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Pavement Engineering: Principles and Practice 4th Edition

Rajib B Mallick

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

Recent Developments in Pavement Design, Modeling and

Performance Sherif El-Badawy

Programming Principles and Practice Using C Third Edition

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Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, Fourth
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Sustainability Engineering Environment and Economics 1st
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Reference Handbook National Council Of Examiners For
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Pavement Engineering
Pavement Engineering
Principles and Practice
Third Edition

Rajib B. Mallick and Tahar El-Korchi

CRC Press
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Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................................xxi
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................... xxiii
Authors............................................................................................................................................xxv
Contributors..................................................................................................................................xxvii

Chapter 1 Introduction and Description of Pavements..................................................................1

1.1 I mportance.........................................................................................................1
1.2 Functions............................................................................................................1
1.3 Design and Construction....................................................................................2
1.4 Maintenance and Rehabilitation.........................................................................3
1.5 Important Issues.................................................................................................4
1.6 Functional Requirements....................................................................................4
1.7 Types and Uses of Pavements.............................................................................5
1.8 Different Features of Typical Asphalt Pavements..............................................6
1.9 Different Features of Typical Concrete Pavements............................................8
1.9.1 Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements........................................................8
1.9.2 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements............................................... 9
1.9.3 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements................................... 10
1.9.4 Composite Pavements.......................................................................... 11
1.9.5 Selecting the Type of Pavement.......................................................... 12
1.10 Research on Pavements.................................................................................... 12
Questions..................................................................................................................... 14
References................................................................................................................... 15

Chapter 2 Standards..................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 I mportance of Standards.................................................................................. 17
2.2 The American Society of Testing and Materials.............................................. 17
2.3 The American Society of State Highway and Transportation Officials........... 18
2.4 Use of Standards in Materials Selection, Mix Design, and
Structural Design.............................................................................................. 19
2.5 Use of Standards in Quality Control in Construction...................................... 19
2.6 Important Specifications................................................................................... 19
Questions..................................................................................................................... 22
References................................................................................................................... 22

Chapter 3 Principles of Mix and Structural Design and Construction of Asphalt Pavement...... 23
3.1 Overview.......................................................................................................... 23
3.2  raffic and Load Distribution Concept............................................................ 23
T
3.3 Materials and Layers........................................................................................25
3.3.1 Soils.....................................................................................................26
3.3.2 Aggregates........................................................................................... 27
3.3.3 Asphalt................................................................................................ 27
3.4 Environment..................................................................................................... 27
3.5 Mix Design....................................................................................................... 29
3.6 Structural Design.............................................................................................. 29
vi Contents

3.7  ink between Mix and Structural Design........................................................ 32

L
3.8 Theoretical Considerations for Structural Design............................................ 33
3.8.1 Hooke’s Theory of Elasticity............................................................... 33
3.8.2 Boussinesq’s Method........................................................................... 35
3.8.3 Application, Extension, and Refinement of Boussinesq’s Method...... 39
3.8.4 Burmister’s Method for Two-Layer Systems.......................................40
3.8.5 Odemark’s Method of Equivalent Layers............................................ 42
3.8.6 Fox and Acum and Fox’s Solutions.....................................................44
3.8.7 Computer Programs............................................................................ 49
3.9 Principles of Good Construction...................................................................... 51
3.10 Putting Everything Together............................................................................ 52
Questions..................................................................................................................... 52
References................................................................................................................... 54

Chapter 4 Principles of Structural Design, Mix Design, and Construction of Concrete

Pavements.................................................................................................................... 55
4.1 Overview.......................................................................................................... 55
4.2 Structural Design.............................................................................................. 56
4.3 Theoretical Considerations............................................................................... 57
4.3.1 Stresses due to Curvature and Bending in Slabs................................. 58
4.3.2 Stresses due to Temperature Curling.................................................. 59
4.3.3 Stresses and Deflections due to Applied Loading............................... 62
4.3.3.1 Corner Slab Loading............................................................ 63
4.3.3.2 Interior Slab Loading........................................................... 65
4.3.3.3 Edge Slab Loading............................................................... 67
4.4 Computer Programs for Rigid Pavements........................................................ 68
4.5 Combined Stresses........................................................................................... 70
4.6 Stresses due to Friction..................................................................................... 70
4.7 Joint Opening................................................................................................... 72
4.8 Joints................................................................................................................. 73
4.8.1 Transverse Contraction Joints............................................................. 73
4.8.2 Longitudinal Joints.............................................................................. 73
4.8.3 Construction Joints.............................................................................. 74
4.8.4 Expansion Joints.................................................................................. 76
4.8.5 Joint Design......................................................................................... 77
4.8.6 Joint Spacing for Airfields................................................................... 79
4.8.7 Variable Joint Spacing......................................................................... 79
4.8.8 Skewed Joints......................................................................................80
4.8.9 Aggregate Interlock between Joints....................................................80
4.8.10 Design of Dowels................................................................................ 81
4.8.11 Dowel Diameter Design...................................................................... 81
4.8.11.1 Allowable Bearing Stress.................................................... 81
4.8.11.2 Bearing Stress on One Dowel.............................................. 82
4.8.12 Tiebar Steel Design���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 86
4.8.13 Traffic and Loads������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 87
4.9 Concrete Properties and Mix Design............................................................... 88
4.9.1 Hydration, Strength, and Materials..................................................... 89
4.9.1.1 Construction......................................................................... 91
Questions.....................................................................................................................92
References...................................................................................................................94
Contents vii

Chapter 5 Traffic..........................................................................................................................97
5.1  ifferent Types of Highway Traffic.................................................................97
D
5.2 Measurement of Traffic Loads.........................................................................97
5.3 Load Equivalency Factor and Equivalent Single-Axle Load......................... 101
5.3.1 Flexible Pavements............................................................................ 102
5.3.2 Rigid Pavements................................................................................ 102
5.4 Alternative Load Equivalent Factor Concept................................................. 104
5.5 Equivalent Single-Wheel Load....................................................................... 107
5.5.1 Conversion to Equivalent Gear......................................................... 107
5.5.2 Conversion to Equivalent Annual Departure����������������������������������� 108
5.6 Tire Pressure................................................................................................... 111
5.7 Speed.............................................................................................................. 111
5.7.1 Effect of Load and Tire Pressure...................................................... 112
5.8 Aircraft Loading, Gear Configuration, and Tire Pressure............................. 114
Questions................................................................................................................... 114
References................................................................................................................. 115

Chapter 6 Drainage.................................................................................................................... 117

6.1 Source and Effect of Water............................................................................ 117
6.2 Estimating Flow............................................................................................. 117
6.2.1 Return Period.................................................................................... 120
6.2.2 Rainfall Intensity............................................................................... 121
6.3 Hydroplaning and Surface Drainage System................................................. 122
6.4 Inlets............................................................................................................... 128
6.5 Subsurface Drainage System.......................................................................... 129
6.5.1 Groundwater...................................................................................... 129
6.5.2 Water Entering through Cracks......................................................... 130
6.5.3 Artesian Aquifers.............................................................................. 131
6.5.4 Melting Snow.................................................................................... 131
6.6 Design of Subsurface Drainage Structures.................................................... 131
6.6.1 Design of Permeable Base................................................................. 135
6.6.1.1 Materials for Permeable Base............................................ 138
6.6.2 Design of Separator or Filter Layer................................................... 138
6.6.2.1 Geotextile Separator Layer................................................ 140
6.6.3 Design of Edge Drains...................................................................... 141
6.7 Consideration of Drainage in Pavement Design............................................. 143
6.8 Pumping in Rigid Pavements......................................................................... 143
6.9 Use of Software for Design of Drainage Structures....................................... 145
Questions................................................................................................................... 156
References................................................................................................................. 156

Chapter 7 Soil............................................................................................................................ 159

7.1 Overview........................................................................................................ 159
7.2  oils in Subgrade............................................................................................ 159
S
7.3 Mass–Volume Relationships........................................................................... 160
7.4 Grain Size Distribution: Gradation................................................................ 161
7.5 Effect of Water............................................................................................... 164
7.6 Soil Classification........................................................................................... 166
7.6.1 AASHTO Method............................................................................. 166
viii Contents

7.6.2 Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM)..................................... 169

7.7 Density and Optimum Moisture Content....................................................... 173
7.8 Hydraulic Conductivity.................................................................................. 174
7.9 Frost Susceptibility......................................................................................... 175
7.10 Swell Potential................................................................................................ 179
7.11 Stiffness and Strength of Soils....................................................................... 181
7.11.1 California Bearing Ratio Test (AASHTO T-193).............................. 183
7.11.2 Resilient Modulus Test (AASHTO T-307)........................................ 183
7.11.3 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (ASTM D6951).................................. 187
7.12 Subgrade Soil Tests for Rigid Pavements....................................................... 187
7.12.1 Plate Load Test.................................................................................. 187
7.13 Subbase and Unstabilized Base...................................................................... 190
7.14 Soil Stabilization Concepts and Methods: Chemical and Mechanical.......... 191
7.14.1 Mechanical Stabilization by Densification or Compaction............... 191
7.14.1.1 Effect of Compaction on Soil Properties........................... 192
7.14.1.2 Field Compaction............................................................... 192
7.14.1.3 Field Control...................................................................... 192
7.14.1.4 Measuring Devices............................................................ 192
7.14.1.5 Intelligent Soil Compaction System.................................. 192
7.14.2 Use of Geosynthetics......................................................................... 194
7.14.3 Lime Treatment of Soils.................................................................... 194
7.14.4 Cement Treatment of Soil................................................................. 197
7.14.4.1 Mixture Design Process.................................................... 198
7.14.5 Asphalt (Bituminous) Treated Soil....................................................200
7.14.5.1 Stabilization Mechanism with Asphalt Treatment............200
7.14.5.2 Mix Design Procedure....................................................... 201
7.15 Dust Control...................................................................................................202
Questions................................................................................................................... 203
References................................................................................................................. 203

Chapter 8 Aggregates for Asphalt and Concrete Mixes............................................................205

8.1  efinition, Parent Rock, and Types................................................................205
D
8.2 Suitability for Application..............................................................................206
8.3 Production......................................................................................................208
8.4 Overview of Desirable Properties..................................................................209
8.4.1 Properties Critical for Structural Layers...........................................209
8.4.2 Properties Critical for Drainage Layers............................................209
8.4.3 Properties Critical for Asphalt Mix Layers.......................................209
8.4.4 Properties Critical for Cement Concrete Layers............................... 210
8.5 Gradation for Asphalt Pavements................................................................... 210
8.5.1 Aggregate Tests................................................................................. 212
8.6 Specific Gravities and Absorption.................................................................. 216
8.7 Cleanliness and Deleterious Materials........................................................... 219
8.8 Toughness or Resistance against Abrasion Loss............................................ 220
8.9 Particle Shape and Surface Texture................................................................ 220
8.10 Durability/Soundness..................................................................................... 222
8.11 Expansive Characteristics............................................................................... 222
8.12 Polishing and Frictional Characteristics........................................................ 223
8.13 Aggregate Tests Specifically for Concrete..................................................... 223
8.13.1 Fineness Modulus (FM; ASTM C125)............................................. 223
Contents ix

8.13.2 Gradation........................................................................................... 223

8.13.3 Bulk Density and Voids in Aggregates Test......................................224
8.14 Automated Aggregate Analysis (AASHTO TP81 and PP64)........................ 225
8.15 Artificial Aggregates...................................................................................... 225
Questions................................................................................................................... 225
References................................................................................................................. 226

Chapter 9 Asphalt and Emulsions.............................................................................................. 227

9.1 Asphalt Binder................................................................................................ 227
9.2 Naturally Occurring Asphalts........................................................................ 227
9.2.1 Lake Asphalt..................................................................................... 227
9.2.2 Rock Asphalt..................................................................................... 227
9.2.3 Gilsonite............................................................................................ 228
9.3 Refined Asphalt from Crude Oil.................................................................... 228
9.4 Safe Delivery, Storage, and Handling of Asphalts......................................... 228
9.4.1 Causes of Hazards and Precautions.................................................. 229
9.4.2 Health Hazards.................................................................................. 229
9.4.3 Precautions and Good Practices........................................................ 229
9.5 Asphalt Binder Properties.............................................................................. 230
9.5.1 Specific Gravity: ASTM D-70........................................................... 230
9.5.2 Cleveland Open Cup Method (Flash Point): ASTM D-92................ 230
9.5.3 Solubility Test: ASTM D-2042......................................................... 230
9.5.4 Spot Test: AASHTO T-102................................................................ 231
9.5.5 Penetration: ASTM D-5.................................................................... 231
9.5.6 Viscosity Tests................................................................................... 231
9.5.7 Softening Point (Ring and Ball) Test: ASTM D-36.......................... 232
9.5.8 Fraass Breaking Point Test: BS EN 12593, BS 2000–8................... 232
9.5.9 Ductility: ASTM D113...................................................................... 232
9.5.10 Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT): ASTM D1754................................... 232
9.5.11 Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT): ASTM D-2872,
BS EN 12591, AASHTOT-240�������������������������������������������������������� 232
9.6 Asphalt Binder Properties and Pavement Distress and Performance............. 233
9.6.1 Aging of Asphalt Binder................................................................... 234
9.6.1.1 Hardening............................................................................. 235
9.7 Stiffness.......................................................................................................... 236
9.7.1 Viscosity for Stiffness....................................................................... 237
9.8 Viscoelastic Nature of Asphalt and Direct Measurement of Stiffness...........240
9.9 Tensile Behavior............................................................................................. 241
9.10 Superpave (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements)................................... 243
9.10.1 High-Temperature Viscosity............................................................. 243
9.10.2 Complex Modulus and Phase Angle.................................................244
9.10.3 Aging Tests........................................................................................244
9.10.4 DSR Tests Conducted on Aged Asphalt............................................244
9.10.5 Low-Temperature Stiffness (ASTM D-6648, AASHTO T-313)....... 247
9.10.6 Direct Tension Test (ASTM D-6723, AASHTO T-314)....................248
9.10.7 Superpave Requirements...................................................................248
9.10.7.1 Explanation........................................................................ 250
9.10.8 Multiple Stress Creep Recovery Test (AASHTO T350,
Specification, AASHTO M332)������������������������������������������������������� 253
9.11 Recent Developments..................................................................................... 255
x Contents

9.12 R ecovery of Asphalt Binder from Asphalt Mix............................................. 256

9.13 Adhesion Properties....................................................................................... 257
9.14 Asphalt Emulsions.......................................................................................... 257
9.14.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 258
9.14.2 Tests for Asphalt Emulsions.............................................................. 259
9.14.3 Classification of Emulsions and Selection........................................260
Questions................................................................................................................... 262
References................................................................................................................. 262

Chapter 10 Distress and Performance......................................................................................... 265

10.1 D istresses in Asphalt Pavements.................................................................... 265
10.1.1 Bleeding............................................................................................ 265
10.1.2 Block Cracking.................................................................................. 265
10.1.3 Corrugations...................................................................................... 265
10.1.4 Delamination..................................................................................... 265
10.1.5 Edge Cracks....................................................................................... 267
10.1.6 Fatigue Cracks and Edge Fatigue Cracks.......................................... 267
10.1.7 Longitudinal Joint Cracks................................................................. 267
10.1.8 Polished Aggregate........................................................................... 267
10.1.9 Potholes............................................................................................. 267
10.1.10 Raveling............................................................................................. 268
10.1.11 Reflective Cracking........................................................................... 268
10.1.12 Rutting............................................................................................... 268
10.1.13 Slippage Crack.................................................................................. 268
10.1.14 Thermal Cracks................................................................................. 268
10.2 Distresses in Concrete Pavements.................................................................. 269
10.2.1 Corner Breaks................................................................................... 269
10.2.2 Durability Cracking (or “D” Cracking)............................................. 270
10.2.3 Longitudinal Cracking...................................................................... 270
10.2.4 Transverse Cracking.......................................................................... 270
10.2.5 Spalling of Transverse Joints............................................................ 270
10.2.6 Map Cracking and Scaling................................................................ 270
10.2.7 Polished Aggregate........................................................................... 271
10.2.8 Popouts.............................................................................................. 271
10.2.9 Blowups............................................................................................. 271
10.2.10 Faulting of Transverse Joints and Cracks.......................................... 271
10.2.11 Lane-to-Shoulder Drop-Off.............................................................. 271
10.2.12 Lane-to-Shoulder Separation............................................................ 271
10.2.13 Patch/Patch Deterioration................................................................. 271
10.2.14 Water Bleeding and Pumping........................................................... 272
10.2.15 Punch-Outs........................................................................................ 272
10.2.16 Joint Seal Damage............................................................................. 272
10.3 Consideration of Performance........................................................................ 272
10.4 Damage........................................................................................................... 274
10.5 Forensic Investigation for Determination of Type
and Cause of Distress..................................................................................... 275
10.5.1 Forensic Investigation Plan............................................................... 275
10.5.2 Nondestructive and Destructive Tests............................................... 275
Questions................................................................................................................... 278
References................................................................................................................. 278
Contents xi

Chapter 11 Consideration of Major Distress Mechanisms and Material Characterization

for Asphalt Pavements............................................................................................... 279
11.1 F atigue Cracking������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 279
11.1.1 Material Characterization Tests........................................................ 282
11.1.1.1 Indirect Tensile Strength: Test Method............................. 282
11.1.1.2 Resilient Modulus.............................................................. 282
11.1.1.3 Dynamic Modulus (AASHTO TP62–03)..........................284
11.1.2 Models............................................................................................... 294
11.1.2.1 Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage
(S-­VECD) Model�������������������������������������������������������������� 299
11.1.2.2 Texas Overlay Tester (Texas OT)...................................... 299
11.1.3 Definition of Failure..........................................................................300
11.1.4 Use of Models....................................................................................300
11.1.5 Relationship between Mix Design and Fatigue Performance........... 301
11.1.6 Relationship between Pavement Structure and Fatigue Performance����301
11.1.6.1 Steps for Avoiding Premature Fatigue Cracking...............302
11.2 Thermal Cracking..........................................................................................302
11.2.1 Material Characterization................................................................. 303
11.2.2 Models...............................................................................................304
11.2.2.1 Environmental Conditions.................................................304
11.2.2.2 Regression Equation Approach (Hajek and Haas, 1972)......305
11.2.2.3 Fracture Mechanics Approach: SHRP Thermal
Cracking Model���������������������������������������������������������������� 305
11.2.2.4 Models for Cracking..........................................................308
11.2.3 Cracking and Properties of Asphalts and Aggregates......................309
11.3 Rutting or Permanent Deformation................................................................309
11.3.1 Material Characterization.................................................................309
11.3.1.1 Creep Testing..................................................................... 311
11.3.1.2 Triaxial Test....................................................................... 313
11.3.2 Models............................................................................................... 313
11.3.2.1 Consideration of Rutting in Asphalt Mix Only................. 314
11.3.2.2 Statistical Predictive Models on the Basis of Different
Properties (Baladi, 1989)�������������������������������������������������� 315
11.3.2.3 Layered Vertical Permanent Strain Approach................... 315
11.3.2.4 Permanent Strain Rate Method......................................... 317
11.3.2.5 Plastic–Elastic Vertical Strain Ratio Method.................... 317
11.3.2.6 Rutting Rate Method (Majidzadeh, 1981).......................... 318
11.3.2.7 Alternate Model Relating Tertiary Flow
Characteristics to Mix Properties������������������������������������� 318
11.3.2.8 Models for Unbound Materials.......................................... 320
11.3.2.9 Ayres Combined Model for Subgrade and Granular
Materials (NCHRP, 2004)������������������������������������������������ 321
11.3.2.10 Equivalent Temperature Concept...................................... 323
11.3.2.11 El-Basyouny and Witczak Mode! (NCHRP, 2004)........... 324
11.3.3 Definition of Failure.......................................................................... 324
11.4 Smoothness Consideration............................................................................. 326
11.5 Top-Down Cracking....................................................................................... 328
11.5.1 Pavement Surface Characteristics..................................................... 329
Questions................................................................................................................... 330
References................................................................................................................. 331
xii Contents

Chapter 12 Mix and Structural Design of Asphalt Mix Layers.................................................. 335

12.1 P hysical and Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mix...................................... 335
12.1.1 Bulk-Specific Gravity of Compacted Asphalt Mix (Gmb)................. 338
12.1.2 Theoretical Maximum Density or Maximum Specific Gravity
of the Mix (Gmm)/Rice Specific Gravity (after James Rice)������������� 338
12.2 Mix Design Methods......................................................................................340
12.2.1 Hveem Method (ASTM D-1560, D-1561).........................................340
12.2.2 Marshall Method...............................................................................340
12.2.3 Superpave Method.............................................................................348
12.2.3.1 Mix Design Systems of South Africa, France, the
United Kingdom, and Australia���������������������������������������� 357
12.3 Structural Design............................................................................................ 358
12.3.1 Empirical Methods............................................................................ 358
12.3.1.1 California Bearing Ratio Method...................................... 358
12.3.1.2 American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials Method������������������������������� 359
12.3.2 Mechanistic-Empirical Methods.......................................................364
12.3.2.1 Design of Low Volume Roads........................................... 367
12.3.2.2 Example of Structural Design Procedure Using
Mechanistic Principles������������������������������������������������������ 367
12.3.2.3 NCHRP 1–37A Mechanistic-Empirical Design Guide..... 368
Questions................................................................................................................... 388
References................................................................................................................. 389

Chapter 13 Construction of Asphalt Pavements.......................................................................... 391

13.1 O verview........................................................................................................ 391
13.1.1 Production......................................................................................... 391
13.1.2 Transportation and Laydown............................................................. 392
13.2 Description and Requirements of Components in Hot Mix
Asphalt–Producing Plants����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 393
13.2.1 Aggregate Stockpiles......................................................................... 393
13.2.2 Cold Feed Bins.................................................................................. 394
13.2.3 Drum Mix Plant................................................................................ 395
13.2.4 Hot Elevator and Bins....................................................................... 396
13.2.5 Pugmill.............................................................................................. 396
13.2.6 Hauling and Storage.......................................................................... 397
13.2.7 Drum Plant........................................................................................ 398
13.2.8 Dust Collection from HMA Plants.................................................... 399
13.2.9 Asphalt Storage Tanks....................................................................... 399
13.3 Equipment Used for Transportation, Laydown, and Compaction..................400
13.3.1 Trucks................................................................................................400
13.3.2 Pavers................................................................................................ 401
13.3.3 Rollers...............................................................................................402
13.4 I mportant Factors...........................................................................................403
13.5 C onstruction of Granular Layers....................................................................406
13.5.1 Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and Recycled Concrete
Material (RCM) in Granular or Stabilized Base Course�����������������406
13.5.2 Steps in the Construction of an Asphalt Pavement...........................406
13.6 S pecifications..................................................................................................407
13.6.1 Variability of Materials.....................................................................408
Contents xiii

13.6.2 Use of Quality Control Charts.......................................................... 414

13.7 P  reparation of Subgrade and Construction of Base and Subbase Layers....... 415
13.8 Quality Control and Quality Assurance......................................................... 415
13.9 Construction of Longitudinal Joints............................................................... 417
13.9.1 Techniques of Constructing Good Longitudinal Joints.................... 418
13.9.1.1 Combination of Notched Wedge Joint, Rubberized
Asphalt Tack Coat, and Minimum Joint Density
Requirements�������������������������������������������������������������������� 418
13.9.1.2 Rubberized Asphalt Tack Coat and Minimum Joint
Density Requirements������������������������������������������������������� 419
13.9.1.3 Notched Wedge Joint and Minimum Joint Density
Requirements�������������������������������������������������������������������� 419
13.9.1.4 Cutting Wheel and Minimum Joint Density
Requirements�������������������������������������������������������������������� 419
13.9.1.5 Infrared Joint Heating and Minimum Joint Density
Requirements�������������������������������������������������������������������� 420
Questions................................................................................................................... 421
References................................................................................................................. 421

Chapter 14 Concrete Fundamentals for Rigid Pavements........................................................... 423

14.1 Concrete.......................................................................................................... 423
14.2 Aggregates...................................................................................................... 423
14.3 Cement............................................................................................................ 424
14.3.1 Types of Portland Cement................................................................. 425
14.4 Water............................................................................................................... 427
14.5 Hydration........................................................................................................ 427
14.6 Steel in Concrete............................................................................................ 428
Questions................................................................................................................... 430
References................................................................................................................. 430

Chapter 15 Distress Models and Material Characterization for Concrete Pavements................ 431
15.1 Distresses and Models.................................................................................... 431
15.1.1 Cracking............................................................................................ 431
15.1.1.1 Fatigue Cracking in JPCP.................................................. 431
15.1.1.2 Zero-Maintenance Design Fatigue Model......................... 433
15.1.1.3 Calibrated Mechanistic Design Fatigue Model................. 433
15.1.1.4 ERES-COE Fatigue Model................................................ 434
15.1.1.5 PCA Fatigue Model........................................................... 434
15.1.1.6 ARE Fatigue Model........................................................... 434
15.1.1.7 Vesic Distress Model......................................................... 434
15.1.1.8 RISC Distress Function..................................................... 434
15.1.1.9 Transverse Cracking.......................................................... 434
15.1.2 Transverse Joint Faulting in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements....... 436
15.1.2.1 Models to Predict Faulting................................................ 436
15.1.2.2 Slab Corner Deflections..................................................... 437
15.1.3 Erosion Characterization of Base/Subbase....................................... 441
15.1.4 Characterizing Free Water within a Pavement Structure.................. 441
15.1.5 PRS M-E Transverse Joint-Faulting Prediction Model..................... 441
15.1.6 Punch-Outs in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements......... 443
xiv Contents

15.1.6.1 Development of CRCP Punch-Out Models.......................444

15.1.6.2 Punch-Out Distress Model................................................ 445
15.1.7 Smoothness Considerations............................................................... 445
15.2 Tests for Concrete...........................................................................................448
15.2.1 Flexural Strength Tests......................................................................448
15.2.2 Compressive Strength........................................................................449
15.2.3 Tensile Strength.................................................................................449
15.2.4 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Test............................................. 451
15.2.5 Fatigue Testing for PCC.................................................................... 451
15.3 Composite Pavements..................................................................................... 451
15.4 Distress Mechanism for Design of Composite Pavements............................. 452
Questions................................................................................................................... 452
References................................................................................................................. 452

Chapter 16 Mix Design and Structural Design for Concrete Pavements.................................... 455
16.1 M ix Design..................................................................................................... 455
16.1.1 Concrete Strength.............................................................................. 455
16.1.2 Water-to-Cementitious Materials Ratio............................................ 455
16.1.3 Selection of the Water-to-Cementitious Materials Ratio.................. 456
16.1.4 Aggregates......................................................................................... 458
16.1.5 Air Content in Concrete....................................................................460
16.1.6 Slump................................................................................................. 461
16.1.7 Water Content.................................................................................... 461
16.1.8 Cementing Materials Content and Type............................................ 461
16.1.9 Admixtures........................................................................................464
16.1.10 Example of Mix Design....................................................................465
16.2 Structural Design............................................................................................469
16.2.1 AASHTO Method (AASHTO, 1993)................................................469
16.2.2 Design Input Parameters................................................................... 470
16.2.2.1 Reliability.......................................................................... 470
16.2.2.2 Serviceability..................................................................... 470
16.2.2.3 Drainage Coefficient (Cd).................................................. 471
16.2.2.4 Load Transfer Coefficient (J)............................................. 471
16.2.3 Rigid Foundation at Shallow Depth.................................................. 476
16.2.4 Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction.......................................... 477
16.2.4.1 Software Solutions.............................................................480
16.2.4.2 AASHTO 1998 Supplement to Design Guide................... 481
16.2.4.3 MEPDG Design Guide...................................................... 486
16.2.4.4 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements.................. 487
16.2.4.5 CRCP Design Criteria.......................................................500
16.2.4.6 Structural Performance......................................................500
16.2.4.7 Functional Performance.................................................... 501
16.2.4.8 Reinforcement for CRCP................................................... 501
16.2.4.9 Design Methods for CRCP................................................ 502
16.2.4.10 AASHTO MEPDG............................................................ 502
16.2.4.11 AASHTO-86/93 Design Procedure................................... 502
16.2.4.12 Reinforcement Design....................................................... 502
16.2.4.13 Design Variables for Longitudinal Reinforcement:
AASHTO Method������������������������������������������������������������ 503
16.2.4.14 Limiting Criteria................................................................ 505
Contents xv

16.2.4.15 Longitudinal Reinforcement Design Procedure...............509

16.3 Composite Pavements Structural Design....................................................... 510
Questions................................................................................................................... 512
References................................................................................................................. 512

Chapter 17 Construction of Concrete Pavements........................................................................ 515

17.1  verview........................................................................................................ 515
O
17.2 Concrete Production....................................................................................... 516
17.3 Preparation of Subgrade and Base................................................................. 517
17.4 Presetting Reinforcements such as Dowel Bars, Tiebars, and Continuous
Reinforcement����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 517
17.4.1 Dowel Bars........................................................................................ 517
17.4.2 Tiebars............................................................................................... 519
17.4.2.1 Reinforcing Steel (CRCP).................................................. 520
17.5 PCC Slab Construction................................................................................... 521
17.5.1 Slipform Paving................................................................................. 521
17.5.2 Stringlines for Slipform Paver........................................................... 522
17.5.3 Fixed Form Paving............................................................................ 523
17.5.4 Concrete Placement........................................................................... 523
17.5.5 Consolidation.................................................................................... 524
17.5.6 Screeding........................................................................................... 525
17.6 Finishing......................................................................................................... 525
17.6.1 Bullfloating........................................................................................ 525
17.6.2 Texturing........................................................................................... 525
17.6.3 Protection of Pavement Surface from Rain....................................... 526
17.6.4 Construction Headers........................................................................ 527
17.7 Curing............................................................................................................. 527
17.7.1 Evaporation Rate............................................................................... 529
17.8 Paving in Hot and Cold Weather Conditions.................................................. 529
17.8.1 Edge Slump....................................................................................... 531
17.8.2 Smoothness....................................................................................... 531
17.9 Jointing........................................................................................................... 532
17.10 HIPERPAV Software...................................................................................... 533
17.11 Joint Sealing................................................................................................... 535
17.11.1 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QC/QA)������������������������������� 537
17.11.2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter������������������������������������������������ 538
17.11.3 Blaine Fineness����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 539
17.11.4 Gradation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 539
17.11.5 Penetration Resistance������������������������������������������������������������������� 539
17.11.6 Cement Materials Temperature Profile (the “Coffee Cup Test”)������ 540
17.11.7 Water–Cement Ratio (Microwave Oven Test)�������������������������������540
17.11.8 Concrete and Subgrade Temperature and Environmental
Conditions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������540
17.11.9 Concrete Strength (Early Age)������������������������������������������������������540
17.11.10 Air Void Analyzer..........................................................................540
17.11.11 Maturity Test..................................................................................540
17.11.11.1 Consistency.................................................................. 542
17.11.11.2 Air Content�����������������������������������������������������������������542
17.11.11.3 Density and Yield......................................................... 543
17.11.11.4 Sampling Fresh Concrete............................................ 543
xvi Contents

Questions...................................................................................................................546
References.................................................................................................................546

Chapter 18 Precast Concrete Pavements...................................................................................... 549

18.1 P recast Pavement Applications....................................................................... 550
18.2 Precast Concrete Pavement Concepts............................................................. 550
18.2.1 Intermittent Repairs of Concrete Pavements..................................... 551
18.2.2 Continuous Application..................................................................... 552
18.2.2.1 Jointed Precast Concrete Pavements................................. 553
18.2.2.2 Precast Prestressed Concrete Pavements........................... 554
18.3 Incrementally Connected Precast Concrete Pavements................................. 556
18.4 PCP Load Transfer System............................................................................. 556
18.5 Transverse Joint Spacing Requirements......................................................... 557
18.5.1 Load Transfer Provisions.................................................................. 557
18.5.1.1 Design of Load Transfer System....................................... 559
18.5.1.2 Dowel Bar Slot Patching Material..................................... 560
18.5.2 PCP Support System......................................................................... 560
18.5.2.1 Bedding for Repair Applications....................................... 561
18.5.2.2 Bedding for Continuous Application................................. 562
18.5.3 PCP Panel Fabrication.......................................................................564
18.6 Performance of Installed Precast Concrete Pavements.................................. 568
18.6.1 Deflection Testing of JPrCP.............................................................. 568
18.6.1.1 The I-675 in Michigan (Intermittent Repair Project)������� 570
18.6.1.2 The I-15 in Ontario, California (Continuous Jointed
PCP—Fort Miller Super-Slab JPrCP System)����������������� 570
18.6.1.3 The I-57 in Missouri (PPCP Projects Based on
the Texas PPCP System)��������������������������������������������������� 572
18.6.2 Summary of Findings from Field Testing......................................... 573
18.7 Concrete Requirements.................................................................................. 575
References................................................................................................................. 576

Chapter 19 Pavement Surface Characteristics............................................................................. 577

Mingjiang Tao
19.1 Overview........................................................................................................ 577
19.1.1 Pavement Surface Textures............................................................... 577
19.1.1.1 Microtexture...................................................................... 577
19.1.1.2 Macrotexture...................................................................... 578
19.1.2 Pavement Surface Friction................................................................ 579
19.1.2.1 Friction Number................................................................. 579
19.1.2.2 International Friction Index............................................... 581
19.1.3 Pavement Surface-Tire Noise............................................................ 582
19.1.3.1 Measurement Techniques of Pavement–Tire Noise........... 582
19.1.4 Ride Quality...................................................................................... 582
19.2 Pavement Surface Characteristics Design...................................................... 584
19.2.1 Aggregate Testing and Characterization........................................... 584
19.2.1.1 Aggregate Composition/Structure
and Mineral Hardness.������������������������������������������������������ 584
19.2.1.2 Aggregate Angularity, Shape, and Texture....................... 585
19.2.1.3 Abrasion/Wear Resistance................................................. 585
19.2.1.4 Polish Resistance............................................................... 585
Contents xvii

19.2.1.5 Soundness.......................................................................... 585

19.2.1.6 Aggregate Test Criteria...................................................... 585
19.2.2 Surface Mix Types and Texturing Techniques.................................. 585
19.2.3 Friction Design Categories................................................................ 587
19.2.4 Project-Level Design Guidelines....................................................... 588
19.3 Pavement Surface Characteristics Management............................................ 589
Questions................................................................................................................... 591
References................................................................................................................. 591

Chapter 20 Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements: Pavement Management Systems.... 595

20.1 O verview........................................................................................................ 595
20.2 Steps in PMS.................................................................................................. 595
20.3 Different PMS Approaches............................................................................ 596
20.3.1 Criteria for Making Decisions........................................................... 598
20.4 Distress Survey............................................................................................... 599
20.5 Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Asphalt Pavements................................. 601
20.5.1 Maintenance...................................................................................... 601
20.5.1.1 Primary Corrective Maintenance Activities......................602
20.5.1.2 Primary Preventive Maintenance Activities......................603
20.5.2 Recycling...........................................................................................604
20.5.2.1 Hot In-Place Recycling......................................................604
20.5.2.2 Cold Recycling...................................................................604
20.5.2.3 Hot Mix Recycling............................................................ 612
20.6 Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements............................... 614
20.6.1 Joint and Crack Sealing..................................................................... 614
20.6.2 Slab Stabilization............................................................................... 614
20.6.3 Diamond Grinding............................................................................ 614
20.6.4 Load Transfer Devices...................................................................... 615
20.6.5 Precast Panels for Repair and Rehabilitation.................................... 615
20.6.6 Portland Cement Concrete Overlays................................................. 616
20.7 Warranty Projects........................................................................................... 617
Questions................................................................................................................... 617
References................................................................................................................. 617

Chapter 21 Airport Pavements..................................................................................................... 619

21.1 T ypes, Importance, and Specifications........................................................... 619
21.2 Structural Design of Airport Asphalt Mix Pavements................................... 619
21.2.1 Design of Flexible Pavement over Existing Pavement...................... 626
21.2.1.1 HMA Overlay on Existing Flexible Pavement.................. 626
21.2.1.2 HMA Overlay on Existing Rigid Pavement with or
without Existing HMA Overlay��������������������������������������� 629
21.3 Design of Concrete Pavements....................................................................... 630
21.4 Design for Airport Pavements with Light Aircrafts....................................... 631
21.5 Advanced Design Methods............................................................................. 632
21.5.1 Asphalt Pavements............................................................................ 633
21.5.1.1 For Vertical Strain εv on Top of the Subgrade................... 634
21.5.1.2 For Horizontal Strain eh at the Bottom of the Surface
Layer��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 634
21.5.2 Rigid Pavements................................................................................ 635
21.6 N ondestructive Testing and Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements.................644
xviii Contents

21.7  CN-PCN.......................................................................................................646
A
21.8 Rehabilitation of PCC Airport Pavements..................................................... 647
21.9 Construction Quality Control and Acceptance Testing..................................648
21.10 Constructing, Checking, and Improving Friction/Skid Resistance
Drainage of Runways������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 649
21.11 Asphalt Mixes for Airport Pavement............................................................. 651
21.11.1 Fuel-Resistant Mix............................................................................ 651
21.11.2 Construction and Maintenance of Longitudinal Joints..................... 651
21.11.3 Time of Construction........................................................................ 651
21.11.4 De-Icing and Anti-Icing.................................................................... 652
21.12 Maintenance of Airport Pavements................................................................ 652
Questions................................................................................................................... 653
References................................................................................................................. 653

Chapter 22 Nondestructive Tests................................................................................................. 655

22.1 N  uclear Gage.................................................................................................. 655
22.2 Falling Weight Deflectometer......................................................................... 655
22.2.1 Direct Use of Deflections.................................................................. 656
22.2.1.1 Relationship between Deflection Bowl Parameters
and Stresses and Strains at Various Locations in the
Pavement��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 658
22.2.2 Back-Calculation............................................................................... 659
22.2.2.1 Modeling Thin Layers.......................................................660
22.2.2.2 Modeling Subgrades..........................................................660
22.2.2.3 Modeling Bedrock.............................................................660
22.2.2.4 Stress-Dependent Materials............................................... 661
22.2.2.5 Spatial Variations............................................................... 661
22.2.2.6 Seasonal Variations........................................................... 661
22.2.2.7 Detection of Voids in PCC Pavements.............................. 661
22.2.2.8 Detection of Nonresilient Pavement Layer Behavior........ 661
22.2.2.9 Evaluation of Experimental Paving Materials................... 662
22.2.2.10 Determination of Load Transfer Efficiency for Jointed
PCC Pavements����������������������������������������������������������������� 662
22.3 Other Applications of FWD Data for Rigid Pavements................................. 662
22.4 Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer.......................................................... 663
22.5 Continuous Deflection Device........................................................................ 663
22.6 GeoGauge (Soil Stiffness Gauge) for Soil Compaction................................. 665
22.7 Ground-Penetrating Radar.............................................................................666
22.8 Portable Seismic Pavement Analyzer.............................................................666
22.9 Free Free Resonant Column Test................................................................... 667
22.10 Ultrasonic Test................................................................................................668
22.11 Magnetic Induction Tomography...................................................................668
22.12 Infrared Devices............................................................................................. 669
22.13 Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Systems........................................... 670
Questions................................................................................................................... 670
References................................................................................................................. 670

Chapter 23 Economic Analysis and Cost-Saving Concepts........................................................ 671

23.1 Economic Analysis......................................................................................... 671
Contents xix

23.1.1 Engineering Economy....................................................................... 671

23.1.2 Concept of Life Cycle Cost............................................................... 671
23.1.3 Techniques......................................................................................... 671
23.1.4 Costs in Life Cycle Cost Analysis..................................................... 673
23.1.5 Probabilistic Versus Deterministic Approach................................... 674
23.1.6 Information on Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Pavements.................. 674
23.1.7 Software for Running Life Cycle Cost Analysis............................... 674
23.2 Cost-Saving Concepts..................................................................................... 676
23.2.1 Principles of Perpetual Pavements.................................................... 676
23.2.2 Economic Benefits of Recycling....................................................... 678
Questions................................................................................................................... 679
References................................................................................................................. 679

Chapter 24 Instrumentation in Asphalt and Concrete Pavement................................................. 681

24.1 Temperature.................................................................................................... 681
24.2 Soil Moisture Content..................................................................................... 681
24.3 Frost Depth..................................................................................................... 681
24.4 Strain in Asphalt or Concrete Pavement and Soil Layers.............................. 681
24.5 Stress in Soil Layers....................................................................................... 683
24.6 Deflection in Layers........................................................................................684
24.7 Data Acquisition Systems............................................................................... 685
Questions................................................................................................................... 685

Chapter 25 Specialty Applications............................................................................................... 687

25.1 A sphalt Mixtures............................................................................................ 687
25.1.1 Polymer-Modified Asphalt................................................................ 687
25.1.2 Asphalt Rubber Mixes....................................................................... 688
25.1.3 Stone Matrix Asphalt........................................................................ 688
25.1.4 Porous Friction Course...................................................................... 689
25.1.5 Warm Mix Asphalt............................................................................690
25.1.5.1 W  MA and RAP................................................................. 692
25.1.5.2 A  doption............................................................................ 692
25.1.5.3 R  egular Use of WMA........................................................ 693
25.1.5.4 M  ix Design........................................................................ 693
25.1.5.5 M  oisture Susceptibility Concern....................................... 694
25.1.6 Ultrathin Wearing Course................................................................. 695
25.2 Concrete Whitetopping.................................................................................. 695
Questions................................................................................................................... 696
Reference................................................................................................................... 696

Chapter 26 Sustainable Pavement Engineering........................................................................... 697

26.1 Overview........................................................................................................ 697
26.1.1 Sustainable Construction (SC).......................................................... 698
26.1.1.1 Sustainability in Transportation and Pavement
Engineering����������������������������������������������������������������������� 699
26.1.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)........................................................... 701
26.1.3 Sustainable Construction Practices................................................... 706
26.2 Sustainable Pavement Engineering................................................................ 706
xx Contents

26.2.1 Sustainable Asphalt of Flexible Pavements....................................... 707

26.2.2 Sustainable Rigid or Concrete Pavements......................................... 710
26.2.3 Measuring Sustainability.................................................................. 711
26.2.4 Pavement and Rehabilitation Design to Improve Sustainability....... 711
26.2.5 Construction Considerations............................................................. 713
26.2.6 User Phase Consideration.................................................................. 713
26.2.7 Guidelines for Measuring and Improving Sustainability.................. 713
References................................................................................................................. 714

Chapter 27 Environmental Mitigation in Transportation Projects.............................................. 717

Suzanne LePage
27.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 717
27.2 How Transportation Impacts the Environment.............................................. 717
27.3 A Model for Assessing Impacts and Developing Mitigation Measures......... 718
27.4 Project Conception......................................................................................... 722
27.5 Impact Assessment......................................................................................... 723
27.6 Alternatives Analysis...................................................................................... 724
27.7 Public Involvement and Review..................................................................... 725
27.8 Enforcement and Post-Project Monitoring..................................................... 726
27.9 Transportation Planning and Regional Mitigation Approaches..................... 729
Questions................................................................................................................... 732

Index............................................................................................................................................... 733
Preface
Significant advances have been made in the field of pavement engineering in the years since the
publication of our second edition in 2013. New research has given way to implementation in dif-
ferent areas such as new concepts, new tests, and more comprehensive definitions and frameworks
for sustainable pavements. One such example is the completion of the Strategic Highway Research
Program (SGRP) 2 in the United States.
In this edition we have tried to incorporate new materials as much as possible while retaining
the very important basics of pavement engineering and directed readers to appropriate websites for
further information. Specifically, we have added one chapter on pavement surface characteristics,
completely rewritten the chapter on sustainable pavements, made several relevant additions to the
different chapters, and corrected errors in the second edition.
As always, it has been a challenge to balance basics with advanced concepts, specifically because
we have tried to present this book for undergraduates and beginning graduate students, practitio-
ners, and consultants. We have tried to maintain a balance between theory and practice since pave-
ment engineering is a much applied branch of civil engineering. However, we did try to include the
latest information, including key figures, from relevant US National Cooperative Highway Research
Projects (NCHRP) and have indicated appropriate websites for further information.
We hope the readers will find the book useful and interesting. We thank them for their accep-
tance of this book and request them to provide feedback to us on ways to improve it. Finally, we
wish them the very best in their quest for knowledge in this very noble profession!

xxi
Acknowledgments
For the third edition we would like to acknowledge the help of Professor Mingjiang Tao, who has
contributed to Chapter 18 on Pavement Surface Characteristics, and Mr. James Scherocman, who
has spent a considerable amount of his valuable time on reading the previous edition and making
numerous valuable suggestions.
We are fortunate to have a number of colleagues who have provided valuable feedback on the
book, and we are greatly thankful to them: Mr. Richard (Rick) L. Bradbury of Maine Department of
Transportation; Professor A. Veeraragavan, IIT Madras; Professor Sivakumar Babu, IISc, Bangalore;
Professor Soheil Nazarian, University of Texas, El Paso; Professor Jorge Prozzi, University of Texas,
Austin; Professor Linbing Wang, Virginia Tech; Professor Okan Sirin, Qatar University; Professor
Kevin Hall, University of Arkansas; and Professor Elie Y. Hajj, University of Nevada, Reno.
We have tried to present in this book what we have learned in courses from teachers, from stu-
dents, from colleagues, and from our academic, research, and consulting experiences. There are
some people, though, without whom this book would not have been possible, and we thank them
from the bottom of our hearts: Dr. Ray Brown; Prithvi Kandhal; Dr. Frazier Parker; Dr. Dan Brown
of Auburn University; Dale Peabody, Brian Marquis, Derek Nener-Plante, and Wade McClay of
the Maine Department of Transportation; Sudhansu Bhattacharjee, consultant; Robert Pelland
of the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport); Mike Marshall of Wirtgen GmbH; Ed Kearney of
Wouter Gulden of the American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA–SE Chapter); Robert Otto
Rasmussen of the Transtec Group, Inc.; Maureen Kestler of the US Forest Service; and Marylou
Horanzy, Cindy Bergeron, Dr. Martins Zaumanis, Russ Lang, and Don Pellegrino of Worcester
Polytechnic Institute. We greatly appreciate the help of Robert (Bob) Frank of Compliance
Monitoring and RAP Technologies for procuring a number of photographs.
We could write this book only with the support and encouragement of our families. Special
thanks go to Sumita and Urmila and to Marya, Miriam, and Youssef for their patience, help, and
encouragement. This book would not have been possible without the blessings of our parents,
Bimalangshu Kumar Basu Mallick and Monika Basu Mallick, and M’hamed El-Korchi and Bahija
El-Bouchti El-Korchi.
We thank the helpful staff of the Taylor & Francis Group and codeMantra group for making this
publication possible: Joe Clements, acquiring/contact editor, Ariel Crockett, senior editorial assis-
tant, and Mathi Ganesan. It has been a pleasure to work with them.

xxiii
Authors
Rajib Mallick has extensive experience in the study of asphalt materials, mixture design, con-
struction, pavement design, recycling, and nondestructive testing. From 1992 to 1998, he worked
as a research assistant and as a senior research associate at the National Center for Asphalt
Technology (NCAT) and is currently the Ralph White Family Distinguished Professor of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). He has completed numerous
research projects for several departments of transportation, the Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA), the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and several private practitioner organizations. Dr. Mallick
has coauthored more than 100 papers for journals and conference proceedings as well as several
practical reports, manuals, and state-of-the-practice reports for federal, state, and local highway
agencies. He has taught professional courses on asphalt technology, presented courses on recycling
for the FHWA, and lectured in the national workshops at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at
Kanpur, Kharagpur, and Madras in India. He has presented a series of seminars on hot mix asphalt
paving for the Baystate Roads Programs for the Massachusetts Highway Department. He has also
introduced many innovations in his courses and has received several awards from the NSF. He
is a member of several professional organizations and a registered professional engineer (PE) in
Massachusetts. Dr. Mallick has served as a consultant in several projects for practitioner organiza-
tions, worked at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka as a Fulbright Fellow and has served IIT
Madras as a professor of civil engineering for 1 year.
Tahar El-Korchi is a professor and head of civil and environmental engineering at Worcester
Polytechnic Institute. He has been at WPI since 1987. He does research and teaches courses on pave-
ment analysis, design and management, construction materials testing and evaluation, cement and
concrete materials and construction processes, structural analysis and design, and high-­performance
structural materials at the undergraduate and graduate level. He has published more than 80 publi-
cations and presentations and has served at numerous WPI global project centers including Puerto
Rico, Washington DC, Morocco, Costa Rica, and Panama. Dr. El-Korchi was granted the pres-
tigious Presidential Young Investigator Award by the National Science Foundation in 1991. His
research funding has been generated from federal and state sources including the National Science
Foundation, the U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station (WES), the U.S. Geological Survey’s
Columbia River Research Laboratory (CRRL), the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR),
the Federal Highway Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the
New England Transportation Consortium, the Massachusetts Highway Department, and numerous
industries. He was an invited scientist at the Turner Fairbanks Highway Research Center (Federal
Highway Administration), Washington, DC (1993–1994). He was also an advisor to the Mass
Highway QC/QA Implementation Program, the LTPP Expert Technical Group, and the FHWA
LSPEC. Dr. El-Korchi is also a consultant to several major corporations. He provides recommenda-
tions for the design and evaluation of pavements, materials, and structures.

xxv
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