........................................ 275
9.7 Folded Dual Polarized Tunable Antenna ................................. 275
9.8 Medical Applications for Tunable Antennas ........................... 277
Table of Contents xiii

9.9 Active Wearable Antennas .................................................... 279

9.9.1 Basic Concept of Active Antennas ........................... 279
9.9.2 Active Wearable Receiving Loop Antenna .............. 281
9.9.3 Compact Dual Polarized Receiving Active
Antenna ................................................................. 282
9.10 Active Transmitting Antenna ................................................ 285
9.10.1 Compact Dual Polarized Active Transmitting
Antenna .................................................................... 286
9.10.2 Active Transmitting Loop Antenna ......................... 291
9.11 Conclusions............................................................................ 293
References ........................................................................................ 293

Chapter 10 New Wideband Passive and Active Wearable Slot and Notch
Antennas for Wireless and Medical Communication Systems ........ 297
10.1 Slot Antennas......................................................................... 297
10.2 Slot Radiation Pattern ............................................................ 299
10.2.1 Slot E-Plane Radiation Pattern ................................ 299
10.2.2 Slot H-Plane Radiation Pattern ................................300
10.3 Slot Antenna Impedance .......................................................300
10.4 A WideBand Wearable Printed Slot Antenna ....................... 301
10.5 A WideBand T-Shape Wearable Printed Slot Antenna ......... 303
10.6 Wideband Wearable Notch Antenna for Wireless
Communication Systems .......................................................306
10.6.1 Wideband Notch Antenna 2.1 GHz–7.8 GHz ..........306
10.7 Wearable Tunable Slot Antennas for Wireless
Communication Systems .......................................................307
10.8 A WideBand T-Shape Tunable Wearable Printed Slot
Antenna ................................................................................. 311
10.9 Wearable Active Slot Antennas for Wireless
Communication Systems ....................................................... 311
10.10 Wearable Active T-Shape Slot Antennas for Wireless
Communication Systems ....................................................... 314
10.11 New Fractal Compact Ultra-Wideband Notch Antenna,
1 GHz–6 GHz ........................................................................ 317
10.12 New Compact Ultra-Wideband Notch Antenna,
1.3 GHz–3.9 GHz .................................................................. 321
10.13 New Compact Ultra-Wideband Notch Antenna,
5.8 GHz–18 GHz ................................................................... 321
10.14 New Fractal Active Compact Ultra-Wideband Notch
Antenna, 0.5 GHz–3 GHz ..................................................... 323
10.15 New Compact Ultra-Wideband Active Notch Antenna,
0.4 GHz–3 GHz ..................................................................... 325
10.16 Conclusions............................................................................ 327
References ........................................................................................ 328
xiv Table of Contents

Chapter 11 Microwave Technologies for Wearable Communication

Systems ............................................................................................ 329
11.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 329
11.2 Microwave Integrated Circuits (MICs).................................. 329
11.3 Low Noise K-Band Compact Receiving Channel for
Satellite Communication Ground Terminal......................... .....331
11.3.1 Introduction .............................................................. 331
11.3.2 Receiving Channel Design ....................................... 331
11.3.3 Description of the Receiving Channel ..................... 332
11.3.4 Development of the Receiving Channel ................... 332
11.3.5 Measured Test Results of the Receiving Channel .... 332
11.4 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits ........................... 332
11.4.1 MMIC Technology Features .................................... 334
11.4.2 MMIC Components.................................................. 335
11.4.3 Advantages of GaAs versus Silicon ......................... 337
11.4.4 Semiconductor Technology ...................................... 338
11.4.5 MMIC Fabrication Process ...................................... 339
11.4.6 Generation of Microwave Signals in Microwave
and MM Wave .......................................................... 341
11.4.7 MMIC Circuit Examples and Applications.............. 342
11.5 18 to 40 GHz Front End.........................................................344
11.5.1 18 to 40 GHz Front End Requirements ....................344
11.5.2 Front End Design......................................................344
11.5.3 High Gain Front End Module .................................. 345
11.5.4 High Gain Front End Design.................................... 349
11.6 MEMS Technology ............................................................... 350
11.6.1 MEMS Technology Advantages............................... 351
11.6.2 MEMS Technology Process ..................................... 352
11.6.3 MEMS Components ................................................. 354
11.7 W Band MEMS Detection Array .......................................... 355
11.7.1 Detection Array Concept ......................................... 355
11.7.2 The Array Principle of Operation ............................ 355
11.7.3 W Band Antenna Design .......................................... 356
11.7.4 Resistor Design......................................................... 358
11.7.5 Array Fabrication and Measurement........................ 358
11.7.6 Mutual Coupling Effects between Pixels ................. 361
11.8 MEMS BOWTIE Dipole with Bolometer ............................. 361
11.9 LTCC and HTCC Technology ............................................... 362
11.9.1 LTCC and HTCC Technology Process ....................364
11.9.2 Design of High-Pass LTCC Filters........................... 365
11.9.3 Comparison of Single-Layer and Multilayer
Microstrip Circuits ................................................... 369
11.10 Conclusions............................................................................ 371
References ........................................................................................ 371
Table of Contents xv

Chapter 12 Body Area Networks (BANs)........................................................... 373

12.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 373
12.2 Cloud Storage and Computing Services ................................ 373
12.3 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) ............................. 376
12.4 Wearable Wireless Body Area Networks (WWBANs) ......... 377
12.5 434 MHz Receiving Channel for Communication and
Medical Systems .....................................................................379
12.6 Conclusions............................................................................ 383
References ........................................................................................ 383

Chapter 13 Measurements of Wearable Systems and Antennas ......................... 387

13.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 387
13.2 Wearable Antenna Measurements in the Vicinity of the
Human Body .......................................................................... 387
13.3 Phantom Configuration.......................................................... 388
13.4 Measurements of Wearable Antennas Using a Phantom....... 389
13.4.1 Test Procedure and Process ...................................... 389
13.4.1.1 Test Procedure .......................................... 389
13.4.1.2 Measured Antennas .................................. 389
13.4.1.3 Test Process .............................................. 389
13.4.1.4 Immunity to Noise: ................................... 390
13.5 Measurement Results of Wearable Antennas ........................ 390
13.5.1 Measurements of Antenna Array 1 .......................... 390
13.5.2 Measurements of Antenna Array 2 .......................... 390
13.5.3 Measurements of Antenna Array 3 .......................... 390
13.5.4 Measurements of Antenna Array 4 in a Thinner Belt. 391
13.5.5 Measurements of Antenna Array 5 .......................... 392
13.6 Representation of Wearable Systems with N ports................ 393
13.7 Scattering Matrix................................................................... 396
13.8 S Parameter Measurements ................................................... 398
13.8.1 Types of S Parameter Measurements .......................400
13.9 Transmission Measurements .................................................400
13.10 Output Power and Linearity Measurements .......................... 401
13.11 Power Input Protection Measurement ...................................402
13.12 Non-Harmonic Spurious Measurements ...............................402
13.13 Switching Time Measurements .............................................402
13.14 IP2 Measurements .................................................................403
13.15 IP3 Measurements .................................................................405
13.16 Noise Figure Measurements ..................................................406
13.17 Antenna Measurements .........................................................407
13.17.1 Radiation Pattern Measurements .............................407
13.17.2 Directivity and Antenna Effective Area ..................408
13.17.3 Radiation Efficiency (α ) ...........................................409
xvi Table of Contents

13.17.4 Typical Antenna Radiation Pattern .......................... 410

13.17.5 Gain Measurements.................................................. 410
13.18 Antenna Range Setup ............................................................ 411
13.19 Conclusions............................................................................ 412
References ........................................................................................ 413

Index ...................................................................................................................... 415

Preface
The main objective of this book is to present new compact wearable antennas for
communication and medical systems. Chapter 1 presents the fundamental concepts
and applications of wearable communication and medical systems. Chapter 2 pres-
ents wearable communication and medical systems electromagnetics and the basic
theory and fundamentals of antennas. Chapter 3 presents an introduction to the basic
theory for wireless wearable communication system designers. Chapter 4 presents
basic antennas for wearable communication systems. Chapter 5 presents wearable
printed antennas for wireless communication systems. These chapters are written to
assist electrical engineers and students in the study of basic electromagnetic, com-
munication and antenna theory and fundamentals. There are many books on elec-
tromagnetic theory and antennas for the electromagnetic scientist. However, there
are few books that help electrical engineers and undergraduate students to study and
understand basic electromagnetic, communication and antenna theory and funda-
mentals with few integral and differential equations.
There are several 3D full-wave electromagnetics software products, such as
HFSS, ADS, and CST, used to design and analyze communication systems and
antennas. Communication systems and antennas developed and analyzed in this
book were designed using HFSS and ADS software. For almost all antennas and
devices described in this book there was good agreement between computed and
measured results. Only one design and fabrication iteration was needed in the devel-
opment process of the devices and antennas presented in this book.
Wideband wearable antennas for communication and medical applications are
presented in Chapter 6. Several wearable antennas are presented in this chapter.
Antenna electrical parameters as a function of distance from the human body is
discussed in this chapter. Compact wearable radio frequency identification (RFID)
antennas are presented in Section 6.8. Chapter 7 presents base station aperture
antennas for communication systems. Antenna arrays for wireless communication
systems are presented in Section 7.5. An integrated outdoor unit for MM wave sat-
ellite communication applications is presented in Section 7.6. A solid state power
amplifier (SSPA) is presented in Section 7.7. An integrated Ku band automatic track-
ing system is presented in Section 7.9.
Novel wearable antennas for wireless communication systems are presented in
Chapter 8. New wideband wearable meta-material antennas for communication
applications are presented in Section 8.1 through 8.3. Meta-material antenna char-
acteristics in the vicinity of the human body are discussed in Section 8.4. Wearable
fractal printed antennas are presented in Sections 8.7 through 8.11. Active wearable
printed antennas for medical applications are presented in Chapter 9. Wearable tun-
able printed antennas for medical applications are presented in Sections 9.1 through
9.8. Active wearable receiving antennas are presented in Section 9.9. An active trans-
mitting antenna is presented in Section 9.10. New wide band passive and active wear-
able slot and notch antennas for wireless and medical communication systems are
presented in Chapter 10.

xvii
xviii Preface

Microwave and MM wave technologies are presented in Chapter 11.

Microwave integrated circuits, monolithic microwave integrated circuits,
microelectro-mechanical systems, and low temperature co-fired ceramic
technologies are presented in Chapter 11. The main goal of wireless body
area networks (BANs) is to continuously provide medical data to physicians.
Design considerations, computational results and measured results of wearable
compact transceivers, BANs, are presented in Chapter 12. Wearable systems and
antenna measurements are presented in Chapter 13.
Each chapter of the book covers sufficient details to enable students, scientists
from all areas, and electrical and biomedical engineers to follow and understand
the topics presented in the book. The book begins with the elementary commu-
nication, electromagnetics, and antenna topics needed for students and engineers
with no background in communication, electromagnetic and antenna theory to
study and understand the basic design principles and features of antennas, wearable
antennas, printed antennas, and compact antennas for communication and medical
applications.
Several topics and designs are presented in this book for the first time. This book
may serve students and design engineers as a reference work. It presents new designs
in the area of wearable antennas, meta-material antennas, fractal antennas, and
active receiving and transmitting antennas. The text contains sufficient mathemati-
cal detail and explanations to enable electrical engineering and physics students to
understand all topics presented in this book.
Several new wearable antennas are introduced in this book. Design considerations
and computed and measured results for the new wearable systems and antennas are
presented.
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgements to my family.

My wife Mazal Sabban

My daughters Dolly and Lilach
My son David Sabban
My grandchildren Nooa, Avigail, Ido, Shira, Efrat, Yael Hodaia

Acknowledgments to my engineering colleagues who helped me through the 39 years

of my engineering and research career.

xix
About the Author
Dr. Albert Sabban received B.Sc and M.Sc degrees Magna
Cum Laude in electrical engineering from Tel Aviv University,
Israel, in 1976 and 1986, respectively. He received a Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering from University of Colorado
at Boulder, USA, in 1991. He also received an MBA degree
from Haifa University. His reasearch interests are microwave,
antenna engineering, communication systems, biomedical and
wearable systems, electromagnetics and system engineering.
From 2010 to date he has been a senior lecturer and
researcher at Ort Braude College in Israel in the electrical engineering department.
He also leads the communication program at Ort Braude College. Dr. Sabban was an
RF and antenna specialist and project leader at hi-tech and biomedical companies.
He is an expert in BAN and WBAN systems. He has designed and developed wear-
able medical systems and antennas for wireless communication systems.
In 1976 he joined the armament development authority, RAFAEL, in Israel. In
RAFAEL he worked as a senior researcher, group leader and project leader in the
electromagnetic department until 2007. He successfully passed a system engineering
course in RAFAEL. During his work at RAFAEL and at other institutes and com-
panies Dr. Sabban gained experience in project management, microwave and system
engineering, sales, marketing and training. In 2007 he retired from RAFAEL. From
2008 to 2010 he worked as an RF specialist and project leader at high tech compa-
nies. At present he is a senior lecturer and researcher in academic institutes in Israel.
He has published over 65 research papers and holds several patents in the antenna
area. He has written three books and two chapters in books on microwave and anten-
nas engineering.

xxi
 1 Wearable
Communication and
Medical Systems
Wearable technology has several applications in personal wireless communication
and medical devices as presented in [1–8]. The biomedical industry has been in con-
tinuous growth in the last few years. Several medical devices and systems have been
developed to monitor patient health as presented in several books and papers [1–44].
Wearable technology provides a powerful new tool to medical and surgical rehabili-
tation services. Wearable body area networks (WBANs) can record electrocardio-
grams and measure body temperature, blood pressure, heartbeat rate, electro-dermal
activity, and other healthcare parameters.

1.1 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY

Accessories that can comfortably be worn on the body are called wearable devices.
Wearable technology is a developing multidisciplinary field. Knowledge in bioengi-
neering, electrical engineering, software engineering, and mechanical engineering is
needed to design and develop wearable communication and medical system. Wear-
able medical systems and sensors are used to measure and monitor physiological
parameters of the human body. Biomedical systems in the vicinity of human body
may be wired or wireless. Many physiological parameters may be analyzed using
wearable medical systems and sensors. Wearable medical systems and sensors can
measure body temperature, heartbeat, blood pressure, sweat rate, and other physio-
logical parameters of the person wearing the medical device. Wearable technology
may provide scanning and sensing features that are not offered by mobile phones or
laptop computers. It usually has communication capabilities and users may have
access to information in real time. Several wireless technologies are used to handle
data collection and processing by medical systems. The collected data may be stored
or transmitted to a medical center to analyze the collected data. Wearable devices
gather raw data that is fed to a database or to a software application for analysis. This
analysis typically may result in a response that might alert a physician to contact a
patient who is experiencing abnormal symptoms. However, a similar message may
be sent to a person who achieves a fitness goal.
Examples of wearable devices include headbands, smart wristbands, belts, watches,
glasses, contact lenses, e-textiles and smart fabrics, jewelry, bracelets, and hearing
aid devices.
Usually wearable communication systems consist of a transmitting unit, a receiv-
ing unit, a data processing unit, and wearable antennas.

1
2 Novel Wearable Antennas for Communication and Medical Systems

Wearable technology may influence the fields of transportation, health and medicine,
fitness, aging, disabilities, education, finance, gaming, entertainment, and music.
Wearable devices will be in the next decade an important part of individuals’ daily
lives.

1.2 WEARABLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS

One of the main goals of wearable medical systems is to increase disease prevention.
By using more wearable medical devices a person can handle and be aware of his
private health. Sophisticated analysis of continuously measured medical data of a
large number of medical centers’ patients may result in improved low-cost medical
treatment.

1.2.1 APPLICATIONS OF WEARABLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS

Wearable medical devices may

• Help to monitor hospital activities

• Assist diabetes patients
• Assist asthma patients
• Help solve sleep disorders
• Help solve obesity problems
• Help solve cardiovascular diseases
• Assist epilepsy patients
• Help in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease patients
• Help gather data for clinical research trials and academic research studies

1.3 WEARABLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS

Several physiological parameters can be measured using wearable medical systems
and sensors. Some of this physiological data is presented in this chapter.

1.3.1 MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN BODY TEMPERATURE

The temperature of a healthy person ranges between 35°C to 38°C. Temperatures
below or above this range may indicate that the person is sick. Temperatures above
40°C may cause death. A person’s body temperature may be transmitted to a medical
center and if needed the doctor may contact the patient for further assistance.

1.3.2 MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE

A blood pressure measurement indicates the arterial pressure of the blood circulating
in the human body.
Some of the causes of changes in blood pressure may be stress and being over-
weight. The blood pressure of a healthy person is around 80 by 120, where the systole
is 120 and the diastole is 80.
Wearable Communication and Medical Systems 3

Changes of ten percent above or below these values are a matter of concern and
should be examined. Usually blood pressure and heartbeat are measured in the same
set of measurements. The blood pressure and heartbeat may be transmitted to a med-
ical center and if needed the doctor may contact the patient for further assistance.

1.3.3 MEASUREMENT OF HEART RATE

Measurement of the heart rate is one of the most important tests when examining the
health of a patient. A change in heart rate will change the blood pressure and the
amount of blood delivered to all parts of the body. The heart rate of a healthy person
in 72 beats per minute. Changes in heartbeat may cause several kinds of cardiovas-
cular disease. Traditionally heart rate is measured using a stethoscope. However, this
is a manual test and is not so accurate. To measure and analyze the heartbeat a wear-
able medical device may be connected to a patient’s chest. Medical devices that
measure heartbeat can be wired or wireless.

1.3.4 MEASUREMENT OF RESPIRATION RATE

Measurement of respiration rate indicates if a person is breathing normally and if the
patient is healthy. Elderly and overweight people have difficulty breathing normally.
Wearable medical devices are used to measure a person’s respiration rate. A wired
medical device used to measure respiration rate may cause uneasiness to the patient
and cause an error in measurements of respiration rate. It is better to use a wireless
medical device to measure respiration rate. The measured respiration rate may be
transmitted to a medical center and if needed the doctor may contact the patient for
further assistance.

1.3.5 MEASUREMENT OF SWEAT RATE

Glucose is the primary energy source of human beings. Glucose is supplied to the
human body usually as a monosaccharide sugar that provides energy to the human
body. When a person does extensive physical activity, glucose comes out of the skin
as sweat. A wearable medical device can be used to monitor and measure the sweat
rate of a person during extensive physical activity. A wearable medical device can be
attached to the person’s clothes in proximity to the skin to monitor and measure the
sweat rate. This device can also be used to measure the sweat Ph, which is important
in diagnosis of diseases. Water vapor evaporated from the skin is absorbed in the
medical device to determine the sweat Ph. If the amount of sweat coming out of the
body is too high, the body may dehydrate. Dehydration causes tiredness and fatigue.
Measurements of sweat rate and Ph may be used to monitor the physical activity of a
person.

1.3.6 MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN GAIT

The movement of human limbs is called the human gait. Human gaits are the
various ways in which a human can move. Different gait patterns are character-
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