salsabeel salim ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

Grammar (1) Present and Past Tenses ‫أزمنة الحاضر والماضي‬

‫اسم الزمن‬ ‫شكله‬ Function ‫الوظيفة‬ Key words ‫المفتاح‬

V1 ‫( للمفرد‬s) ‫ مع‬1. habits + routines every + ‫زمن‬
V2 ‫( للجمع‬s) ‫ بدون‬2. fasts ‫حقائق‬ every so often
1. present simple don’t 3. permanent ‫دائمة‬ from time to time
‫مضارع بسيط‬ + v.inf once in a while
doesn’t

is 1. progress, now ‫اآلن‬ at the moment

am + v.ing 2. temporary ‫مؤقت‬ right now
are 3. changes ‫تغيرات‬ these days
2. present isn’t
continuous amn’t + v.ing
‫مضارع مستمر‬ aren’t

has ‫مفرد‬ 1. states began in the past currently

+ v3 ‫دائما‬ to now recently
have ‫جمع‬ ‫أحداث بدأت بالماضي لآلن‬ In recent years
haven’t 2. completed past result ever since
3. present perfect + v3 ‫أحداث اكتملت لها نتيجة‬ so far
‫مضارع تام‬ hasn’t 3.experiences
‫خبرات في الحاضر‬

has 1. duration past present howlong

have been + ing ‫مدة طويلة من الماضي للحاضر‬ since
4. present perfect hasn’t 2. past processes with for
continuous been v.ing present result all – day
‫مضارع تام مستمر‬ haven’t ‫عمليات ماضية لها عالقة بالحاضر‬

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
Narrative tenses ‫أزمنة السرد‬

‫اسم الزمن‬ ‫شكله‬ Function ‫الوظيفة‬ Key words ‫المفتاح‬

1. started + finished in the earlier today
V2
past the day before
1. past simple ‫منتظم‬ed
‫بدأ وانتهى بالماضي‬ yesterday
‫الماضي البسيط‬ ‫غير منتظم تصاريف‬
2. main events (completed) ancient
didn’t + ‫مجرد‬
)‫أحداث رئيسية (اكتملت‬
was I + ‫للمفرد‬ 1. progress, past When
were + v.ing ‫مستمر بالماضي للجمع‬ While
2. past continuous wasn’t 2. long interrupted short as
‫الماضي المستمر‬ v.ing ‫حدث طويل قطعه حدث قصير‬ at the time
weren’t
1. Action before another After
‫حدث قبل اآلخر‬ had v3, v2
3. past perfect had + v3
Earlier = before Before
‫الماضي التام‬ hadn’t + v3
v2, had v3
By + ‫ماضي‬
1. continued up to a certain since
time in the past for
4. past perfect had been v.ing ‫ فيه‬،‫حدث مستمر (ط ّول) بالماضي‬ all + ‫زمن‬
continuous hadn’t + been + ‫مدة‬ how long
‫الماضي التام المستمر‬ ing because
‫بس الماضي‬
)v2( ‫يعني فيه‬

Note: 💬
1 had + v3 had been ing

duration duration

completed ‫مكتمل‬ progress ‫مستمر‬

2 once / twice / three had + v3 ☑

Had been + v.ing ❎

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‫‪Stative verbs‬‬

‫ً‬
‫دائما ‪ v1‬مثل‪:‬‬ ‫هي أفعال ال تقبل ‪ is/am/are – ing‬وتكون‬‫⭐‬
‫⭐ أفعال تقبل حسب معناها‪:‬‬

‫‪1 Think‬‬ ‫رأي ‪v1‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫يفكر ‪ing‬‬

‫‪2 see‬‬ ‫يفهم ‪v1‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫يقابل ‪ing‬‬

‫‪3 look‬‬ ‫يبدو ‪v1‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫ينظر ‪ing‬‬

‫‪4 Appear‬‬ ‫يبدو ‪v1‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫يظهر على الشاشة‪v.ing‬‬

‫‪5 smell‬‬ ‫رأي ‪v1‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫يشم‪v.ing‬‬

‫‪6 have‬‬ ‫يملك ‪v1‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫يأكل ‪ing‬‬

‫قبل حل األسئلة‪✏ :‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ادرس كل األزمنة واحفظ منيح‬
‫‪ .2‬راجع تصاريف األفعال‬
‫مفرد (‪)he – she – it‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬اعرف المفرد والجمع‬
‫جمع (‪ )I, you, we, they‬ما عدا ‪I was‬‬
‫‪ .4‬القاعدة العامة لحل األزمنة بذكاء‪( :‬ما تخلط األزمنة)!‬
‫الجملة مضارع ‪has/have , is/am/are, don’t/doesn’t / v1‬‬
‫الجملة ماضي ‪had, was/were, didn’t/ v2‬‬
‫‪ .5‬الحل بقلم رصاص وأكثر من مرة للتدريب‬

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1. I --------------- with a few of my friends in recent years.
a) lose touch b) have lost touch c) lost touch d) losing touch

2. Dad --------------- with his cousin from time to time, so they’re not close.
a) made contact b) has made contact c) makes contact d) had made contact

3. She --------------- on her mobile for ages, can’t they just see each other in person?
a) chats b) has been chatting c) chatted d) were chatting

4. I --------------- with Mr Farley earlier today, but he hasn’t responded yet.

a) establish contact b) am establishing contact
c) established contact d) establishing contact

5. --------------- the laptop right now? I need to send an email.

a) Do you use b) Are you using
c) Did you use d) Have you used

6. My teacher took my mobile phone off me yesterday – I --------- to my friend at the time!
a) talk b) am talking c) talked d) was talking

7. I --------------- going for a regular run once a week.

a) love b) loving c) loves d) am loving

8. Jaber --------------- to stay in on Saturday nights these days.

a) is preferring b) has preferred c) prefer d) prefers

9. Muneer wanted to sit down because he --------------- all day at work.

a) stood b) is standing c) has stood d) had been standing

10. I usually take a break from my screen --------------- to rest my eyes.

a) right now b) from time to time
c) earlier today d) ago

11. According to my phone, I’ve spent 67 minutes online ---------------

a) since nine o’clock b) ever since
c) the day before yesterday d) right now

12. We’ve been learning about ancient methods of communication at school ---------------
a) recently b) last week c) right now d) every so often

13. I forgot my password and blocked my email account ---------------

a) the day before yesterday b) in recent weeks
c) recently d) right now

14. We were walking on the beach --------------- when we found a message in a bottle
a) earlier today b) once in a while c) at the moment d) nowadays

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15. Once in a while, Zeina --------------- books.
a) writes b) had been writing c) wrote d) has written

16. --------------- your laptop right now? I’d like to borrow it.
a) Do you use b) Are you using c) did you use d) have you used

17. Landline telephones --------------- less and less common these days.
a) becoming b) were becoming c) became d) are becoming

18. Do you know that man? He --------------- at you all evening.

a) is looking b) looks c) looked d) was looking

19. We --------------- lunch now. Will you join us, please?

a) had b) have c) has d) are having

20 . Monther Rayahneh --------------- award – winning TV show, the invasion.

a) are appearing b) appears c) were appearing d) appears

21. I --------------- what you mean, but I can’t agree with you.
a) see b) are seeing c) am seeing d) saw

22. When I got home, the flat --------------- of smoke.

a) is smelling b) smelled c) are smelling d) smell

23. What is the function of the past simple tense in the sentence below?
“ I wrote an English essay last night.”
a) facts and things that are generally true.
b) things happening now or around now.
c) situations which are changing during the present time.
d) actions that started and finished at a specific time in the past.

24. What is the function of the present continuous tense in the sentence below?
“ She’s writing a text message right now”
a) routines and habits that happen repeatedly.
b) facts and things that are generally true.
c) things happening now or around now.
d) an action in the past that was completed before another action or time in the past

25. What is the function of the past continuous tense in the sentence below?
“I was writing to jad when he called. “
a) a long activity interrupted by a shorter one.
b) things happening now or around now.
c) routines and habits that happen repeatedly.
d) finished actions in the past when we don’t say exactly when they happened.

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26. What is the function of the present perfect tense in the sentence below?
“ I’ve written down everything she’s said so far. “
a) actions and states which began in the past and continue until now.
b) situations which are changing during the present time.
c) facts and things that are generally true.
d) things happening now or around now.

27. The phone is ringing ---------------. The phone rings ---------------.

a) all the time now that we run a business. b) and I can’t find where l’ve put it.

28. I’ve been calling Malek ---------------. I’ve called Malek ---------------.
a) all day today. b) a couple of times today.

29. it’s getting ---------------. It gets ---------------.

a) easier and easier to stay in touch with people.
b) less difficult every time I write an essay.

30. I was watching a film ---------------. I watched a film ---------------.

a) when the lights suddenly went out. b) when I got home from school.

31. What do you think ---------------? What are you thinking ---------------?
a) of my phone b) about

32. All morning / Three times today

a) I’ve been texting Heb a -------------------------
b) l’ve texted Heba ---------------------------------

33. Two essays today / That essay since this morning

a) Lama’s been writing -------------------------
b) Lama has written -----------------------------.

34. English for very long / how to write in English yet

a) Abbas hasn’t learnt --------------------------
b) Abbas hasn’t been learning -----------------------

35. We use ----------- to talk about an earlier completed action.

a) past simple b) present simple c) past perfect d) past perfect continuous

36. We use ----------------- to talk about a situation or action which continued up to a certain
time in the past
a) past simple b) present simple c) past perfect d) past perfect continuous

37. Hanan’s music player ………………. for 19 hours when the battery ran out.
a) play b) plays c) has been playing d) had been playing

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38. The police officer -------- all the other suspects when he arrested the criminal.
a) had eliminated b) is eliminating c) eliminates d) has eliminated

39. By the time we opened the door, the noises --------- already ------------
a) has, stopped b) had, stopped c) has been, stopping d) were , stopping

40. While he --------------, the actor forgot what to say.

a) were performing b) performed c) performs d) was performing

41. While I was rowing a boat across the sea, a large dolphin suddenly ------------ in the water
next to me!
a) appeared b) was appearing c) were appearing d) has appeared

42. When Nasser ------------ at the party, the other boys had already eaten the food.
a) was arriving b) were arriving c) arrived d) has arrived

43. There was a strong smell because someone ------------- fish.

a) cooked b) was cooking c) had been cooking d) cooks

44. The protesters ----------- outside the mine for two hours when the reporters arrived.
a) had been standing b) has been standing
c) have been standing d) stanging

45. I ------------------ the website twice before I went to school.

a) have checked b) checked c) had checked d) check

46. Elvis had recorded 24 studio albums before he ………….

a) had died b) die c) was dying d) died

47. Paul McCartney ------------- to play the trumpet before he was given a guitar.
a) had been playing b) have been playing
c) has played d) has been playing

48. She was tired because ---------- the news for hours
a) has been watching b) had watched
c) watch d) had been watching

49. While I ------------- the object, it fell into a field

a) watched b) was watching c) were watching d) had watched

50- Did you ……………the documentary yesterday?

a) watch b) watched c) watching d) watches

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
(2) Derivation ‫االشتقاق‬
(educate, educationally, educational, education)
‫ ظرف)؟؟‬،‫ فعل‬،‫كيف نعرف نهايات (اسم وصفة‬

ly
1) ‫الظرف‬ (ly ‫)فقط‬ ‫يأتي‬ 1) --------------,

ly
2) ------------- ‫( فعل‬ed) V2, V3

‫فعل مجرد‬
‫يأتي أصغر كلمة أو‬
2) ‫الفعل‬ 1) Do (do – does – did) ------------ (‫)أصغر كلمة‬
ed - ing ‫فعل مجرد‬
2) To ------------- (‫)أصغر كلمة‬
‫فعل مجرد‬
3) M (will – can – may – must – shall) ----------

3) ‫الصفة‬ ble – ous ‫ بالل – أوس‬

ary - ory ‫أريج – عريب‬
ent – ant ‫إنت – أنت‬
ful ‫فلة‬
ive – less – al – an ‫ ليس األن‬،‫إيف‬
‫صفة‬ ‫صفة‬
‫تأتي‬ 1) ‫( م مقارنة‬more / less ----------- than) (as -------------as)

2) ‫( م مؤكدات‬very – so, too) (‫)مهمة‬

3) Be ‫( أفعال‬is – am – are – was – were – be – been – being)

4) ( ‫االسم ( شمسي‬ ‫( ش‬tion, sion)

‫( م‬ment, dom)
‫( س‬ness, nce, ist, ism)
‫( ي‬ity, y)
Ice (advice ‫)نصيحة‬
Th (health ‫ – صحة‬youth ‫)الشباب‬

‫تأتي‬ 1) ‫( أدوات‬a, an, the)

2) ‫( إشارات‬this – that – these – those)
3) ‫( ملكيات‬my, his, her, our)
4) ‫( جارات‬in – on – at – of ….)
5) ‫( محددات‬much, many, some, all, any …)
‫ إذا جاء بعد الفراغ ليس له أي أهمية‬،‫يجب أن يأتي ما سبق قبل الفراغ‬

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🏿✌ :‫خطوتين للحل‬
)ly ‫ فعل اسم صفة‬ly ‫) الخريطة (اسم‬1

✨
)‫ نحذفه ونرجع قبل الفراغ‬،‫ إال إذا كان حرف جر‬،‫) على اليمين (بعد الفراغ أهم‬2
‫صفة‬
‫ مهمة‬Be ------------------
✨ ly
‫ مهمة‬---------------- ed
✨ ly ly
‫ فعل اسم صفة‬------------------
‫اسم‬
‫خريطة وعلى يمينك‬

------------------
‫اسم‬
1) The middle East is famous for the ----------------- of olive oil. )‫(حفظ‬
A. productive B. produce C. production D. productively

‫صفة‬ ‫اسم‬
2) discoved an ---------------- document from 20th. )‫(الخريطة‬
A. origin B. original C. originally D. originality
‫صفة‬ ‫اسم‬
3) was the most important ---------------- ever? )‫(خريطة‬
A. inventive B. invent C. invention D. invented

‫صفة‬ ‫اسم‬
4) The ---------------- system must be linked. )‫(خريطة) (وزاري‬
A. educate B. education C. educational D. educationally

‫صفة‬
5) Could be successful is to say it is ----------------. )‫(وزاري‬
A. accessible B. accessibility C. access D. accessed
6) There was some ---------------- among the participants. (‫)وزاري‬
A. sceptical B. scepticism C. scepticism D. sceptic

7) which are ---------------- prepared from animal. (‫)وزاري مهم‬

A. attract B. attraction C. attractive D. attractively

8) people prefer to get a ----------------.

A. prescribe B. prescribtion C. prescribed D. prescribable

9) made from ---------------- shaped concrete. (‫)وزاري‬

A. geometrically B. geometrician C. geometry D. geometrist

10) Brought about ---------------- changes in life. (‫)وزاري‬

A. revolutionarily B. revolutionary C. revolutionise D. revolutionist
11) project has been ---------------- carried. (‫)وزاري‬
A. success B. successful C. successfully D. succeed

12) you must ---------------- everything you’ve learnt.

A. revised B. revision C. revisable D. revise

13) ----------------, the process of providing rugs. (‫)وزاري‬

A. tradion B. trade C. traditionally D. traditional

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Derivation
1- The two sides need to sit down and find a ------------.
(slove, solution, solvable, solved)

2- It will be difficult to find a suitable ----------- for Laila when she leaves her post.
(replacement, replace, replaced)

3- There has been an ------------ in the standard of living in my country

(improve, improvement, improved )

4- people switched to online news sites because of rapid ------------- in mobile internet
(improve, improvement, improved)

5- ------------, not only are the big printed dailies still here.
(unbeliever, unbelievable, unbelievably)

6- digital media isn’t simply a -------------- for old-fashioned

(replacement, replace, replaced)

7- This is a good law, but I am not sure it is ----------------------

(enforced, enforcement, enforceable)

8- The factory has grown recently, and has been more successful since the -------------
(expanse, expansion, expand)

9- The university in our city is an important ------------------

(institution, institutionalize, institutional)

10- How can the factory ------------- polluting the river like that?
(justify, justifiable, justified)

11- It is good that men and women get ------------ pay in this business.
(equal, equality, equalize)

12- Keep your argument simple and try not to ------------- it

(complicate, complicated, complication)

13- We believe in ---------------- of speech .

(free, freedom)

14- will never accept any ------------- of individuals

(persecute, persecution, persecuted)

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(3) Question tags and echo questions ‫السؤال الذيلي وسؤال الصدى‬

💁 .‫ طريقة الحل (شقلب وانفي) بين الفاعل والمساعد‬،‫نميّ ز القاعدة بوجود عالمة سؤال‬
You are ------
Aren’t you ------?
:‫الفعل المساعد‬

1 To Be (is – am – are – was – were)

2 To Do (do – does – did)
3 To have (have – has – had)
4 Modals (will – can – shall – may – must)
don’t / doesn’t v1 ‫ إذا لم يوجد مساعد‬:‫مالحظة‬ ⚠
didn’t v2
‫حاالت فقط‬

1 I am = aren’t I / I amn’t = am I
2 let’s = shall we
3‫ = فعل أمر‬will you
4 ‫ = للدعوة‬won’t you
5 ‫ = للطلب‬could you
Question tag ⁉
‫ والمنفي مثبت‬،‫ المثبت منفي‬،‫يكون في نهاية الجملة‬
Echo question ‼
‫ بس شقلب‬،‫ والمنفي منفي‬،‫ المثبت مثبت‬،‫يكون في بداية الجملة‬
Everything + Nothing = (it) ‫نعوضهم‬
‫ مع نفي‬ ‫مع إثبات‬

Everyone Noone
Somebody + Nobody = (they) ‫نعوضهم‬
‫مع نفي‬ ‫مع إثبات‬

This – that = it ‫إذا كان الفاعل‬

These – Those – they

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⁉ Question tag ⁉
1. Let’s go to the party, ------------------ ?
a- will we b- could we c- shall we d- do we

2. Sorry , I’m putting you on the spot, ----------------- ?

a- aren’t I b- are I c- do I d- did I

3. Somebody told you, ------------------ ?

a- did they b- they did c- didn’t they d- they didn’t

4. Nobody gave you the message, ---------------- ?

a- they did b- didn’t they c- they didn’t d- did they

5. Don’t forget, ------------------------ ?

a- shall you b- could you c- won’t you d- will you

6. He’ll turn the laptop off, ----------------------------- ?

a- won’t he b- will he c- would he d- he would

7. You couldn’t help me, ------------------- ?

A- couldn’t you b- could you c- would you d- did you

8. come to the party------------------------- ?

a- will you b- could you c- won’t you d- do you

9. He doesn’t come across very well, ----------------------?

a- does he b- did he c- he doesn’t d- didn’t he

10. You haven’t seen my mobile, ----------------------?

a- has you b- had you c- do you d- have you

11. He’s not going to take to you if you insist on having the last word, ----------?
a- he is b- is he c- does he d- did he

12. The room looks different … someone has moved the sofa, --------------------?
a- haven’t they b- have they c- has they d- hadn’t they

13. Let’s get some ice cream, ----------------------?

a- will we b- could we c- shall we d- do we

14. Come sit with us, ----------------------?

a- will you b- could you c- won’t you d- do you

15. Parents need to teach children not to drop litter, ----------------------?

a- do they b- did they c- does they d- don’t they

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16. Pick it up, ----------------------?
a- will you b- could you c- won’t you d- do you

17. Nobody helped her, ----------------------?

a- did they b- didn’t they c- they did d- they didn’t

18. ---------- a good question, isn’t it?

a- that’s b- these are c- those are d- is that

19. ------------ are lovely beaches in this country, aren’t there?

a- this b- that c- these d- those

20. It’s Nadia’s birthday party tomorrow. Lubna : 1 ------------? Oh, no! haven’t bought her a
present yet!
a- it isn’t b- is it c- isn’t it d- it is

21 .Actually, I used to live in France. Jamal : 4 -------- you?

a- do you b- does you c- did you d- didn’t you

22. I’m planning to make a chocolate cake for the party. Hanan : b --------------?
a- are you b- aren’t you c- do you d- did you

23. He moved in next door recently. Amer: c ------------?

a- he did b- he does c- didn’t he d- did he

24. I don’t know what to do. Amal: ----------------? Well, perhaps I can help.
a- do you b- don’t you c- did you d- didn’t you

25. A. I’m sure you felt stressed out, ----------?

a- are I b- did you c- didn’t you d- aren’t I

26. I’m always making mistakes, ----------?

a- aren’t I b- are I c- do I d- I do

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(4) Future Forms for prediction s ‫أشكاء المستقبل للتنبؤ‬

).…In the future, in 2070, soon( ‫مستقبل بشكل عام‬

Future Simple
[will + v.inf] ‫ غير مؤكد‬ [is/am/are going to + v.inf] ‫مؤكد‬
opinions ‫ آراء‬plans ‫خطط‬
expectations ‫ توقعات‬evidence ‫دليل‬
decision at the moment ‫ قرار لحظي‬ decisions ‫قرارات‬
Perhaps, maybe, think, not sure, definitely according to – know – sure …
I think it will rain tomorrow look at the blacksky, it is going to rain

)at this time tomorrow, this time next week, in two years’ time( ‫موعد واحد بالمستقبل‬
Future continuous Future perfect
Will be + v.ing will have + v3
An activity in progress ‫ مستمرة‬ an activity will be completed ‫مكتملة‬
At this time tomorrow, I will be By 2030, I will have graduated from
Studying English. University

‫موعدين بالمستقبل‬
Will have been + v.ing
Duration continues up to specific point ‫حدث سيكون ماضي بالمستقبل‬
Next week, I will have been working in this company for three years

be + adj + to (ing)

(be) bound / certain / sure (to + v.inf) = 100% ‫مؤكد‬

She is bound to succeed with all hard work and determination

(be) likely (to v.inf) = ‫محتمل‬

People who study reguarlly are likely to perform well on exams

(be) unlikely (to + v.inf) = ‫غير محتمل حدوثه‬

Without proper training, he is unlikely to complete the marathon

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Future forms
1-“ an activity in progress at a specific time in the future.”
a- future continuous b- future simple
c- future perfect d- future perfect continuous

2- ‘ an activity which will be completed by a specific time.’

a- future continuous b- future simple
c- future perfect d- future perfect continuous

3- “an activity which continues up to a specific point in the future”.

a- future continuous b- future simple
c- future perfect d- future perfect continuous

4. By the time today’s young people retire, they --------------------- for 70 years.
a- will be working b-will have been working
c- will work d- are going to work

5. I don’t think we ------------ passwords, as computers will be able to recognize our faces
a- will need b- are going to need
c- will be needing d- will have needed

6. My grandfather is 89 years old, but he’s in great shape, so I’m sure he ------------- to be 100.
a- will be living b- will live c- is going to live d- will have lived

7. Many experts expect that technology ------------ living. Conditions for people in the
developing world, but there’s no evidence of that
a- will be improving b- will improve
c- is going to improve d- will have improved

8. Look at these statistics – they are very optimistic. Without a doubt, crime figures
------ to decrease in the near future.
a- is going to continue b- will continue
c- are going to continue d- will have continued

9. We’ll be sleeping under the stars at this time next week. (the function of this sentence is)
a. an activity in progress at a specific time in the future.
b. an activity which will be completed by a specific time in the future.
c. an activity which continues up to a specific point in the future.
d. predictions based on opinions or expectations

10- Dana and Eman will have watched the entire first series by the end of today.
a. an activity in progress at a specific time in the future.
b. an activity which will be completed by a specific time in the future.
c. an activity which continues up to a specific point in the future.
d. predictions based on opinions or expectations

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 ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
11- By the time we reach the entrance, we’ll have been waiting for three hours!
a. an activity in progress at a specific time in the future.
b. an activity which will be completed by a specific time in the future.
c. an activity which continues up to a specific point in the future.
d. predictions based on opinions or expectations

12- By that time, they ------------ for their mission for over five years.
a- will train b- are going to train
c- will be training d- will have been training

13- By the time they reach the red planet, they ----------- over 50 million kilometres.
a- will cover b- are going to cover
c- will have covered d- will have been covering

14. I won’t -------------------- this essay in time to hand it in by Friday.

a- be finishing b- have finished c- finish d- be finished

15. we will ------------------ this computer for four years this year.
a- have had b- have c- having d- had

16. My dad --------------------- meat for 10 years today.

a- won’t be eating b- won’t have been eating
c- won’t be eating d- won’t eat

17. They --------------------- their ideas tomorrow at 5p.m.

a- will be presenting b- present
c- will present d- will have presented

18. 3D printing --------------------- immensely popular in 20 years, time

a-is going to become b- are going to become
c- will become d- become

19. By that time, I ------------------------ to another planet in the Solar System

a-will have moved b- will have been moving
c- will be moving d- will move

20. When you come back home tonight, please try to be quiet as everybody else ---------to bed.
a-will have already gone b-will be going
c- will go d- will have been going

21-You’ve done so much revision you’re ----------------- to pass your exams.

a- bound b-unlikely c- uncertain d- not bound

22. With such strong winds, the airport is ----------------- to be open.

a- unlikely b- sure c- bound d- likely

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23- Although we can’t be certain, we think the pool is ------------- to be busy today.
a- sure b-likely c- bound d- certain

24. After her injury, it’s ……………………that Laila will reach the finals.
a- unlikely b- likely c- sure d- bound

25. Driverless cars will almost certainly reduce the number or road accidents.
The sentence which gives the same meaning is:
a- Driverless cars are sure to reduce the number of road accidents
b- Driverless cars aren’t sure to reduce the number of road accidents
c- Driverless cars are sure to reducing the number of road accidents
d- Driverless cars sure to reduce the number of road accidents

26. The human race probably won’t go and live on another planet.
a- The human race unlikely to go on another planet.
b-The human race is unlikely to go on another planet.
c- The human race is unlikely go on another planet.
d-The human race is unlikely to going on another planet.

27. we’re sure that we will find a cure for cancer in the future.
a- We are likely to find a cure for cancer in the future.
b- We are unlikely to find a cure for cancer in the future.
c- We are bound to find a cure for cancer in the future.
d- We are uncertain to find a cure for cancer in the future.

28. I don’t think he will stop eating meat.

a- He is unlikely to stop eating mea
b- He is sure to stop eating meat.
c- He is bound to stop eating meat.
d- He is certain to stop eating meat.

29. Oil prices will definitely rise next year.

a- Oil prices are certain to rise next year.
b- Oil prices are unlikely to rise next year.
c- Oil prices are likely to rise next year.
d- Oil prices aren’t sure to rise next year.

30. we’ll have to change our eating habits in the future without a doubt
a- We unlikely need to change our eating habits.
b- We won’t need to change our eating habits
c- We likely need to change our eating habits
d- We definitely need to change our eating habits

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪salsabeel salim‬‬
‫أشكال المستقبل للخطط ‪(5) Future forms for plans and hopes‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‪Be planning / hoping to (inf‬‬ ‫خطط مؤكدة بالمستقبل‬

‫)‪Be thinking of (ing‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪be about to‬‬ ‫على وشك (بدون موعد)‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫)‪be to (inf‬‬ ‫أشياء رسمية مثل‪(king, prince) :‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫”‪is/am/are + v.ing “present continuous‬‬ ‫موعد مع شخص آخر‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫)‪present simple (v1‬‬ ‫)‪be due to (inf‬‬

‫مواعيد مكررة مثل‪ :‬مواعيد لمرة واحدة فقط‬

‫(جدول‪ ،‬موعد طيران‪ ،‬رحالت جوية) مثل موعد (ندوة‪ ،‬معرض)‬

‫شو فهمت ؟ 💞👇‬

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Future for plans

1- I’m -------------- of doing my presentation on endangered species.

a-hoping b-thinking c-planning d- going

2- We’re hoping -------------- a wind turbine installed this year.

a- of having b- to have c- have d- to having

3- The program on global warming -------------- on at 6:30 p. m.

a-starts b-is due to go c- is starting d- start

4- The professor -------------- start the research next week.

a- is due to b- is about to c- planning to d- thinking of

5- My sister -------------- paint her room.

a- is b- about to c- is thinking of d- due to

6- They’re thinking -------------- most of their clothes to charity.

a- to donate b- of donating c- donating d- donate

7- The king -------------- open the new bridge in zarqa.

a-is planning to b-is to c- due to d-thinking of

8. I -------------- my cousin there at 9 a.m. to set up our stall.

a- I’m meeting b-‘ll meet c-meet d- hoping to meet

9. The annual charity day -------------- at 9 a. m. 2. 29 July

a- due to begin b- begin c- begins d- is to begin

10- It’s been decided that we -------------- money for a children’s charity
a- will raise b- are going to raise c- are raising d- raise

11- We -------- to talk about an action that is expected to happen in the normal course of events
a- future continuous b- present simple c- going to d- will

12. We use -------------- to talk about a timetabled or scheduled future event.

a- future continuous b- present simple c- going to d- will

13. We use -------------- to talk about something which has already been decided.
a- future continuous b- present simple c- going to d- will

14. We use ------------- to talk about a future arrangement with another person.
a- present continuous b- present simple c- going to d- will

15. We use ------------- plus bare infinitive to talk about a future action decided at the moment
of speaking
a- future continuous b- present simple c- going to d- will

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
(6) past and present habits

1. is / am / are (always constantly forever) v.ing = Annoying habits in the present

‫عادات مزعجة في الحاضر‬
2. was / were (always forever constantly) v.ing = Annoying habits in the past
‫عادات مزعجة في الماضي‬
3. Will + v.inf = characteristic of a person ‫وصف طبع شخص‬
4. Used to + v.inf would + v.inf past habits  ‫عادات بالماضي‬
didn’t use to v.inf wouldn’t + v.inf
‫ يوجد مفتاح بالجملة‬/ ‫عادات بالماضي وانتهت (فيه مدة) عادة بالماضي ممكن تكون مستمرة‬
)…love, like, need( ‫تستخدم أفعال الشعور ال تستخدم أفعال الشعور‬

👇💞 ‫شو فهمت ؟‬

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Past and present habits
1. Halima ---------------------- showing off!
a- will b- used to c- would d- is always

2. He ---------------------- in Amman when he was young.

a- would live b- used to live c- will live d- is always living

3. He ---------------------- mess about and then blame it on me.

a- will b- used to c- would d- is always

4. She ---------------------------- me up all the time.

a- was always winding b- are always winding
c- is always winding d- will wind

5. He --------------- behind my back and then denies it.

a- will b- used to c- would d- is always

6. You let me down all the time. Constantly You’re ---------------- me down.
a- constantly let b- constantly letting c- letting d- let

7-On Saturdays, I --------------- swimming with my dad

a- used to go b- will go
c- am always going d- would go

8- I --------------- early when I was younger, but nearly always have a lie-in now.
a- used to get up b- will get up
c- am always getting up d- would get up

9. We often use ----------- to set the scene

a- will b- used to c- would d- be always

10- when the time reference is clear, we can use ------------ for other examples of past habitual
behaviour.
a- will b- used to c- would d- be always

11. We Don’t use ----------- to describe a past state.

a- will b- used to c- would d- be always

12. We use ----------- to talk about a past state or a situation that doesn’t happen any longer.
a- will b- used to c- would d- be always

13-Imad was forever bursting into tears.

a. a repeated past action or state; it might still happen in the present.
b. a typical characteristic of a person.
c. a repeated action in the present.
d. an annoying repeated habit in the past.

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 ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
14. Asma is constantly showing off.
a. an annoying repeated habit in the past.
b. a past state or action which no longer exists.
c. a habit or repeated action in the past, but not a state.
d. an annoying repeated habit in the present.

15. Lubna will forget to take her contact lenses out.

a. a repeated past action or state; it might still happen in the present.
b. a typical characteristic of a person.
c. a repeated action in the present.
d. an annoying repeated habit in the past.

16. My uncle would always take me swimming.

a. a repeated past action or state; it might still happen in the present.
b. a typical characteristic of a person.
c. a repeated action in the present.
d. an annoying repeated habit in the past.

17. I used to love winding my brother up.

a. an annoying repeated habit in the past.
b. a past state or action which no longer exists.
c. a habit or repeated action in the past, but not a state.
d. an annoying repeated habit in the present.

18 . You always mess about in class.

a. a repeated past action or state; it might still happen in the present.
b. a typical characteristic of a person.
c. a repeated action in the present.
d. an annoying repeated habit in the past.

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(7) Relative clause ‫الجملة الموصولة‬
:‫) مثل‬Relative pronoun( ‫هي جملة تحوي على ضمير وصل‬ ✨
)whom – ‫ للملكية بين اسمين‬who – whose( ‫عاقل‬
)which – that( ‫غير عاقل‬
)where( ‫المكان‬
‫ …) بدون حرف جر‬in – on – at – of( )when( ‫الزمان‬
✨ The teacher (who) helped me.
✨ The students (whose) work won the science competition.
✨ The professor (whom) I admire greatly.
I read a book (which – that) everyone has been talking about.
Jordan is the place (where) I live.
The year (when) we first met.

:‫جملة الوصل لها نوعان‬

Defining non – defining
Necessary + essential information 1. Extra, non essential information
‫ معلومة ضرورية وأساسية‬ ‫معلومة إضافية بين فاصلتين يمكن حذفها‬
‫ ممنوع فيها الفواصل وال يمكن حذفها‬ 2. Add a comment ‫بين فاصلة واحدة‬

.ND ‫ مع‬that ‫ يعني ممنوعة‬،)Defining( ‫) فقط في جملة‬who – which( ‫) بدل‬that( ‫) متى نضع‬1
‫) متى نستطيع حذف ضمير الوصل بالجملة‬2
)You can omit the relative pronoun without affecting the meaning(
)‫ شروط‬3(
.‫ جملة محددة‬D .1
)who, which, that( ‫ الضمير‬.2
)S + v( ‫ بعد الضمير يكون‬.3
‫؟‬D, ND ‫) كيف نربط الجمل بضمير وصل وهل رح تكون‬3
‫ مع فواصل‬ND ‫حاالت‬
1. ----------- ‫ عاقل‬.--------------------- ‫عاقل‬--------
2. ----------- ‫ غير عاقل‬.---------------- ‫غير عاقل‬----
3. ------------- ‫ عاقل‬.------------------ ‫غير عاقل‬-----

‫ بدون فواصل‬D ‫حاالت‬

1. ------------------ ‫ كلمة‬. ‫ كلمة‬-------------------
2. --------- ‫ غير عاقل‬.--------------- ‫عاقل‬--------

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)‫) حاالت حذف ضمير الوصل بالجملة (بدون ضمير‬4
Participle clauses
Present participle clause (Active) past participle clause (passive)
‫ فعل عادي‬+ ‫( ضمير وصل‬v1, ing) ‫ ضمير وصل‬+ (be + v3) passive
= v.ing = v3
‫ ال نضع أي ضمير‬v3 ‫ أو‬v.ing ‫بمعنى إذا كان بعد الفراغ‬

Prepositions in relative clauses *

In which ‫غير عاقل‬
For whom ‫للعاقل‬

👇💞 ‫شو فهمت ؟‬

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Relative clauses
1- The town ----------------- we relocated to was in the south.
a- who b- which c- whose d- where

2- Her fiancée, --------------- she spilt up with last month, wasn’t very trustworthy.
a- who b- which c- whose d- where

3- The man ------------------- I used to work was always complaining

a-for whom b- which c- whose d- where

4- The house, ------------------- I live, is charming.

a- who b- which c- whose d- where

5- She’s the lady -------------------- I had the row with.

a- that b- which c- whose d- where

6- That’s the programme --------------------- they compete for money

a- when b- in which c- whose d- where

7- The I-talk 7, ………. has been completely redesigned .

a- who b- which c- whose d- where

8- produced in South Korea, -------------- I-talk has its headquarters.

a- who b- which c- whose d- where

9- For those of you ----------------- budget won’t stretch to more expensive brands.
a- who b- which c- whose d- where

10- Virtually all of the quality issues --------------- affected the company’s earlier model.
a- who b- that c- whose d- where

11- Users -------------- care about the quality of their photographs will be happy with the new
dual lens camera.
a- who b- which c- whose d- where

12- The only complaint ------------ we can think of is that the range of colours is limited to blue,
black .
a- who b- which c- whose d- where

13- The women ----------------- standing by the window is my aunt.

a- who b- which c- whose d- x

14- The book ---------------- written by the famous author was a best seller.
a- who b- which c- whose d- x

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 ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
15- Who’s the girl who is crying over there?
The present participle clause for the sentence :
a- Who’s the girl cried over there
b- Who’s the girl who crying over there
c- Who’s the girl crying over there
d- Who’s the girl was crying over there

16- most of my friends who were invited to the party arrived on time.
The present participle clause for the sentence
a- most of my friends who were invited to the party arrived on time
b- most of my friends invited to the party arrived on time
c- most of my friends who invited to the party arrived on time
d- most of my friends inviting to the party arrived on time

17- I live in a house which was built in 1910.

a- I live in a house was built in 1910
b- I live in a house built in 1910
c- I live in a house which built in 1910
d- I live in a house which was built in 1910

18- .¨ He’s got only one cousin.

which sentence matches meaning given :
a- His cousin who was born in Argentina is a teacher.
b- His cousin, who was born in Argentina, is a teacher

19- ¨ All of the windows were open

which sentence matches meaning given :
a- The windows, which overlooked the garden, were open.
b- The windows which overlooked the garden were open.

20- ¨ All the students had a hard time

a- The students who took a test had a hard time.
b- The students, who took a test, had a hard time..

21- ¨ Only some of the fans were wearing the official band
a- The fans who came to the concert were wearing the official band t -shirts.
b- The fans, who come to the concert, were wearing the official band t- shirts.

22- 1. Which sentence gives essential information that cannot be omitted?

a. The house which we just walked past belongs to my grandfather.
b. My grandfather’s house, which I love, isn’t very modern.

23- Which sentence gives extra information that can be omitted?

a. The house which we just walked past belongs to my grandfather.
b. My grandfather’s house, which I love, isn’t very modern.

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24- In which type of relative clause can we use that instead of which or who?
a- defining relative clause b- non- defining relative clause

25- 2. In which sentence can you omit the relative pronoun without affecting the meaning?
a- phones are something that you can keep in your pocket.
b- I had to go into the hall, where the phone was kept, and everyone could hear every word I said.
c- My best friend, who I was usually talking to, used to get fed up with me whispering all the time!
d- you had to have a wire that connected your computer with the telephone line.

26- 4. In which sentence is the relative clause a comment on the whole of the main clause?
a- I had to go into the hall, where the phone was kept, and everyone could hear every word I said.
b- My best friend, who I was usually talking to, used to get fed up with me whispering all the time!
c- you had to have a wire that connected your computer with the telephone line.
d- Oliver is adopted by Mr Brownlow, which shows what a kind man he is.

27- Televisions used to have a dial. The dial was used to change the channel.
a- Televisions used to have a dial which was used to change the channel.
b-Televisions used to have a dial who was used to change the channel.
c-Televisions used to have a dial , which was used , to change the channel.
d-Televisions used to have a dial where was used to change the channel.

28- Technology is always changing. I find this exciting.

a. Technology is always changing, which I find exciting.
b. Technology is always changing, who I find exciting.
c. Technology is always changing, when I find exciting.
d. Technology is always changing, where I find exciting.

29 .Husam has lost his phone. He is very absent-minded.

a. Husam who is very absent-minded has lost his phone.
b. Husam, where is very absent-minded, has lost his phone.
c. Husam, who is very absent-minded, has lost his phone.
d. Husam, which is very absent-minded, has lost his phone

30. That boy’s mum is Japanese. He’s fluent in five languages

a- That boy, whose mum is Japanese, is fluent in five languages.
b- That boy, that mum is Japanese, is fluent in five languages.
c- That boy whose mum is Japanese is fluent in five languages.
d- That boy, who mum is Japanese, is fluent in five languages.

31- My grandma’s house has no wi-fi. It’s very annoying.

a- My grandma’s house has now wi – fi which is very annoying.
b- My grandma’s house has now wi – fi who is very annoying.
c- My grandma’s house has now wi – fi where is very annoying.
d- My grandma’s house has now wi – fi whose is very annoying.

32- They go to that beach in summer. It’s their favourite place.

a- The beach when they go in summer is their favourite place
b- The beach whose they go in summer is their favourite place
c- The beach for whom they go in summer is their favourite place
d- The beach where they go in summer is their favourite place

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 ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
(8) Negative adverbial ‫الظرف المنفي‬

1 hardly, barely, scarcely ------------- when ------------ ‫ إال‬had ‫مساعدهم‬

2 No sonner ----------------- than ------------------- v1 ‫إذا كان بالجملة‬
3 under no circumstances ---------------- ‫مساعدها‬
Modal verb
4 Not only ------------ but also ------------
5 Never, at no time -------------------
6 Seldom, rarely -----------------------
7 Little did (I. they) know imagine
N A S
‫ الظرف‬ ‫ المساعد‬ ‫الفاعل‬

Auxiliary verbs ‫األفعال المساعدة‬

1 To be: is – am – are – was – were
2 To do: do – does – did
3 To have: have – has – had
4 Modals: will – shall – can – may – must
:‫مالحظة مهمة‬ ⚠
.‫ تحذف من اإلجابات ألن كل الظروف منفية‬not ‫أي جملة فيها‬

Negative adverbial
1. No sooner ------------ eaten dinner than he got up and left
a- we had b- had we c- did we d- we did

2. Scarcely ------------ the newspaper when I saw a sensational story.

a- had I opened b- I had opened c- opened had I d- did I open

3. At no time ----------- we were right.

a- did claim we b- we did claim c- did we claim d- claim did we

4. Never ------------ seen such a weird story.

a- had she seen b- did she see c- had seen she d- she did see

5. Rarely ------------so much attention.

a- did get he b- did get c-he did get d-did he get

6. Tie story was false, but it went viral.

a- Not only the story false, but it also went viral.
b- Not only was the story false, but it also went viral.
c- Not only the story was false, but it also went viral.
d- Not only was the story false, but it went viral.

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7. I have never heard such a heart – warming story.
a- Seldom I heard such a heat – warming story
b-Seldom did I heard such a heat – warming story
c- Seldom have heard such a heat – warming story
d-Seldom have I heard such a heat – warming story

8. I clicked on the headline and k knew it was fake.

a- Hardly had I clicked on the headline when I knew it was fake.
b- Hardly did I click on the headline when I knew it was fake.
c- Hardly had I click on the headline when I knew it was fake.
d- Hardly did click on the headline when I knew it was fake.

9. He didn’t realise the problems he’d caused.

a- Little he did realize the problems he’d caused.
b- Little did he realize the problems he’d caused.
c- Little had he realize the problems he’d caused.
d- Little did realize the problems he’d caused.

10. We revealed the truth and then we uncovered more lies.

a-No sooner did we reveal the truth than we uncovered more lies.
b- No sooner did reveal the truth than we uncovered more lies.
c- No sooner did we reveal the truth we uncovered more lies.
d- No sooner we reveal the truth than we uncovered more lies.

11. You can never expose the truth.

a-Under no circumstances you expose the truth
b-Under no circumstances can expose the truth
c- Under no circumstances can you expose the truth
d-Under no circumstances can you exposeed the truth

12-They had only just left when the house exploded.

a- Scarcely had they left when the house exploded.
b- Scarcely they left when the house exploded.
c- Scarcely had left when the house exploded.
d- Scarcely did they left when the house exploded.

13. You should not approach the animal, which is dangerous.

a- under no circumstances should not you approach the animal, which is dangerous.
b-under no circumstances you should approach the animal, which is dangerous.
c- under no circumstances should not approach the animal, which is dangerous.
d- under no circumstances should you approach the animal, which is dangerous.

14. As well as winning the race, she also broke a world record.
a- Not only did win the race, but she also broke a world record.
b- Not only she did win the race, but she also broke a world record.
c- Not only did she win the race, but she also broke a world record.
d- Not only did she win the race, but she broke a world record.

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15. He didn’t imagine that his friend was a spy!
a-Little did imagine that his friend was a spy
b-Little did he imagine that his friend was a spy.
c-Little he imagine that his friend was a spy.
d-Little he did imagine that his friend was a spy.

16. At no time …………….the use of such language acceptable.

a- it b- is c- they d- he

17. Not only ………………….relaxed, but also happy and safe.

a- did I feel b- felt I c- I did feel d- I felt

18- Little …………………that I had more money in my back pocket.

a- did they know b-they did know c- they know d- did know

18- No sooner Ibrahim arrives at work than people start knocking on his office door.
a- No sooner does Ibrahim arrive at work than people start knocking on his office door.
b- No sooner does arrive at work than people start knocking on his office door.
c- No sooner Ibrahim arrive at work than people start knocking on his office door.
d- No sooner did Ibrahim arrive at work than people start knocking on his office door.

19- In no way this article represents my views.

a- In no way did this article represent my views
b- In no way do this article represent my views
c- In no way does this article represent my views
d- In no way this article represent my views

20- ---------------- he know what a lucky escape he had had.

a- little did b- under no circumstances did
c- no sooner did d- scarcely did

21- ----------------- should you leave the building.

a- little b- under no circumstances c- no sooner d- scarcely

22- ----------------- she started reading when she realized it was a hoax.
a- little did b- under no circumstances did
c- no sooner did d- scarcely did

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‫ معاني‬E – E ‫الفصل األول‬

groom: brush and clean fur. ‫تنظيف الفرو‬

omnivore: eats plants and animals ‫آكالت اللحوم‬
rival: a person / group competes with ‫تنافس‬
others
Figure out: understand / solve ‫يكتشف‬
take in: understand ‫يفهم‬
pick up: receive sounds, phone signals ‫يلتقط‬
came across: meet sth / someone ‫يصادف‬
make out: to see ‫يالحظ‬
wipe out: to destroy ‫يهزم‬
spelled out: explain clearly ‫يشرح بالتفصيل‬
pointed out: tell someone something ‫يشير إلى‬
get across: communicate a message ‫يوصل رسالة‬
bring about: cause ‫يسبب‬
house keeper: job is look after house ‫خادم‬
orphan: child whose parents have died ‫يتيم‬
Dystopia: imaginary place where life is ‫المدينة الفاسدة‬
difficult
poacher: illegally catches animals
jump down somebody’s angrily ‫يهاجم بشدة‬
throat:
put somebody on the spot: embarrass someone ‫يحرج شخص‬

Fire questions at someone: ask questions quickly ‫يطرح أسئلة بسرعة‬

refuse to let something drop: not stop talking about some- ‫يصر على متابعة الموضوع‬
thing
insist on having the last final point ‫الكلمة األخيرة‬
word:
not get a word in edgeways: unable to say anything ‫ال يستطيع أن ينطق بكلمة‬
terrified frightened ‫خائف‬
astonished surprised ‫متفاجئ‬
exasperated annoyed ‫منزعج‬
livid furious ‫غاضب‬
tense nervous ‫متوتر‬
ecstatic thrilled ‫بسعادة‬
bewildered confused ‫مرتبك‬
devastated sad ‫حزين‬

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wind somebody up: annoy somebody ‫يثير غضب شخص‬
blow things out of react much worse than it is ‫يضخم األمور‬
proportion:
show off: impress somebody ‫يتباهى‬
burst into tears: start crying ‫ينفجر بالبكاء‬
mess about: silly way ‫ عبث‬/ ‫فوضى‬
have a go at somebody: criticize someone ‫ينتقد‬
make a fuss of somebody: attention ‫ضجة حول شخص‬
be the peacemaker: resolve argument ‫وسيط‬
tell somebody off: speak angrily ‫يعاتب‬
heart breaking: very sad ‫محزن‬
heart warming: happiness ‫سعادة‬
hard – hitting: storg criticism ‫انتقاد قوي‬
exclusive: published / one place ‫حصري‬
sensational: shocking, interesting, ‫ مدهش‬،‫مثير‬
not serious
blanced: equally ‫متوازن‬
quirky: unusual ‫غريب‬
tropical: things are happening ‫له عالقة بما يحدث‬
Newsworthy: interesting to be reported ‫ذو أهمية إخبارية‬
off the record: not meant to be publicly ‫ليس للنشر‬
reported
subject matter: what people talking or writing ‫محتوى‬
about
poignant: causing sadness ‫مؤثر‬
capture: showing using picture ‫يلتقط‬
landscape: land or countryside ‫مناظر طبيعية‬
crop: remove parts of picture ‫مقصوص‬
pose: position for photo ‫وضعية اللتقاط صورة‬
evoke: feel an emotion ‫يثير إحساس‬

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Collocations ‫متالزمات‬

Stay in ‫يبقى‬
Touch ‫التواصل‬
Lose ‫يفقد‬

establish ‫يجري‬
maintain ‫يبقى‬
contact ‫اتصال‬
lose ‫يفقد‬
make ‫يتواصل‬

Spread the ‫ينشر‬

carry a ‫يحمل باليد‬
convey a ‫يبلغ‬ message ‫الرسالة‬
deliver the ‫يوصل‬
pass on ‫يمرر‬

As a result of / As a consequence of ‫نتيجة ِل‬

Give rise to / Lead to something ‫يؤدي إلى‬
be due to ‫بسبب‬
result from ‫ينجم عن‬
result in ‫ينتج عن‬

make a favurable impression: ‫انطباع جيد‬

make small talk: ‫حوار قصير‬
pay a compliment: ‫يمدح‬
hit it up: ‫ينسجم‬
take to you: ‫يعجب‬
come across as: ‫يبدو َك‬
strike up a conversation: ‫يبدأ محادثة‬
have a laugh: ‫يضحك‬
create a bond: ً ‫يكون‬
‫رابطا‬

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
١ Acid rain ‫المطر الحمضي‬
٢ renewable energy ‫الطاقة المتجددة‬
٣ Ozone layer ‫طبقة األوزون‬
٤ Fossil fuels ‫الوقود األحفوري‬
٥ habitat loss ‫فقدان الموطن‬
٦ green house effects gases ‫تأثير االنبعاثات الغازية‬
٧ water scarsity ‫ندرة المياه‬
٨ Exhaust fumes ‫عوادم السيارات‬
٩ endangered species ‫األنواع المهددة باالنقراض‬
١٠ soil erosion ‫انجراف التربة‬
١١ global heating / warming ‫االحتباس الحراري‬
١٢ toxic waste ‫النفايات السامة‬
١٣ wind turbines ‫محركات الرياح‬
١٤ vehicle emissions ‫مخلفات السيارات‬

torrential rain ‫أمطار غزيرة‬

gale – force winds ‫رياح شديدة‬
heavy rain / snow ‫أمطار – ثلوج كثيفة‬
blistering heat ‫حر شديد‬
soaring temperatures ‫درجات حرارة مرتفعة‬
sub – zero temperatures ‫درجات حرارة تحت الصفر‬
freak winds / weather / temperatures ‫ طقس شديد‬،‫رياح‬
high humidity / temperatures ‫رطوبة عالية‬
scorching heat / temperatures / weather ‫طقس الهب‬
backbone ‫عمود فقري‬
critically endanged ‫مهدد باالنقراض‬
crustacean ‫القشريات‬
cuddly ‫لطيف‬
fin ‫زعنفة‬
furry ‫مكسو بالفرو‬
invertebrate ‫ال فقري‬
make up ‫يشكل‬
mammal ‫الثديات‬
marine ‫بحري‬
natural predator ‫العدو الطبيعي‬
nocturnal ‫ليلي‬

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pesticide ‫مبيد حشري‬
primate ‫رئيسي‬
reptile ‫زاحف‬
scale ‫حرشفة‬
skeleton ‫هيكل عظمي‬
slimy ‫لزج‬
solitary ‫وحيد‬
Empathize with somebody ‫يتعاطف مع شخص‬
fall out with somebody ‫يختلف مع شخص‬
give somebody a compliment ‫يمدح‬
let somebody down ‫يخذل شخص‬
lose your temper ‫فقدان السيطرة‬
make fun of somebody ‫يسخر من شخص‬
make up with somebody ‫يصالح شخص‬
put up with sth / somebody ‫يتحمل شخص‬
talk behind somebody’s back ‫يتحدث عن شخص دون علمه‬
a clash between you and a sibling ‫خالف بينك وبين أحد األشقاء‬
a newborn baby ‫مولود جديد‬
a row with friend ‫الخروج مع صديق‬
flunking an important exam ‫الرسوب في امتحان مهم‬
relocating to a different town or county ‫االنتقال إلى بلد آخر‬
Acadimically gifted ‫موهوب أكاديميً ا‬
be challenge enough ‫يواجه تحديً ا كافيً ا‬
make ends meet ‫يكفي لتغطية النفقات‬
In the long run ‫على المدى البعيد‬
stick at sth ‫يثابر عن شيء‬

Positive adjectives ‫صفات إيجابي‬ Negative adjectives ‫صفات سلبية‬

capable ‫قادر على‬ bigoted ‫متعصب‬
charming ‫ساحر‬ conceited ‫مغرور‬
compassionate ‫رحيم‬ defensive ‫هجومي‬
decent ‫لبق‬ hypocritical ‫منافق‬
dedicated / sincere ‫مخلص‬ immature ‫غير ناضج‬
idealistic ‫مثالي‬ pushy ‫لحوح‬
inspirational ‫ملهم‬
modest ‫متواضع‬
passionate ‫شغوف‬
trustworthy ‫جدير بالثقة‬
tough ‫ قاسي‬/‫قوي‬

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
Synonyms ‫مرادفات‬
decrease, go down, drop ‫ينخفض‬
fake, fraud, hoax ‫ خداع‬،‫مزيف‬
reliable, dependable, trustworthy ‫جدير بالثقة‬
mystery, enigma, puzzle ‫ غموض‬،‫لغز‬
signs, clues, hints ‫ تلميحات‬،‫إشارات‬
state, claim, maintain ‫ يؤكد‬،‫يقول‬
strange, bizarre, weired ‫غريب‬
uncover, expose, reveal ‫يكشف‬

News reporting

short attention span ‫أنتباه قصير المدى‬

clickbait headlines ‫عناوين مضللة‬
hit the headlines ‫يتصدر عناوين الصحف‬
expose corruption ‫كشف الفساد‬
generate revenue ‫جني األرباح‬
go viral ‫يحقق انتشار واسع‬
In the public interest ‫مصلحة عامة‬
present both sides of the story ‫يعرض وجهتي النظر‬
raise awareness ‫يزيد الوعي‬
shed light on ‫يسلط الضوء‬
verify sources ‫يوثق المصادر‬
accusation ‫اتهام‬
activist ‫ناشط‬
allegation ‫ادعاء‬
obstruct ‫يعيق‬
pavement ‫رصيف‬
replacement ‫استبدال‬
request ‫طلب‬
suspension ‫يعيق‬
tension ‫توتر‬
come up with a solution ‫يتوصل إلى حل‬
put something in ‫يقدم طلب‬
release a statement ‫يصدر بيانًا‬
report the incident to the police ‫يبلغ الشرطة بالحادث‬
seize an opportunity ‫يغتنم الفرصة‬
refuted the allegation ‫دحض االدعاء‬

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looking
peer: look closely and care fully ‫ينظر بتمعن‬
glance: quick look ‫يلمح‬
spot: notice sth / someone ‫يالحظ شيء‬

speaking

bellow: shout angrily in deep voice ‫يصرخ بغضب‬

yell: shout loudly (excited, angry) ‫يصرخ بحماس‬
mutter: speak quietly, con’t be heard ‫يتمتم‬

moving

race: go somewhere quickly ‫يركض‬

wander: walk in a casual way ‫يتجول‬

👇💞 ‫شو فهمت ؟‬

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📗‫📗 اسئلة الكتاب على المعاني‬
1- I can’t believe we --------------- touch after being such good friends at school.
a- made b- stayed in c- lost d- delivered

2- I’m so glad you ----------------- contact again

a- lose b- convey c- carry d- make

3-Let’s make sure we ------------ in touch from now on.

a- lose b- convey c- carry d- stay

4- will you ------------ a message to Hala when you see her?

a- lose b- pass on c- deliver d- stay

5- Write it down and I’ll ------------ the message to her office later.
a- lose b- carry c- convey d- stay

6. I was embarrassed when he --------- that I had made some basic spelling mistakes
a- pointed out b- picked up c- took in d- came across

7. It was cloudy, but he could still ----------- the distant star.

a- pointed out b- picked up c- took in d- came across

8. I --------- an interesting article about space exploration the other day.

a- pointed out b- picked up c- took in d- came across

9. My science teacher is very good at --------- difficult ideas so that we always understand
them.
a- figuring out b-bringing about c- getting across d- spelling out

10. It took me ages to ------------ exactly how to use the telescope.

a- figure out b-bring about c- make out d- spell out

11. We couldn’t use our mobile phones in the desert, but started to ------- signals when we
went into the mountains.
a- point out b- pick up c- take in d- come across

12- The best way to ------------- a conversation is simply to comments on the weather.
a- create b-pay c- have d- strike up

13- Sharing a house ----------------- a strong bond between young people at university.
a- creates b-pays c- takes d- strike up

14- We ------------ right from the start. We talked all day!

a- strike up b- hit it off c- create bond d- have a laugh

15- 1. I’m completely ------------------ about my exam results – I never thought I’d do so well!
a- tense b- ecstatic c- bewildered d- devastated

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16. Randa’s mother was absolutely --------------- when she found out that her daughter had
cheated in the exam again.
a- terrified b- astonished c- exasperated d-livid

17- He’s ---------------- that someone will find out his secret.
a- terrified b- astonished c- exasperated d-livid

18- 80 percent of the energy we consume is provided by -------------------- which pollute the
atmosphere.
a- Fossil fuels b-Soil erosion c-Exhaust fumes d. wind turbine

19. Deforestation causes ---------------- because tree roots are no longer in place to bind the
earth together.
a- Fossil fuels b-Soil erosion c-Exhaust fumes d. wind turbine

20. It is claimed that ----------------- from cars kill twice as many people as accidents caused
by vehicles
a- Fossil fuels b-Soil erosion c-Exhaust fumes d. wind turbine

21. Up to 300 homes can be powered by one ---------, using renewable energy .
a- Fossil fuels b-Soil erosion c-Exhaust fumes d. wind turbine

22. --------- is the greatest threat to endangered species which are close to extinction
a- Habitat loss b. toxic waste c. acid rain d- soil erosion

23- For safety reasons, ---------------- must be stored in sealed containers underground.
a- Habitat loss b. toxic waste c. acid rain d- soil erosion

24. ----------- damages buildings, forests, and kills fish.

a- Habitat loss b. toxic waste c. acid rain d- soil erosion

25- The ---------------- heat caused the pavement to melt!

a- Blistering b-freezing c-freak d- heavy

26. usually alone, not with others………….

a. nocturnal b- solitary c. slimy d. furry

27. awaken and active at night --------------.

a. nocturnal b- solitary c. slimy d. furry

28. covered in liquid and not nice to touch --------------

a. nocturnal b- solitary c. slimy d. furry

29. covered in thick, soft hair ------------------.

a. nocturnal b- solitary c. slimy d. furry

30. related to the sea ----------------.

a-slimy b. furry c. marine d. Invertebrates

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31. an animal without a backbone
a-slimy b. furry c. marine d. Invertebrates

32- I don’t like holding fish because they are cold and --------------
a-slimy b. furry c. marine d. Invertebrates

33. He’s really -----------------; always telling everyone how great he is.
a. conceited b. pushy c. bigoted d. passionate

34. He’s so -----------------that he refuses to accept anyone who thinks differently from him
a. conceited b. pushy c. bigoted d. passionate

35. He’s quite -----------------; you would never know that he’s a big star.
a. modest b. pushy c. bigoted d. defensive

36. She will look after your baby well; she’s reliable, responsible and completely --------.
a. conceited b. pushy c. bigoted d. trustworthy

37. She can deal with the most difficult situations; she’s very -----------------.
a. tough b. pushy c. bigoted d. passionate

38. Omar would always get ……………..if a teacher criticized his written work.
a. defensive b. charming c. trustworthy d. passionate

39- How did the city newspaper --------- the truth that the other city newspaper was copying
its stories?
a- expose b- fake c- maintain d- bizarre

40- which one of the following is a synonym of “strange”

a- . expose b. fake c- maintain d- bizarre

41- If the posts I write ------- viral, that could mean hundreds of thousands of page views
a. go b. attention c. light d. public

42- I’d love to cover traditional news stories which are in the public interest, where
I could expose --------------.
a-click bait b- corruption c-generates d- go

43-The articles I write rarely shed much ------------- on the key issues
a-click bait b- corruption c-generates d- light

44- to look at something closely and carefully:

a -peer b. glance c. spot d. bellow

45- Salwa was sad when her best friend moved to another city. ---------------
a-terrified b. devastated c . lived d. tense

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Speaking :Expressing emotions:

Expressing anxiety ‫التعبير عن القلق‬

1. It’s been keeping me up at night.
😓
2. I’m worried sick about it.

Expressing relief ‫التعبير عن الراحة‬

1. I can breathe a sigh of relief now.
😌
2. That’s a weight off mind.

Expressing annoyance and frustration ‫التعبير عن االنزعاج والغضب‬

1. Is driving me up the wall.
😡
2. really gets on my nerves.
3. I’ve had it up to here with.

Expressing surprise or disbelief ‫التعبير عن المفاجئة وعدم التصديق‬

1. You’ve got to be kidding me.
😲
2. get out of here!
3. who would have thought it?

Expressing sadness ‫التعبير عن الحزن‬

1. I’m feeling a bit down in the dumps.
😭
2. I’m feeling a bit blue.
3. I’m heart broken.

Expressing happiness and enjoyment ‫التعبير عن السعادة‬

1. I’m walking on the air
😁
2. I can’t stop smiling.

Response ✅
I don’t blame you. ‫ال ألومك‬
I know, right?‫ أليس كذلك ؟‬, ‫أعلم‬
I’m really pleased for you. ‫أنا سعيد جدا من اجلك‬
I’m so sorry to hear that. ‫أسف لسماع ذلك‬
What a pain ! ‫يا لها من مشكلة‬
What’s the worst that could happen? ‫ما هو أسوأشئ ممكن يحدث‬

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🗣 Speaking | problem – solving ‫حل المشكلة‬
Expressing indecision‫التعبير عن التردد‬
I’m torn between… and…
I’m on the fence (about)…
I’m having second thoughts.
I can’t make up my mind
On the one hand,.. but on the other hand,..
I can’t put my finger on it, but…
Expressing agreement ‫التعبير عن الموافقة‬
You’re spot on!
That’s what I was going to say! / Absolutely!
Expressing disagreement ‫التعبير عن عدم الموافقة‬
It doesn’t grab me.
I think we’re on the wrong track -.
That’s a good point, but… Ok, but another option might be… Seriously?!
Reaching a decision ‫الوصول لقرار‬
So, let’s make a decision on this.
Okay, so shall we go with?
It looks as if we agree that…

✍ Writing | A formal email ✉

1- If you know the name of the person, start the letter Dear Mr / Mrs / Ms , end the letter Yours
sincerely.
2- If you don’t know the person’s name, start the letter Dear Sir or Madam , end the letter yours
faithfully
3- In the introduction, state your reasons for writing.
4- In the main paragraphs, state the problem (s) and offer solutions.
5- In the final paragraph, ask the recipient of the email/ letter to take some action.
6- Before you sign off, mention that you expect a reply.
7- Don’t use contractions, e.g. use I am writing not I’m writing.
8- Avoid using phrasal verbs, e.g. use reduce rather than cut down on.
9-Make points less personal / direct by using passives, e.g. use we are told that rather than some
people say.
10-Make your tone less direct by using hypothetical constructions, e.g. use I would ask you to
rather than please…

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🗣 Speaking | Generalising ‫التعميم‬
Talking about what is generally true ‫¨التحدث عن ما هو صحيح‬
On the whole, … ¨ In general, … ¨ In some/ many / most cases, … ¨ Broadly speaking, … ¨ By
and large, … ¨ More often than not, … ¨ Nine times out of ten, … ¨ 90 percent of the time,… ¨
To some/ a great extent, … ¨ … tend to think/ say/ believe… ¨ There’s a tendency for … to.

Acknowledging that you are generalising ‫االقرار بانك تعمم‬

¨ This is a bit of a sweeping statement, but… ¨ I may be overgeneralizing, but … ¨ You might
think this is an overgeneralisation, but…
Speaking | Telling an anecdote. ‫إخبارحكاية‬ ✏
✨ Saying that an anecdote is about to start.
You’ll never believe what happened to me
That reminds me of (a time when)
Have I ever told you about …?
A friend of a friend told me this story.
✨ Giving background information
I was travelling on the bus, when
Well, I’m not sure if you know ..., but… ...
There was this guy who …
✨ Introducing a turning point
Anyway, to cut a long story short, …
Suddenly, …
No sooner had … than …
Hardly had we … when …
It turned out that …... happening was what knew we Before
Guess what?
✨ Showing the speaker’s attitude ‫المتحدث نظر وجهة إظهار‬
Obviously, I was abit taken aback.
I couldn’t believe what was happening. ‫ يصدق‬.
And then, to top it all, …
I mean – l’ve done it, haven’t you?
No word of a lie!
Would you believe it?

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✨ Rounding off the anecdote
It was probably the most embarrassing moment of my life!
I’ll never forget …

✨ Position for adverbs within a clause :

Manner place time
I drove aimlessly around the city for hours.
Mannar: suddenly, utterly, unsuccessfully, desperately, brightly.
Place: into thin air, to his left.
Time: now, within minutes.

Free writing (‫) موضوع ايجابي‬

‫العنوان في وسط الصفحة‬
capital ‫ويبدأ بحرف‬

‫ مسافة‬We all agree that ……………‫………العنوان‬..is one of the most important things in our lives
nowadays, and we all admit the necessity of ………‫………العنوان‬.in all aspects of everyday life . In
this essay, I am going to discuss …… ‫ ……العنوان‬from its all sides.

First of all, no wonder if we say that ………‫…العنوان‬.. has its great and positive effects on us
because it brings progress and development to our society . Really it is worth discussing. Also, it has
made great changes in our lives which has become easier and more comfortable.

In addition, it increases our knowledge and culture in life, it is important not only for individuals but
also for all our society, therefore it gives the power to brighten our gloomy life and solve most of the
problems.

It appears that ,…………‫ ………العنوان‬is necessary for the development of any nation, and it can be
considered one of the most important aspect of progress and culture of any nation.

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Free writing ‫موضوع سلبي‬

‫العنوان في وسط الصفحة‬

capital ‫ويبدأ بحرف‬

‫مسافة‬There is no doubt that……….. is one of the most dangerous problem in our lives and has its
bad and negative effects nowadays. In this essay, I am going to clarify its effects on us.

It is worth mentioning that…………… is really serious and harmful nowadays therefore it stands
for an obstacle in our progress so we should put an end to it. In addition, one should unit, cooperate,
and shoulder to shoulder against it.

Moreover, the government must try to overcome this serious problem by finding the best solutions.
For example, all members of the society must participate in putting an end to this serious problem.
Also, we should do our very best to get rid of this problem by spreading awareness and working
hard.

It appears that , ………….. has a lot of disadvantages which we can’t count , so the government and
the individuals should stand together to fight against this problem.

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Messaging through time
‫المراسلة عبر الزمن‬

Since the dawn of time, people have been using different ways of communicating at a distance.
They used smoke signals and after writing developed, they invented more ingenious methods of
delivering messages;
, ‫ استخدم الناس طرق مختلفة للتواصل عبر المسافات‬،‫منذ فجر التاريخ‬

For example, sending a message in a bottle. At the turn of the 20th century, bottles were found
which had been sent by people who were travelling on board the Titanic. Happier stories have
also come to light. In 1956, Ake Viking, a Swede, tossed a letter into the sea, hoping it would
reach his future wife. Two years later, he received a letter from a Sicilian girl, Paolina, who had
found his bottle and soon after they were married!
‫ تم العثور على زجاجات أرسلها أشخاص كانوا‬،‫ في مطلع القرن العشرين‬.‫ إرسال رسالة داخل زجاجة‬،‫على سبيل المثال‬
ً ‫ كما ظهرت‬.‫يسافرون على متن سفينة تايتانيك‬
‫ وهو‬،‫ ألقى آكه فايكنغ‬،6591 ‫ في عام‬.‫أيضا قصص أكثر سعادة‬
‫ تلقى رسالة من فتاة صقلية ُتدعى‬،‫ وبعد عامين‬.‫ رسالة في البحر على أمل أن تصل إلى زوجته المستقبلية‬،‫سويدي‬
!‫ وسرعان ما تزوجا‬،‫ كانت قد وجدت زجاجته‬،‫باولينا‬

The invention of the telegraph in 1837 sped up communication dramatically. A criminal, John
Tawell, was caught after he had escaped on the train to London. A telegram was sent to the Lon-
don police, and they were waiting for him when he arrived there.
‫ تم القبض على مجرم يُ دعى جون تاويل بعد أن هرب‬.‫ إلى تسريع التواصل بشكل كبير‬7381 ‫أدى اختراع التلغراف في عام‬
.‫ وكانوا في انتظاره عند وصوله هناك‬،‫ ُأرسل تلغراف إلى شرطة لندن‬.‫بالقطار إلى لندن‬

In Jordan, there are over six million mobile phones in use by the population. But you can still
send telegrams through the Jordan Post Company!
‫ ال يزال بإمكانك إرسال‬،‫ ومع ذلك‬.‫ هناك أكثر من ستة ماليين هاتف محمول مستخدم من قبل السكان‬،‫في األردن‬
!‫البرقيات من خالل شركة البريد األردني‬

Since the invention of the mobile phone and the internet, the world has become a different place.
People are still sending messages and it usually 8 takes only seconds to deliver them. there are
examples of when the internet has changed someone’s life for the better. Look at Tara Taylor’s
case, a mother who lives in the USA: when she uploaded a photo of her daughter on social me-
dia, a friend spotted a problem with one of the child’s eyes. It turned out that the girl had a rare
disease, but her sight was saved!
ً
‫ وغالبً ا ما تستغرق‬،‫ ال يزال الناس يرسلون الرسائل‬.‫مختلفا‬ ً
‫مكانا‬ ‫ أصبح العالم‬،‫منذ اختراع الهاتف المحمول واإلنترنت‬
‫ وهي‬،‫ انظر إلى حالة تارا تايلور‬.‫ وهناك أمثلة على حاالت غيّ ر فيها اإلنترنت حياة شخص ما نحو األفضل‬.‫ثوان فقط لتصل‬ٍ
‫ الحظت‬،‫ عندما قامت برفع صورة البنتها على وسائل التواصل االجتماعي‬:‫أم تعيش في الواليات المتحدة األمريكية‬
!‫ لكن تم إنقاذ بصرها‬،‫ وتبيّ ن أن الطفلة كانت تعاني من مرض نادر‬.‫صديقتها وجود مشكلة في إحدى عيني الطفلة‬

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Read the article again and then answer the following questions:
1-Which form of communication helps to catch criminal
a bottle b. the telegraph c. mobile phone d. the internet.
2- How can a means of communication changes someone’s life! Find example in the text.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- How can Jordanian people send telegrams?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- What does the underlined pronoun (they) refer to?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- Which one of the following is an example of a happy story:
a. Tara Taylor and her daughter.
b. Paolina, who found Ake’s bottle.
c. John Tawell, who escaped on the train to London.
d. people who were travelling on board the Titanic.

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Making contact
‫إجراء اتصال‬

We know that some animals understand basic instructions, allowing travellers to control their
horses or camels, for example, we have long assumed that communication with – and between –
animals must be limited. However, thanks to the work done by the naturalist Jane Goodall since
the 1960s, we should take the possibility seriously that some animals can both take in what we
are saying and get across complex ideas.
،‫ مما يسمح للمسافرين بالتحكم في خيولهم أو جمالهم‬،‫نحن نعلم أن بعض الحيوانات تفهم التعليمات األساسية‬
ً
،‫ ومع ذلك‬.‫محدودا‬ ‫ لقد افترضنا منذ زمن بعيد أن التواصل مع الحيوانات – وبينها – ال بد أن يكون‬.‫على سبيل المثال‬
‫ ينبغي علينا أن نأخذ على محمل الجد‬،‫وبفضل العمل الذي قامت به العالمة الطبيعية جين جودال منذ الستينيات‬
ً ‫إمكانية أن بعض الحيوانات يمكنها أن تفهم ما نقوله وتنقل أفكارًا معقدة‬
‫أيضا‬

As a child, Jane loved reading books about a fictional character called Dr Dolittle, who could
talk to animals, perhaps this is what inspired her to go to Africa when she was in her 20s. Here
she came across a scientist who asked jane if she might want a job observing chimpanzees in the
wild. She immediately said yes. She went with her mother to the shores of Lake Tanganyika in
Tanzania to start her new job, and it was not long before she made out a group of chimpanzees in
the trees around an area now called the Gombe Stream National Park.
‫ الذي كان يستطيع التحدث‬،‫ كانت جين تحب قراءة الكتب عن شخصية خيالية ُتدعى الدكتور دوليتل‬،‫عندما كانت طفلة‬
‫ وهناك التقت‬.‫ وربما كان هذا ما ألهمها للذهاب إلى إفريقيا عندما كانت في العشرينات من عمرها‬.‫إلى الحيوانات‬
‫ وذهبت مع‬.‫ فأجابت على الفور بالموافقة‬،‫بعالِم سألها إن كانت ترغب في وظيفة لمراقبة الشمبانزي في البرية‬
‫ ولم يمض وقت طويل حتى تمكنت من تمييز‬،‫والدتها إلى شواطئ بحيرة تنجانيقا في تنزانيا لتبدأ وظيفتها الجديدة‬
.‫مجموعة من الشمبانزي في األشجار المحيطة بمنطقة ُتعرف اآلن باسم منتزه جومبي ستريم الوطني‬

How could a young English woman with no scientific training possibly make contact with a
group of wild chimpanzees? At first, the animals ran away as soon as they saw her. But maybe
because she knew very little about these wild animals, it is highly likely that her calmness gained
their trust. It was only later that Jane would learn how dangerous they could be, she saw that
different groups of chimpanzees had battles in which they tried to wipe out the rival group. But
before this, her studies showed her that the chimpanzees could clearly communicate, allowing
them to groom and help each other, share food as well as have arguments. Jane pointed out that
the animals couldn’t communicate using language like people, but they could communicate by
touch and sound. Amazingly, she also realized they could use sign language.
‫ كانت الحيوانات‬،‫كيف يمكن المرأة إنجليزية شابة ال تمتلك أي تدريب علمي أن تتواصل مع مجموعة من الشمبانزي البري؟ في البداية‬
‫ فمن المرجح أن هدوءها هو ما أكسبها‬،‫ لكن ربما ألنها لم تكن تعرف الكثير عن هذه الحيوانات البرية‬.‫تهرب بمجرد أن تراها‬
ً
‫ فقد رأت أن مجموعات مختلفة من الشمبانزي كانت تخوض معارك تحاول فيها‬،‫الحقا‬ ‫ ولم تتعلم جين مدى خطورتهم إال‬.‫ثقتهم‬
‫ مما مكنهم‬،‫ أظهرت دراساتها أن الشمبانزي كانوا قادرين بوضوح على التواصل‬،‫ ولكن قبل ذلك‬.‫القضاء على المجموعة المنافسة‬
‫ وقد أشارت جين إلى أن الحيوانات‬.‫ وكذلك الدخول في مشادات‬،‫ ومشاركة الطعام‬،‫ ومساعدة بعضهم‬،‫من تنظيف بعضهم البعض‬
ً ‫ والمذهل أنها اكتشفت‬.‫ لكنها كانت تتواصل عن طريق اللمس واألصوات‬،‫ال يمكنها التواصل باستخدام اللغة مثل البشر‬
‫أيضا أنهم‬
.‫يستطيعون استخدام لغة اإلشارة‬

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At this time, people believed that only humans could use tools, but Jane watched chimpanzees
using sticks to take ants from a tree, and then used the sticks to feed the ants to their young.
Through her work, Jane spelled out to the scientific community for the first time that animals,
too, could use tools.
‫ ولكن جين شاهدت الشمبانزي‬،‫ كان الناس يعتقدون أن البشر فقط هم من يمكنهم استخدام األدوات‬،‫في ذلك الوقت‬
،‫ ومن خالل عملها‬.‫ ثم يستخدمون هذه العصي إلطعام صغارهم‬،‫وهم يستخدمون العصي الستخراج النمل من األشجار‬
ً ‫أوضحت جين للمجتمع العلمي ألول مرة أن الحيوانات‬
‫أيضا تستطيع استخدام األدوات‬

In my opinion, Jane Goodall brought about a complete change in the way people understand
how animals can communicate. Since her work in Tanzania, naturalists have continued to study
different forms of communication between animals such as whales and elephants, who can pick
up sounds made by other whales and elephants over large distances. I feel that we may well learn
even more about animal communication in the future.
،‫ منذ عملها في تنزانيا‬.‫ جين جودال أحدثت تغييرًا كاملً في طريقة فهم الناس لكيفية تواصل الحيوانات‬،‫في رأيي‬
‫ التي يمكنها التقاط‬،‫استمر علماء الطبيعة في دراسة أشكال مختلفة من التواصل بين الحيوانات مثل الحيتان والفيلة‬
‫ أشعر أنه قد نكتشف المزيد عن تواصل الحيوانات في‬.‫األصوات التي تصدرها حيتان وفيلة أخرى على مسافات كبيرة‬
.‫المستقبل‬

1- According to the author, how did Jane get the chimpanzees to trust her?
a. she talked to them. b. she was relaxed with them.
c. They didn’t know she was there.
2- What were the two most important discoveries that Jane made?
a. The chimpanzees could talk and make tools.
b. The chimpanzees had fights and disciplined their children.
c. The chimpanzees could use tools and communicate using sign language.
3- What does the author believe might happen if humans could talk to animals?
a. We would change our minds about how animals communicate.
b. We might learn to communicate like whales and elephants
c. They might teach us important lessons.
4- find a word from the text which means “a living being that eats plants and animals”
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- what does the underlined pronoun ‘their’ refer to ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Communicating with the past
‫التواصل مع الماضي‬
The Rosetta Stone is nothing much to look at. Nevertheless, visitors to the British Museum flow
endlessly past the piece of rock, despite being unable to make out what is written on it. If they
could, they might be disappointed to discover that it is a kind of tax document.
ً
‫ رغم‬،‫ يتدفق الزوار في المتحف البريطاني بال توقف أمام هذه القطعة من الصخر‬،‫ ومع ذلك‬.‫شيئا يلفت النظر كثيرًا‬ ‫حجر رشيد ليس‬
‫ فقد يشعرون بخيبة أمل عندما يكتشفون أنها نوع من‬،‫ ولو استطاعوا ذلك‬.‫أنهم غير قادرين على فهم ما هو مكتوب عليها‬
.‫الوثائق الضريبية‬

However, as the museum guides explain, the Rosetta Stone is the star of an incredible story
about figuring out how to communicate with the past.
.‫ فإن حجر رشيد هو نجم قصة مذهلة عن اكتشاف كيفية التواصل مع الماضي‬،‫ كما يوضح مرشدو المتحف‬،‫ومع ذلك‬

The tale begins over 2000 years ago in Egypt. When Pharaoh Ptolemy IV died, his six-year-old
son become the ruler. This was the start of years of chaos as rival groups tried to influence him.
Eventually, the boy-pharaoh grew up and, with the assistance of powerful priests, he took con-
trol.
‫ أصبح ابنه البالغ من العمر ست سنوات هو‬،‫ عندما توفي الفرعون بطليموس الرابع‬.‫ عام في مصر‬0002 ‫تبدأ الحكاية قبل أكثر من‬
‫ كبر الفرعون‬،‫ وفي نهاية المطاف‬.‫ حيث حاولت جماعات متنافسة التأثير عليه‬،‫ وكان ذلك بداية سنوات من الفوضى‬.‫الحاكم‬
.‫ تولى زمام الحكم‬،‫ وبمساعدة كهنة أقوياء‬،‫الطفل‬

In 196 BCE, like all the other pharaohs before him, he wished to announce to the world the
importance of his role, the Rosetta Stone is one of 18 stones that were put in temples around
Egypt; their purpose was both to point this message and to bring into law some very generous
tax some very generous tax breaks for priests. The stone is of historical importance because the
‘memo’ it contains is written in three languages: Greek, an Egyptian language called Demotic,
and hieroglyphics like those found on tombs.

‫ حجرًا‬81 ‫ حجر رشيد هو واحد من‬.‫ أراد أن يعلن للعالم أهمية دوره‬،‫ وكما فعل جميع الفراعنة قبله‬،‫ قبل الميالد‬691 ‫في عام‬
‫ وكذلك إقرار بعض اإلعفاءات الضريبية السخية للكهنة بموجب‬،‫ُوضعت في معابد حول مصر؛ وكان الغرض منها إيصال هذه الرسالة‬
‫ ولغة مصرية ُتدعى‬،‫ اليونانية‬:‫ وتكمن األهمية التاريخية للحجر في أن «المذكرة» التي يحتوي عليها ُكتبت بثالث لغات‬.‫القانون‬
.‫ والهيروغليفية المشابهة لتلك الموجودة على القبور‬،‫الديموطيقية‬

The Rosetta Stone remained in Egypt for 2000 years. Then in 1801, it was captured by
the British Army and taken to London. There, academics tried to figure out what was
written on it, but nobody could understand the hieroglyphics. That was until a researcher named
Thomas Young came across a group of symbols that spelled the name ‘Ptolemy’. His work was
continued by Jean – Francois Champollion who finally figured out how to read the mysterious
text in 1882. Young and Champollion’s work allowed us to work out exactly what is written on
all the great objects and monuments of Egypt.

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‫بقي حجر رشيد في مصر لمدة ‪ 0002‬عام‪ .‬ثم في عام ‪ ،1081‬استولت عليه القوات البريطانية ُ‬
‫ونقل إلى لندن‪ .‬وهناك‪ ،‬حاول‬
‫فك ما هو مكتوب عليه‪ ،‬لكن لم يكن أحد يستطيع فهم الهيروغليفية‪ .‬حتى جاء باحث يُ دعى توماس يونغ‪ ،‬ووجد‬‫األكاديميون ّ‬
‫ّ‬
‫مجموعة من الرموز التي ُتمثل اسم «بطليموس»‪ .‬وقد واصل عمله جان‪-‬فرانسوا شامبليون‪ ،‬الذي نجح أخيرًا في فك رموز النص‬
‫الغامض في عام ‪ .2281‬وقد ّ‬
‫مكننا عمل يونغ وشامبليون من معرفة ما هو مكتوب بدقة على جميع التحف واآلثار العظيمة في‬
‫مصر‬

‫‪However, despite the best efforts of linguists and code breakers, a number of unexplained‬‬
‫‪manuscripts and mysterious languages have proved unsolvable. A notable example is‬‬
‫‪Rongorongo, which scholars believe may be a written language from Easter Island. It was found‬‬
‫‪in the 19th century on various wooden objects and is made up of symbols showing animals,‬‬
‫‪humans, and plants. There have been many attempts to work out what meaning it conveys. This‬‬
‫‪suggested that it may be related to the cycles of the moon. It is also possible that Rongorongo is‬‬
‫‪not written text at all, but is in fact an early kind of memory aid or even simply decoration.‬‬

‫ومع ذلك‪ ،‬وعلى الرغم من الجهود الكبيرة التي بذلها اللغويون ومحللو الشفرات‪ ،‬ال تزال بعض المخطوطات غير المفسرة واللغات‬
‫الغامضة عصيّ ة على الحل‪ .‬ومن أبرز األمثلة على ذلك «رونغورونغو»‪ ،‬والتي يعتقد العلماء أنها قد تكون لغة مكتوبة من جزيرة‬
‫وتتكون من رموز ُتظهر حيوانات وبشرًا ونباتات‪ .‬وقد جرت‬
‫ّ‬ ‫الفصح‪ .‬وقد ُعثر عليها في القرن التاسع عشر على قطع خشبية مختلفة‪،‬‬
‫العديد من المحاوالت لفهم المعاني التي تحملها‪ .‬وقد أشارت بعض التفسيرات إلى أنها قد تكون مرتبطة بدورات القمر‪ .‬ومن‬
‫ّ‬
‫التذكر‪ ،‬أو حتى مجرد زخرفة‪.‬‬ ‫نصا مكتوبًا على اإلطالق‪ ،‬بل ربما كانت ً‬
‫نوعا مبكرًا من وسائل‬ ‫المحتمل ً‬
‫أيضا أن «رونغورونغو» ليست ً‬

‫‪Then there’s the beautiful Voynich Manuscript, a book which has been dated to the early 15th‬‬
‫‪century. It is thought to be written in a European language – though not a familiar one – and‬‬
‫‪contains strange pictures of plants and animals. Some researchers have suggested it is a fake‬‬
‫‪and others a guide to medieval medicine. Because it remains so mysterious, it has inspired many‬‬
‫‪contemporary films and books.‬‬
‫ثم هناك المخطوطة الجميلة المعروفة باسم «مخطوطة فوينيتش»‪ ،‬وهي كتاب يُ عتقد أنه يعود إلى أوائل القرن الخامس عشر‪.‬‬
‫يُ عتقد أنها مكتوبة بلغة أوروبية – لكنها ليست لغة معروفة – وتحتوي على رسومات غريبة لنباتات وحيوانات‪ .‬وقد اقترح بعض‬
‫الباحثين أنها خدعة‪ ،‬بينما رأى آخرون أنها دليل للطب في العصور الوسطى‪ .‬وبسبب غموضها الشديد‪ ،‬فقد ألهمت العديد من‬
‫األفالم والكتب المعاصرة‬

‫‪Finally, according to some estimates, the Tartaria Tablets, which were unearthed in Romania‬‬
‫‪in 1961, are over 7000 years old. This would make the symbols on these small round discs the‬‬
‫‪earliest known form of writing. As with many messages from the past, opinions differ and even‬‬
‫‪the experts can be sure of almost nothing. One day, someone will almost certainly spell out what‬‬
‫‪these strange messages mean, and where mystery remains, investigation will surely continue.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫وفقا لبعض التقديرات‪ ،‬فإن ألواح تارتاريا‪ ،‬التي تم اكتشافها في رومانيا عام ‪ ،1691‬تعود إلى أكثر من ‪ 0007‬عام‪ .‬وإذا صح‬ ‫وأخيرًا‪،‬‬
‫ذلك‪ ،‬فإن الرموز المنقوشة على هذه األقراص الصغيرة المستديرة ستكون أقدم شكل معروف للكتابة‪ .‬وكما هو الحال مع العديد‬
‫ً‬
‫شخصا ما‬ ‫من الرسائل القادمة من الماضي‪ ،‬تختلف اآلراء‪ ،‬وحتى الخبراء ال يمكنهم الجزم بشيء تقريبً ا‪ .‬ومع ذلك‪ ،‬من المؤكد أن‬
‫سيكشف ً‬
‫يوما ما عن معنى هذه الرسائل الغريبة‪ ،‬وحيثما بقي الغموض‪ ،‬ستستمر محاوالت االستكشاف بال شك‬

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1. How can the author’s opinion of the Rosetta Stone best be summarised?
a. Its popularity as a museum exhibit is difficult to explain.
b. It is far more significant than it looks.
c. It is a disappointment for most museum visitors.
d. It is a dull administrative document
2. Which is true about the Rosetta Stone?
a. It was made for a child ruler.
b. It was the only one of its kind.
c. Its sole aim was to announce the importance of the pharaoh.
d. It contains a multilingual message.
3. What did Thomas Young manage to do?
a. understand some symbols. b. spell Ptolemy.
c. read the Rosetta Stone. d. understand some tax breaks.
4. What does the author say about Rongorongo?
a. It may not actually be writing. b. It is a kind of calendar.
c. It is a kind of decoration. d. It tells stories of the natural world.
5. Which object does the author say has become a part of popular culture?
a. the Rosetta Stone. b. the Rongorongo carvings.
c. the Voynich Manuscript. d. the Tartaria Tablets.
6. What does the author believe about mysterious texts from the past?
a. There are some texts we will never be able to work out.
b. We should only try to understand written languages, not symbols.
c. It’s impossible for experts to agree about any texts from the past.
d. we’ll always try to make sense of them.

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The Future’s… ‫المستقبل‬

Bright
In many ways, human life on this planet is better than it’s ever been. In many countries across
the world, crime has been dropping steadily. This may be due to better education, or perhaps
to a reduction in extreme poverty. In 2018, the proportion of the world’s population living in
extreme poverty fell to around 10%. With luck, no one will be living in this way within a few
decades.
،‫ في العديد من دول العالم‬.‫ أصبحت حياة اإلنسان على هذا الكوكب أفضل مما كانت عليه في أي وقت مضى‬،‫بطرق عديدة‬
‫ في‬.‫ أو ربما نتيجة النخفاض الفقر المدقع‬،‫ قد يكون ذلك بسبب تحسن مستوى التعليم‬.‫انخفضت معدالت الجريمة بشكل مستمر‬
‫ قد ال يضطر أي شخص‬،‫ ومع قليل من الحظ‬.%01 ‫ انخفضت نسبة سكان العالم الذين يعيشون في فقر مدقع إلى حوالي‬،8102 ‫عام‬
.‫للعيش بهذه الطريقة خالل بضعة عقود‬

Technology is also making our lives easier and safer, and this trend is bound to continue. For
example, driving is sure to become safer. Human error is the key reason for most car accidents,
and well-programmed driverless cars may save huge numbers of lives. Such cars are already a
reality and are going to become more common in the next few years.
ً ‫التكنولوجيا تجعل حياتنا أسهل وأكثر‬
‫ من المؤكد أن القيادة ستصبح‬،‫ على سبيل المثال‬.‫ ومن المؤكد أن هذا االتجاه سيستمر‬،‫أمانا‬
ً
‫أعدادا‬ ً
‫جيدا‬ ً ‫أكثر‬
‫ وقد تنقذ السيارات ذاتية القيادة المبرمجة‬،‫ فالخطأ البشري هو السبب الرئيسي لمعظم حوادث السيارات‬.‫أمانا‬
ً
.‫شيوعا في السنوات القليلة المقبلة‬ ً
‫ ومن المتوقع أن تصبح أكثر‬،‫واقعا‬ ‫ هذه السيارات أصبحت بالفعل‬.‫هائلة من األرواح‬

And finally, life expectancy is already higher than it’s ever been and as a result of better
medicine, people are likely to live until the age of 100.
‫ من المرجح أن‬،‫ ونتيجة لتحسن الرعاية الطبية‬،‫ فإن متوسط العمر المتوقع أصبح أعلى مما كان عليه في أي وقت مضى‬،‫وأخيرًا‬
.‫يعيش الناس حتى سن المئة‬

Terrifying
We may have seen some improvement in poverty and crime in recent decades, but why assume
that this pattern will continue? I’d argue that for most people life is actually unlikely to get
better.
‫ لكن لماذا نفترض أن هذا النمط سيستمر؟ أود‬،‫قد نكون قد شهدنا بعض التحسن في معدالت الفقر والجريمة في العقود األخيرة‬
.ً‫ من غير المرجح أن تتحسن فعال‬،‫ بالنسبة لمعظم الناس‬،‫أن أجادل بأن الحياة‬

Advances in robotics and artificial intelligence will not only reduce the number of unskilled jobs
available, but will also eliminate semi-skilled jobs which can be done by a computer. By 2050,
young people will have been trying, and failing, to get a job for most of their ‘working’ lives!
In 30 years’ time, a few lucky people will be rich and the rest of us will be poor.

ّ
‫ بل ستقضي‬،‫التقدمات في مجال الروبوتات والذكاء االصطناعي إلى تقليل عدد الوظائف غير الماهرة المتاحة فحسب‬ ‫لن تؤدي‬
ً
‫ سيكون الشباب قد قضوا معظم سنوات‬،0502 ‫ بحلول عام‬.‫أيضا على الوظائف شبه الماهرة التي يمكن للكمبيوتر القيام بها‬
ً 03 ‫ الحصول على وظيفة! بعد‬- ‫ دون جدوى‬- ‫«عملهم» وهم يحاولون‬
‫ سيكون هناك عدد قليل من األشخاص المحظوظين‬،‫عاما‬
ّ ‫ بينما سيكون الباقون‬،‫األثرياء‬
.‫منا فقراء‬

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Within 20 years, we will have stopped fighting over oil – we’ll be fighting over water instead, as
global warming is certain to lead to more water shortages.

ً 02 ‫في غضون‬
‫ ألن االحتباس الحراري‬،‫ سنتوقف عن القتال من أجل النفط – وسنبدأ في القتال من أجل المياه بدالً من ذلك‬،‫عاما‬
‫سيؤدي بال شك إلى المزيد من نقص المياه‬

1- What resource will future conflicts likely be over, according to the text?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

2- What are the negative consequences of advances in robotics and artificial intelligence?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

3- what does the underlined pronoun ‘ their’ refer to ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

4- What trend in technology is highlighted as making life easier and safer?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

5- Mention the factors that might have contributed to reduce crime?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

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They need saving too!

A) It’s no accident that the symbol of the World Wide Fund for nature is a giant panda.
These animals are cute or beautiful, or both, and of course we all want to save them.
This popularity enables organisations such as the WWF to raise money to support a range of
critically endangered species. However, less well-known or ‘exciting’ creatures are far more
likely to become extinct because they don’t get enough attention from researchers. Invertebrates
(animals without a backbone) make up over 90% of all the creatures on Earth, but get only a tiny
percentage of the money available to protect our wildlife.

‫ أو‬،‫ هـذه الحيوانـات لطيفـة أو جميلـة‬.‫أ) ليـس مـن قبيـل الصدفـة أن يكـون رمـز الصنـدوق العالمـي للطبيعـة هـو البانـدا العمالقـة‬
‫ مــن جمــع األمــوال لدعــم مجموعــة مــن‬FWW ‫ هــذه الشــعبية تمكــن منظمــات مثــل‬.‫ ً وبالطبــع نريــد جميع ّ ــا إنقاذهــا‬،‫كالهمـا‬
‫ فـإن المخلوقـات األقـل شـهرة أو »إثـارة« هـي أكثـر عرضـة اللنقـراض ألنهـا ال‬،‫ ومـع ذلـك‬.‫األنــواع المهــددة باالنقـراض بشـكل حـرج‬
‫ مـن جميـع‬09% ‫ االلفقاريـات )الحيوانـات التـي تحتـوي علـى عمـود فقـري( تشـكل أكثـر مـن‬.‫تحصـل علـى اهتمـام ٍ كاف مـن الباحثيـن‬
.‫ ولكنهـا تحصـل علـى نسـبة ضئيلـة فقـط مـن األمـوال المتاحـة لحمايـة حياتنـا البريـة‬،‫المخلوقـات علـى األرض‬

B) And what about those creatures that many people would find positively ugly? With its tiny
eyes, big mouth and slimy pink body, the blobfish is far from attractive. This marine creature
lives deep in the ocean, where the pressure is very high. As a result, it has tiny fins and no
skeleton, which keeps it from being crushed by the water pressure. Unfortunately, when fishing
boats sweep the ocean floor, looking for other fish and crustaceans, these fish can get swept into
the nets accidentally.

‫ فـإن‬،‫ب) ومـاذا عـن تلـك المخلوقـات التـي يجدهـا الكثيـرون قبيحـة؟ بعيونهـا الصغيـرة وفمهـا الكبيـر وجسـمها الـوردي اللـزج‬
‫ تعيـش هـذه المخلوقـات البحريـة فـي أعمـاق المحيـط حيـث‬.‫ لديهـا الفقاعـة بعيـدة عـن الجاذبيـة‬،‫ نتيجـة لذلـك‬.‫سـمكة ً ً ـا جـدا‬
‫ عندمــا‬،‫ وســوء الحــظ‬.‫ ممــا يمنعهــا مــن االنســحاق بفعــل ضغــط المــاء‬،‫يكـون الضغـط عالي زعانــف صغيــرة وال هيــكل عظمــي‬
‫ المحيـط بحث‬.‫ قـد يتـم جـرف هـذه األسـماك فـي الشـباك بطريـق الخطـأ‬،‫تجــرف قــوارب الصيــد قــاع ً ِ ـا عـن أسـماك وقشـريات أخـرى‬

C) The threat faced by the pangolin, however, is far from accidental. They are more often
targeted by poachers than any other animal in the world. Unique among mammals, it is covered
in scales, like a reptile. They may not look very cuddly or cute, but these scales are highly prised
in traditional Chinese medicine, which has caused the population of pangolins in China to fall
by around 90% since the 1960s. their scales protect them from their natural predators, but it’s
simple for a poacher to just pick them up.

‫ فهو يُ ستهدف من قبل الصيادين غير‬.‫ج) إن التهديد الذي يواجهه البنغولين (آكل النمل الحرشفي) ليس عرضيً ا على اإلطالق‬
ً
‫لطيفا‬ ً
‫ قد ال يبدو‬.‫ إذ يغطي جسمه قشور تشبه الزواحف‬،‫فريدا بين الثدييات‬ ‫ ويُ عد‬.‫الشرعيين أكثر من أي حيوان آخر في العالم‬
‫ مما تسبب في انخفاض عدد البنغولين في الصين‬،‫ لكن هذه القشور ُتعد ذات قيمة عالية في الطب الصيني التقليدي‬،‫أو جذابًا‬
‫ لكن من السهل على‬،‫ وتقوم هذه القشور بحمايته من الحيوانات المفترسة الطبيعية‬.‫ منذ ستينيات القرن الماضي‬%09 ‫بحوالي‬
.‫الصياد غير الشرعي أن يلتقطه ببساطة‬

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D) Other creatures become endangered precisely because people find them ugly. Take the aye
aye for example. Found only on the island of Madagascar, the aye aye is the world’s largest
nocturnal primate. During the day they sleep in nests in the trees, coming out to hunt at night.
They are solitary creatures, furry, and unfortunately, the way they look means that they are
traditionally considered an omen of bad luck. As a result, they are often killed.

ً
‫ يوجد هذا‬.»‫ خذ على سبيل المثال حيوان «آي آي‬.‫تحديدا ألن الناس يجدونها قبيحة‬ ‫د) بعض الكائنات تصبح مهددة باالنقراض‬
‫ ويخرج‬،‫ ينام خالل النهار في أعشاش فوق األشجار‬.‫ وهو أكبر الرئيسيات الليلية في العالم‬،‫الحيوان فقط في جزيرة مدغشقر‬
،‫ ونتيجة لذلك‬.‫ شكله جعل الناس يعتقدون تقليديً ا أنه نذير شؤم‬،‫ ولكن لألسف‬،‫ وهو كائن انفرادي مغطى بالفرو‬.ً‫للصيد ليل‬
.‫يتم قتله في كثير من األحيان‬

1-Why do blobfish often get caught accidentally?

a. They swim near the surface.
b. They follow fishing boats.
c. They get swept into nets when fishing boats trawl the ocean floor.
d. They are attracted to light.
2-Where is the aye aye found?
a. Madagascar. b. Brazil. c. Australia. d. India.
3- Which of the following best describes the appearance of the blobfish?
a. A large eyes, big mouth, and slimy pink body.
b. small eyes, big mouth, and slimy pink body.
c. small eyes, small mouth, and slimy pink body.
d. large eyes, small mouth, and slimy pink body
4- what does the underlined pronoun ‘ this’ refer to ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5- Find a word from the text which means ‘awaken and active at night ‘
…………………………………………………………………………………………

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Animal myths
‫اساطير الحيوانات‬

A Criticising my brother’s driving is like a red rag to a bull. He’ll lose his temper and you’ll end
up walking instead of getting a lift! The idiom ‘like a red rag to a bull’ is a useful way of
describing something that is guaranteed to make another person angry, but where does it come
from? Well, it’s common knowledge that the colour of blood makes bulls angry – that’s why a
matador’s cape is red, right? Wrong: bulls are actually colour – blind and it is the movement of
the cape, and not its colour, that makes them charge at you. This is one of many common myths
about the walking, flying, swimming and crawling creatures with whom we share our beautiful
planet.

ً
‫ وستنتهي بك الحال ماشيً ا بدلً من أن تحصل على‬،‫ سيفقد أعصابه‬.»‫تماما «الراية الحمراء أمام الثور‬ ‫أ) انتقاد قيادة أخي يشبه‬
‫ ولكن‬،‫توصيلة! يُ عد التعبير االصطالحي «كالراية الحمراء أمام الثور» وسيلة مفيدة لوصف شيء مضمون أنه سيثير غضب شخص آخر‬
:‫ أليس كذلك؟ خطأ‬،‫ مصارع الثيران يكون لونه أحمر‬epac ‫من أين أتى هذا التعبير؟ من المعروف أن لون الدم يُ غضب الثيران – ولهذا‬
‫ هذه واحدة من العديد من األساطير‬.‫ وليس اللون‬،‫ والحركة هي ما يدفعها للهجوم‬،‫الثيران في الواقع مصابة بعمى األلوان‬
.‫ والتي نتشارك معها كوكبنا الجميل‬،‫الشائعة حول الكائنات التي تمشي وتطير وتسبح وتزحف‬

B The idiom ‘as blind as a bat’ is often used to describe someone who can’t find something that’s
right in front of them. however, even a thorough search is unlikely to reveal a truly blind bat
because in fact, all species in the bat family have eyes and are capable of sight. About 70% of the
nocturnal animals use something called echolocation to navigate, but hat doesn’t mean they can’t
see. The remaining 30% mainly the larger species, can see well at night. Another bat myth is that
they love human hair. While they are known to occasionally dive towards people at high speed,
scientific evidence shows that they are actually hunting insects and are not irresistibly attracted to
your beautiful long hair!

،‫ ومع ذلك‬.‫ب) يُ ستخدم التعبير االصطالحي «أعمى كالخفاش» كثيرًا لوصف شخص ال يستطيع العثور على شيء موجود أمامه مباشرة‬
ً
‫عيونا وتتمتع‬ ‫ ألن جميع أنواع الخفافيش في الواقع تمتلك‬،‫حتى البحث الدقيق من غير المرجح أن يكشف عن خفاش أعمى بالفعل‬
،‫) للتنقل‬noitacolohce( ‫ من هذه الحيوانات الليلية تستخدم ما يُ عرف بتحديد الموقع بالصدى‬%07 ‫ حوالي‬.‫بالقدرة على الرؤية‬
‫ ومن‬.‫جيدا في الليل‬ ً ً
‫حجما – فهي ترى‬ ‫ المتبقية – ومعظمها من األنواع األكبر‬%03‫ أما الـ‬.‫لكن ذلك ال يعني أنها ال تستطيع الرؤية‬
ً
‫ إال أن األدلة‬،‫أحيانا نحو الناس بسرعة عالية‬ ‫ وعلى الرغم من أنها قد تنقض‬.‫الخرافات األخرى عن الخفافيش أنها تحب شعر اإلنسان‬
َ ُ‫ وال تنجذب بشكل ال ي‬،‫العلمية ُتظهر أنها في الحقيقة تطارد الحشرات‬
!‫قاوم إلى شعرك الطويل الجميل‬

C The idiom ‘to bury your head in the sand’ means to ignore a problem in the hope that it will go
away. The saying is based on the behaviour of ostriches, known for using their beaks to dig holes
in which to hide their head from enemies. The only problem is that this is not actually normal
ostrich behaviour. The myth that the world’s largest birds do this is probably based on the writ-
ings of Pliny the Elder. He was a famous Roman naturalist who suggested around two thousand
years ago that ostriches ‘imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the
whole of their body is concealed.’ Considering ostriches are the fastest creatures on two legs and
have a kick powerful enough to kill a lion, they are much more likely to run or fight than try to
hide.

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪salsabeel salim‬‬
‫ج) يُ ستخدم التعبير االصطالحي «دفن الرأس في الرمال» للتعبير عن تجاهل مشكلة ما على أمل أن تزول من تلقاء نفسها‪ .‬ويستند‬
‫هذا القول إلى سلوك النعام‪ ،‬الذي يُ عتقد أنه يستخدم منقاره لحفر حفر يدفن فيها رأسه هربًا من األعداء‪ .‬لكن المشكلة الوحيدة‬
‫ً‬
‫سلوكا حقيقيً ا للنعام‪ .‬فالخرافة التي تقول إن أكبر طيور العالم تفعل ذلك على األرجح تعود إلى كتابات بليني‬ ‫هي أن هذا ليس‬
‫األكبر‪ ،‬وهو عالم طبيعة روماني شهير اقترح قبل نحو ألفي عام أن النعام «يتخيل‪ ،‬عندما يدفع رأسه وعنقه داخل شجيرة‪ ،‬أن جسده‬
‫بالكامل قد اختفى»‪ .‬وبالنظر إلى أن النعام هو أسرع الكائنات التي تسير على قدمين‪ ،‬ويملك ركلة قوية بما يكفي لقتل أسد‪ ،‬فمن‬
‫األرجح بكثير أن يهرب أو يقاتل بدلً من أن يختبئ‪.‬‬

‫‪D Moving from underground to underwater, there are several common myths about marine‬‬
‫‪creatures. Firstly, the idea that fish, and especially goldfish, have a memory of just a few seconds‬‬
‫‪is something people seem to remember, but ought to forget. Experiments suggest a fish’s memo-‬‬
‫‪ry is much better than that, and can be counted in months rather than seconds. Next, sharks and‬‬
‫‪the disturbing idea that these incredible predators can detect a single drop of blood in the water‬‬
‫‪from miles around. True, though these often solitary hunters have poor eyesight, they do have a‬‬
‫‪highly developed sense of smell, with some species able to detect a single drop of blood in about‬‬
‫‪50 litres of water. However, rather disappointingly (unless you’re a fish or another of the shark’s‬‬
‫‪favourite food), their noses are not as sensitive as is generally believed when it comes to blood.‬‬

‫د) باالنتقال من تحت األرض إلى تحت الماء‪ ،‬هناك العديد من الخرافات الشائعة حول الكائنات البحرية‪ .‬أولً‪ ،‬الفكرة القائلة بأن‬
‫ّ‬
‫يتذكرونها‪ ،‬لكن من األفضل أن‬ ‫ثوان من الذاكرة‪ ،‬هي فكرة يبدو أن الناس‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫األسماك – وخاصة السمك الذهبي – ال تمتلك سوى بضع‬
‫ينسوها! ُتظهر التجارب أن ذاكرة السمك أفضل من ذلك بكثير‪ ،‬ويمكن قياسها باألشهر بدلً من الثواني‪ .‬بعد ذلك ننتقل إلى أسماك‬
‫القرش‪ ،‬والفكرة المقلقة التي تقول إن هذه المفترسات المذهلة يمكنها اكتشاف قطرة دم واحدة في الماء من على بُعد أميال‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ضعيفا‪ ،‬لكنها تتمتع بحاسة شم متطورة للغاية‪ ،‬وبعض أنواعها‬ ‫صحيح أن هذه الكائنات‪ ،‬التي غالبً ا ما تصطاد بمفردها‪ ،‬تمتلك نظرًا‬
‫يمكنه بالفعل اكتشاف قطرة دم واحدة في حوالي ‪ 05‬لترًا من الماء‪ .‬ومع ذلك‪ ،‬فإن قدرتها على شم الدم ليست بالحساسية التي‬
‫ً‬
‫طعاما مفضلً للقرش!‬ ‫يعتقدها معظم الناس – وهو أمر قد يكون مخيبً ا لآلمال‪ ...‬ما لم تكن سمكة أو‬

‫‪E Finally, let’s head back to dry land where the insects and invertebrates live. Firstly, despite the‬‬
‫‪rumours, earthworms do not actually become two separate slimy worms if you split them in half.‬‬
‫‪Only a limited number of earthworm species can survive such serious injury – only the front half‬‬
‫‪of the worm (where the mouth is located) is able to feed and so survive. Moving from zero to‬‬
‫‪eight legs, you’ll no doubt be relieved and thankful that it’s not true that over a lifetime people‬‬
‫‪swallow a large number of spiders during their sleep. While sleeping, we make all kinds of noises‬‬
‫‪and movements that warm spiders of danger and prevent them from becoming unwanted furry‬‬
‫‪snacks. So, armed with that knowledge, I wish you a peaceful night’s sleep, and if you are curious‬‬
‫‪to learn move, there are plenty more myths connected to animals that you can read about online.‬‬

‫هـ) وأخيرًا‪ ،‬دعونا نعود إلى اليابسة‪ ،‬حيث تعيش الحشرات والالفقاريات‪ .‬أولً‪ ،‬وعلى عكس ما ّ‬
‫تروج له الشائعات‪ ،‬فإن دودة األرض ال‬
‫تتحول إلى دوديْ ن منفصلين إذا ُقطعت إلى نصفين‪ .‬فقط عدد محدود من أنواع ديدان األرض يمكنه النجاة من مثل هذه اإلصابة‬
‫الخطيرة – فالجزء األمامي من الدودة (حيث يوجد الفم) هو الوحيد القادر على التغذي وبالتالي البقاء على قيد الحياة‪ .‬وباالنتقال‬
‫ً‬
‫عددا كبيرًا من العناكب أثناء‬ ‫من الصفر إلى ثمانية أرجل‪ ،‬ال شك أنك ستشعر بالراحة واالمتنان لمعرفة أن ما يُ قال عن ابتالع الناس‬
‫أصواتا ونقوم بحركات متنوعة تنبّ ه العناكب إلى وجود خطر‪ ،‬مما يمنعها من أن تتحول إلى‬ ‫ً‬ ‫نومهم غير صحيح‪ .‬فعندما ننام‪ ،‬نصدر‬
‫ً‬
‫هادئا‪ ،‬وإذا كنت فضوليً ا لمعرفة المزيد‪،‬‬ ‫وجبة زاحفة غير مرغوب فيها! واآلن‪ ،‬بعد أن أصبحت مسلحً ا بهذه المعرفة‪ ،‬أتمنى لك ً‬
‫نوما‬
‫فهناك العديد من الخرافات األخرى المرتبطة بالحيوانات يمكنك قراءتها على اإلنترنت‪.‬‬

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1- Quote the sentence which shows the real reason bulls charge at a matador’s cape?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-The idiom “to bury your head in the sand” is based on

a. Ostrich behavior. b. Human behavior. c. Camel behavior. b. Snake behavior.
3- What is the myth about bats and human hair?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

4- What happens to an earthworm if it is spilt in half?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

5- The idiom “like a red rag.

a. Something that attracts someone. b. Something that makes someone angry.
c. Something that calms someone. d. Something that confuses someone.

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
Oliver Twist

By Charles Dickens
In England during the 1800s, many people came to the cities to work. There were places called
workhouses where the poorest people could live, work and eat to make ends meet. But life in
the workhouses was not easy, where people somehow managed a subsistence, living day-to-day,
huddled together to keep warm.

”‫ كانت هناك أماكن ُتعرف باسم «بيوت العمل‬.‫ انتقل الكثير من الناس إلى المدن للعمل‬،‫في إنجلترا خالل القرن التاسع عشر‬
‫ لكن الحياة في بيوت‬.‫ حيث كان بإمكان أفقر الناس أن يعيشوا ويعملوا ويتناولوا الطعام لتأمين قوت يومهم‬،)sesuohkrow(
‫معا لالحتماء من‬ ً
ً ‫ متقاربين‬،‫يوما بيوم‬ ‫ يعيشون‬،‫ إذ كان الناس بالكاد يتمكنون من البقاء على قيد الحياة‬،‫العمل لم تكن سهلة‬
.‫البرد‬

One night, a woman arrived at a workhouse. She gave birth to a baby but then sadly died. A
nurse called the baby Oliver Twist and he was sent to a house for orphans until he was nine.
Then he was sent to a workhouse to work. Oliver was sad to leave the other orphans. Although
the boys lived hand-to-mouth, they had a sense of belonging at the house and looked after each
other.

‫ أطلقت الممرضة على الطفل اسم‬.‫ لكنها توفيت بعد ذلك لألسف‬،ً‫ أنجبت طفل‬.‫ وصلت امرأة إلى بيت العمل‬،‫في إحدى الليالي‬
ً
‫حزينا لمغادرة‬ ‫ كان أوليفر‬.‫ ثم ُأرسل إلى بيت العمل ليعمل هناك‬.‫ وتم إرساله إلى دار لأليتام حتى بلغ سن التاسعة‬،‫أوليفر تويست‬
‫ إال أنهم كانوا يشعرون باالنتماء في ذلك‬،‫ وعلى الرغم من أن األوالد كانوا يعيشون بالكاد ويوفرون قوت يومهم‬.‫األطفال اآلخرين‬
.‫المنزل وكانوا يعتنون ببعضهم البعض‬

At the workhouse, all the other boys were as malnourished as Oliver. One day, they encouraged
Oliver to beg for more food, but this made the managers of the workhouse angry.

‫ شجعوا أوليفر على أن يطلب المزيد من‬،‫ وذات يوم‬.‫ كان جميع األوالد اآلخرين يعانون من سوء التغذية مثل أوليفر‬،‫في بيت العمل‬
.‫ لكن هذا األمر أغضب مديري بيت العمل‬،‫الطعام‬

Oliver decided to escape to London but had no food and went hungry for days, before he met
another boy called Jack Dawkins. He showed Oliver the way to the city. Jack introduced Oliver
to an old man called Fagin, who gave Oliver some food and a bed to sleep on. The next day,
Oliver saw many other boys come to Fagin’s house. The boys gathered together to give the old
man watches and jewellery. Fagin then told Oliver to go into the streets with the other boys and
learn from them. Oliver was shocked when he saw the boys take things from people’s pockets.
He understood that they were thieves!
ً
‫ أرشد جاك‬.‫ حتى التقى بصبي آخر يُ دعى جاك دوكينز‬،‫جائعا لعدة أيام‬ ً
‫ وظل‬،‫طعاما‬ ‫ لكنه لم يكن يملك‬،‫قرر أوليفر الهرب إلى لندن‬
‫ في اليوم‬.‫ الذي قدم ألوليڤر بعض الطعام وسريرًا ينام فيه‬،‫ وعرّفه على رجل مسن يُ دعى فاجن‬.‫أوليفر إلى طريق المدينة‬
.‫ كان األوالد يتجمعون ليعطوا الرجل العجوز ساعات ومجوهرات‬.‫ رأى أوليفر العديد من األوالد اآلخرين يأتون إلى منزل فاجن‬،‫التالي‬
‫ ُصدم أوليفر عندما رأى األوالد يأخذون أشياء من جيوب‬.‫ثم أخبر فاجن أوليفر أن يذهب إلى الشوارع مع بقية األوالد ليتعلم منهم‬
!‫ عندها أدرك أنهم لصوص‬.‫الناس‬

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Suddenly, a man saw the boys take a handkerchief from his pocket. He shouted at the boys, and
as they ran away, a police officer tried to arrest Oliver. But a man, Mr Brownlow, told the
police officer that Oliver had not taken anything. Mr Brownlow was worried about the skinny
boy and took him back to his house, where the housekeeper looked after Oliver.

ً
‫ حاول شرطي القبض على‬،‫بعيدا‬ ‫ وعندما ركضوا‬،‫ فصرخ في وجههم‬.‫ شاهد رجل األوالد وهم يأخذون منديلً من جيبه‬،‫فجأة‬
‫قلقا بشأن الفتى النحيف وأخذه إلى‬ ً
ً ‫ كان السيد براونلو‬.‫شيئا‬ ‫ لكن رجلً يُ دعى السيد براونلو أخبر الشرطي أن أوليفر لم يأخذ‬.‫أوليفر‬
.‫ حيث قامت الخادمة باالعتناء بأوليفر‬،‫منزله‬

When Oliver was better, he was walking along the streets when a woman grabbed him. She
took him back to Fagin’s. Fagin then asked Oliver to help Mr Sikes with a job in the country.
They told Oliver to climb through a small window of a house. When he did so, he was shot.

‫ ثم طلب فاجن من أوليفر أن‬.‫ أخذته إلى منزل فاجن‬.‫ كان يسير في الشوارع عندما أمسكت به امرأة‬،‫عندما أصبح أوليفر أفضل‬
،‫ وعندما فعل ذلك‬.‫ قالوا ألوليفر أن يتسلق من خالل نافذة صغيرة في أحد المنازل‬.‫يساعد السيد سايكس في مهمة في الريف‬
.‫تم إطالق النار عليه‬

Luckily, he survived. When he was better, he was taken to Mr Brownlow, and was made to feel
at home. Mr Brownlow, and explained that Oliver’s mother was a rich woman. But his
brother, a man called Monks, knew that Oliver would only get the money if Oliver was an
honest person. So he watched Oliver and made sure that he met Jack Dawkins, and then Fagin.
In this way, Oliver would never be honest and Monks could keep all the money.

‫ أخبر السيد براونلو أوليفر أن‬.‫ حيث شعر وكأنه في منزله‬،‫ تم أخذه إلى السيد براونلو‬،‫ وعندما تعافى‬.‫ نجا أوليفر‬،‫لحسن الحظ‬
ً ً
.‫شخصا صادقا‬ ‫ كان يعلم أن أوليفر لن يحصل على المال إال إذا كان‬،‫ وهو رجل يُ دعى مونكس‬،‫ لكن أخاها‬.‫والدته كانت امرأة غنية‬
‫ وكان‬،‫أبدا‬ ً
ً ‫صادقا‬ ‫ كان أوليفر لن يكون‬،‫ بهذه الطريقة‬.‫ ثم بفاجن‬،‫ راقب مونكس أوليفر وتأكد من أنه التقى بجاك دوكينز‬،‫لذا‬
.‫مونكس يستطيع االحتفاظ بكل المال لنفسه‬

At the end of the story, Monks gives Oliver the money that is owed to him and leaves the
country. Oliver is adopted by Mr Brownlow, which shows what a kind man he is.

‫ مما يظهر‬،‫ يتم تبني أوليفر من قبل السيد براونلو‬.‫ يمنح مونكس أوليفر المال الذي يُ ستحق له ويغادر البالد‬،‫في نهاية القصة‬
‫كم هو رجل طيب‬

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
1. Why was Oliver sad to leave the house for orphans?
a. It was where he was born.
b. The orphans helped each other.
c. He had plenty to eat there

2. Why do you think Fagin gave Oliver food and a bed to sleep on?
a. He wanted to help the poor orphans of London.
b. He wanted Oliver to trust him and then work for him.
c. He was a rich man in a smart, modern house

3. Why did Oliver’s brother Monks want Oliver to be a thief?

a. He could get watches and jewellery from him.
b. He was an honest person.
c. He wanted to have all of his mother’s money

4-Who stopped the police officer from arresting Oliver?

a. Fagin. b. Jack Dawkins. c. Mr. Skies. d. Mr. Brownlow

5- What was the main purpose of workhouse in England during the 1800s?
a. To provide education.
b. To give the poor a place to live, work and eat.
c. To offer healthcare to the sick.
d. To provide entertainment.

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salsabeel salim ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
Charles Dickens and the poor

Like many people who later became successful writers, Charles Dickens grew up in a nice house
and received a good education. However, this was to change when he was only 12 years old.
In 1824, his father found that he owed people a lot of money and he was sent to prison with
Charles’s mother. Charles had to stop going to school, live alone and get a job to make ends
meet. He worked in a factory, putting labels onto bottles. He was paid very little and lived hand
– to – mouth.
ً
‫ تغير كل‬،‫ ومع ذلك‬.‫جيدا‬ ً
‫تعليما‬ ‫ نشأ تشارلز ديكنز في منزل جيد وتلقى‬،‫كتابًا ناجحين‬ ً
ّ ‫الحقا‬ ‫مثل العديد من األشخاص الذين أصبحوا‬
‫ وتم إرساله إلى السجن‬،‫ اكتشف والده أنه مدين لكثير من الناس‬،4281 ‫ ففي عام‬.‫ذلك عندما كان في الثانية عشرة فقط من عمره‬
.‫ والحصول على وظيفة لتأمين لقمة العيش‬،‫ والعيش بمفرده‬،‫ اضطر تشارلز إلى التوقف عن الذهاب إلى المدرسة‬.‫مع والدة تشارلز‬
ً
.‫زهيدا ويعيش على الكفاف‬ ‫ وكان يتقاضى أجرًا‬.‫عمل في مصنع حيث كان يضع الملصقات على الزجاجات‬

He loathed every minute of it.

Fortunately for Charles, his father did not stay in prison for long. Although Charles’s mother
wanted him to continue working at the factory, his father disagreed, and Charles went back to
school. However, it was his experience at working with other poor people in a factory that made
Dickens the compassionate writer he became, aware of the difficult lives many people were liv-
ing.
َ ‫ لم‬،‫لحسن حظ تشارلز‬
،‫ وعلى الرغم من أن والدة تشارلز أرادت له أن يستمر في العمل بالمصنع‬.‫يبق والده في السجن لفترة طويلة‬
‫ فإن تجربته في العمل مع أشخاص فقراء آخرين في المصنع‬،‫ ومع ذلك‬.‫ فعاد تشارلز إلى المدرسة‬،‫فإن والده لم يوافق على ذلك‬
ً
.‫مدركا لصعوبة الحياة التي يعيشها الكثير من الناس‬ ً
،‫متعاطفا‬ ‫هي التي جعلت من ديكنز كاتبً ا‬

When he left school, Dickens started off working in the law, but he always loved writing, and
soon became a journalist. He started writing stories in magazines, and his stories were very
popular. When he was older, Dickens used to live in a part of London where there was a
workhouse in the same street. He was aware of the malnourished children who had to live and
work in these terrible places. And so he wrote Oliver Twist, about a boy who spent time in a
workhouse before living in places in London that were so poor that children had to beg or go
hungry. Like his earlier stories, Oliver Twist was published in a magazine, which his readers
could read part of every month.

ً
‫ بدأ في كتابة القصص‬.‫ وسرعان ما أصبح صحفيً ا‬،‫دائما يحب الكتابة‬ ‫ لكنه كان‬،‫ بدأ ديكنز العمل في مجال القانون‬،‫عندما أنهى دراسته‬
ً
‫ كان ديكنز يعيش في جزء من لندن توجد فيه دار عمل في‬،‫ وعندما أصبح أكبر سنا‬.‫ وكانت قصصه شديدة الشعبية‬،‫في المجالت‬
.‫ وكان على دراية باألطفال الذين يعانون من سوء التغذية والذين اضطروا للعيش والعمل في تلك األماكن المروعة‬.‫نفس الشارع‬
‫جدا لدرجة‬ ً
ً ‫وقتا في دار العمل قبل أن يعيش في أماكن في لندن كانت فقيرة‬ ‫ عن صبي قضى‬،‫ولهذا كتب رواية أوليفر تويست‬
‫ وكان بإمكان القرّاء‬،‫ ُنشرت أوليفر تويست في مجلة‬،‫ وكما في قصصه السابقة‬.‫أن األطفال اضطروا للتسول أو المعاناة من الجوع‬
‫جزءا بعد جزء كل شهر‬
ً ‫قراءتها‬

His readers were shocked when they learnt that this was not only a story, but based on real
events and people in the capital city. Many people did not realise that there were skinny children
looking for work and food in London at that time.

0790185538 63
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪salsabeel salim‬‬
‫ُصدم قرّاؤه عندما علموا أن هذه لم تكن مجرد قصة‪ ،‬بل كانت مستندة إلى أحداث حقيقية وأشخاص حقيقيين في العاصمة‪ .‬لم‬
‫يكن كثير من الناس يدركون أن هناك أطفالً نحيفين يبحثون عن عمل وطعام في لندن في ذلك الوقت‪.‬‬

‫‪Dickens certainly emphathized with the poor, but he also believed that being poor often led to‬‬
‫‪a life of crime. We can see this in the character Fagin in Oliver Twist, who makes poor children‬‬
‫‪work for him as thieves. For Dickens, the best escape from poverty was through education.‬‬
‫‪Dickens did not forget that he had to stop going to school when his father was sent to prison‬‬
‫‪and he later helped to support the so-called Ragged Schools, where children of the poorest‬‬
‫‪families in the country could feel at home and get a good education.‬‬

‫كان ديكنز بال شك يتعاطف مع الفقراء‪ ،‬لكنه كان يؤمن ً‬

‫أيضا بأن الفقر كثيرًا ما يؤدي إلى حياة الجريمة‪ .‬ويمكننا رؤية ذلك في‬
‫شخصية فاجن في رواية أوليفر تويست‪ ،‬الذي يستغل األطفال الفقراء ويجعلهم يعملون لصالحه كلصوص‪ .‬وبالنسبة إلى ديكنز‪،‬‬
‫ينس ديكنز أنه اضطر إلى التوقف عن الذهاب إلى المدرسة عندما ُأرسل‬
‫كان أفضل وسيلة للهروب من الفقر هي التعليم‪ .‬لم َ‬
‫ً‬
‫الحقا في دعم ما كان يُ عرف بـ»مدارس راجد»‪ ،‬حيث كان بإمكان أطفال أفقر العائالت في البالد أن‬ ‫والده إلى السجن‪ ،‬وقد ساعد‬
‫يشعروا بأنهم في مكانهم وأن يحصلوا على تعليم جيد‪.‬‬

‫‪Dickens was able to help schools like this because in later life, he was a very successful writer.‬‬
‫‪As well as Oliver Twist (1839), Dickens wrote many other famous novels including Nicholas‬‬
‫‪Nickleby (1839), David Copperfield (1850) and Great Expectations (1861). Poor people often‬‬
‫‪feature in Dicken’s novels which continue to entertain us today. They are great stories, and‬‬
‫‪are often very funny, making fun people who think they are important because of their jobs or‬‬
‫‪money. Many of his books have been made into films.‬‬

‫ً‬
‫الحقا كاتبً ا ناجحً ا للغاية‪ .‬فإلى جانب أوليفر تويست (‪،)9381‬‬ ‫كان ديكنز قادرًا على مساعدة مثل هذه المدارس ألنه أصبح في حياته‬
‫كتب ديكنز العديد من الروايات الشهيرة األخرى‪ ،‬منها نيكوالس نيكلبي (‪ ،)9381‬ديفيد كوبرفيلد (‪ ،)0581‬وآمال عظيمة (‪.)1681‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫تسلينا حتى اليوم‪ .‬فهي قصص رائعة‪ ،‬وغالبً ا ما تكون مضحكة‬ ‫وغالبً ا ما تظهر الشخصيات الفقيرة في روايات ديكنز التي ال تزال‬
‫ّ‬
‫مهمون بسبب وظائفهم أو أموالهم‪ .‬وقد تم تحويل العديد من كتبه إلى أفالم‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫جدا‪ ،‬تسخر من األشخاص الذين يظنون أنهم‬

‫‪Perhaps the most important aspect of his novels, however, is that he shone a light on lives of‬‬
‫‪poverty that were often hidden or ignored at that time.‬‬

‫َ‬
‫متجاهلة في ذلك‬ ‫وربما يكون الجانب األهم في رواياته‪ ،‬مع ذلك‪ ،‬هو أنه ّ‬
‫سلط الضوء على حياة الفقر التي كانت غالبً ا مخفية أو‬
‫الوقت‬

‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪0790185538‬‬
salsabeel salim ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
1. How does the author of the article feel about Charles Dicken’s life as a child?
a. She says it was like most writers.
b. She suggests it made him into a successful writer.
c. She says it was very different to most writers.
d. She thinks he probably enjoyed it.
2. What two experiences helped Dickens to write Oliver Twist?
a. Working for a magazine and living in London.
b. Working in a factory and living near a workhouse.
c. Visiting a prison and knowing poor people.
d. Going to school and working with poor people.
3. What does the author suggest Dickens thought of poor people?
a. They were always good people.
b. They were often lazy.
c. They needed an education or they might become criminals.
d. They were usually bad people or thieves
4. What made Dickens want to help the Ragged Schools?
a. He wanted to help poor people get an education.
b. He wanted to use some of the money he got from writing.
c. He wanted to feel at home at the schools.
d. He wanted to learn about poor children’s education.
5. Why does the author think Dickens novels have been so successful?
a. They are all very funny.
b. They have been made into films.
c. they make fun of people.
d. They are really good stories.
6. What does the author think Dickens novels have taught us?
a. How to stop people being poor.
b. How to make fun of important people.
c. To be aware of poverty.
d. How to write great stories.

0790185538 65
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
New hotel is just what the area needs.

When developers released a statement that they were going to build a luxury new hotel at the
local beach, everyone in the town was very excited. There have been talks for years about
opportunities for new developments, but they never seem to happen.
ً ‫المطورون‬
‫ شعر جميع سكان المدينة بحماس‬،‫بيانا يفيد بأنهم سيقومون ببناء فندق فاخر جديد على الشاطئ المحلي‬ ّ ‫عندما أصدر‬
ً ‫ لكنها لم تكن تبدو وكأنها ستتحقق‬،‫ لقد كانت هناك أحاديث منذ سنوات عن فرص لمشروعات تطوير جديدة‬.‫كبير‬
.‫أبدا‬

We all have to seize the opportunity and realise that the hotel will not only give us work, but
offer improvements to the whole area around the beach. The developers have promised a new
road with side pavements to and from the beach and a replacement of the sad old beach
restaurants which have been there for years.
‫حدث تحسينات في المنطقة بأكملها‬ ً
ِ ُ‫ بل سي‬،‫جميعا اغتنام هذه الفرصة وإدراك أن الفندق لن يوفر لنا فرص عمل فقط‬ ‫يجب علينا‬
ّ
‫ باإلضافة إلى استبدال‬،‫المطورون بإنشاء طريق جديد مع أرصفة جانبية تؤدي إلى الشاطئ وتعود منه‬ ‫ فقد وعد‬.‫المحيطة بالشاطئ‬
.‫المطاعم الشاطئية القديمة البائسة التي كانت موجودة هناك منذ سنوات‬

We have asked for such development for years and I’m so happy that the developers have come
up with a solution to help local people. Not only will the hotel need local workers but there are
sure to be other jobs in tourism when the hotel guests start to arrive
ّ
‫ فالفندق لن يحتاج‬.‫المطورين قد وجدوا حلً يساعد الناس المحليين‬ ً ‫ وأنا سعيد‬،‫لقد طلبنا مثل هذا التطوير منذ سنوات‬
‫جدا ألن‬
.‫ بل من المؤكد أن هناك وظائف أخرى في مجال السياحة ستظهر عندما يبدأ وصول ضيوف الفندق‬،‫فقط إلى عمال محليين‬

I was very surprise to hear that there are protesters who are against the plan. Just last week, some
activists tried to stop lorries from entering the beach to start building work, and I reported the
incident to the police. Everyone has the right to protest, but such obstruction is illegal. There has
even been an accusation that I ‘am working to promote the hotel company,’ but this is not true.

‫ حاول بعض الناشطين منع الشاحنات من‬،‫ في األسبوع الماضي فقط‬.‫جدا عندما سمعت أن هناك محتجّ ين ضد الخطة‬ ُ
ً ‫كنت مفاجَ أ‬
‫ لكن مثل هذا االعتراض غير‬،‫ للجميع الحق في االحتجاج‬.‫ وقد قمت باإلبالغ عن الحادثة إلى الشرطة‬،‫دخول الشاطئ لبدء أعمال البناء‬
.‫ لكن هذا غير صحيح‬،»‫ وحتى أنه كانت هناك اتهامات بأنني «أعمل على الترويج لشركة الفندق‬.‫قانوني‬

We must remember that the hotel will solve many of the problems in our area, and I support it
one 100%.
100% ‫ وأنا أؤيده بنسبة‬،‫يجب أن نتذكر أن الفندق سيحل العديد من المشاكل في منطقتنا‬
New hotel , but no new hope for locals
When we first received information about a new hotel at our local beach, many local people were
pleased and thought that the development could give us job security. But when I put in a request
to find out more about the developers on the internet, I quickly changed my mind. It is very clear
that the hotel is an international company and in all its branches, it employs an
international staff. It also uses the same building contractors for all its hotels, and none of them
are from our area.

66 0790185538
‫‪salsabeel salim‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫فندق جديد‪ ،‬لكن ال أمل جديد للسكان المحليين‬
‫عندما تلقينا في البداية معلومات عن فندق جديد على شاطئنا المحلي‪ ،‬كان العديد من السكان المحليين سعداء وظنوا أن المشروع‬
‫ّ‬
‫المطورين عبر اإلنترنت‪ ،‬غيّ رت رأيي بسرعة‪ .‬من الواضح ً‬
‫جدا أن‬ ‫قد يوفر لنا ً‬
‫أمنا وظيفيً ا‪ .‬ولكن عندما قدمت طلبً ا لمعرفة المزيد عن‬
‫الفندق مملوك لشركة دولية‪ ،‬وفي جميع فروعها‪ ،‬تقوم بتوظيف موظفين دوليين‪ .‬كما أنها تستخدم نفس المقاولين للبناء في‬
‫جميع فنادقها‪ ،‬وال يوجد أي منهم من منطقتنا‪.‬‬

‫‪In addition, the developers plan to replace the traditional restaurants which have been on the‬‬
‫‪beach for years with new, upmarket restaurants, also with their own staff. These restaurants will‬‬
‫‪be too expensive for most people in our neighbourhood. I am also sure that locals who work at the‬‬
‫‪old restaurants will probably lose their jobs.‬‬

‫المطورون الستبدال المطاعم التقليدية التي كانت موجودة على الشاطئ لسنوات بمطاعم جديدة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫باإلضافة إلى ذلك‪ ،‬يخطط‬
‫ً‬ ‫راقية‪ ،‬مع موظفين خاصين بهم‪ .‬ستكون هذه المطاعم غالية ً‬
‫جدا بالنسبة لمعظم الناس في حيّ نا‪ .‬وأنا أيضا متأكد من أن السكان‬
‫المحليين الذين يعملون في المطاعم القديمة ربما سيخسرون وظائفهم‬

‫‪My investigation also revealed a plan to build several new roads to the beach which will affect‬‬
‫‪bird and animal life in a sensitive nature area. I am not an activist and I refute the allegation that I‬‬
‫‪tried to obstruct building work last week. However, people should have the freedom agree with. I‬‬
‫‪plan to join the other protesters who want a suspension of the building work until we know‬‬
‫‪exactly how many jobs will go to local people. Tension will also continue until the plans for new‬‬
‫‪roads are moved away from the sensitive nature areas.‬‬

‫كشفت تحقيقاتي ً‬
‫أيضا عن خطة لبناء عدة طرق جديدة إلى الشاطئ‪ ،‬وهو ما سيؤثر على حياة الطيور والحيوانات في منطقة‬
‫ي بأنني حاولت عرقلة أعمال البناء األسبوع الماضي‪ .‬ومع ذلك‪ ،‬يجب أن‬ ‫ً‬
‫ناشطا‪ ،‬وأرفض االتهام الذي وجه إل ّ‬ ‫طبيعية حساسة‪ .‬لست‬
‫يكون لدى الناس حرية التعبير عن آرائهم‪ .‬أخطط لالنضمام إلى المحتجين اآلخرين الذين يطالبون بتعليق أعمال البناء حتى نعرف‬
‫ً‬
‫بعيدا عن‬ ‫بالضبط كم عدد الوظائف التي ستذهب للسكان المحليين‪ .‬كما ستستمر التوترات حتى يتم نقل خطط بناء الطرق الجديدة‬
‫المناطق الطبيعية الحساسة‪.‬‬

‫?‪1- What do locals fear about the new restaurants‬‬

‫……………………………………………………………………………………………………‬
‫?‪2- What did the second writer’s investigation reveal‬‬
‫……………………………………………………………………………………………………‬
‫?‪3- What accusation was made against the first writer‬‬
‫……………………………………………………………………………………………………‬
‫?‪4- What illegal action did some activities take‬‬
‫……………………………………………………………………………………………………‬
‫? ‪5- what does the underlined pronoun ‘ it’ refer to‬‬
‫……………………………………………………………………………………………………‬

‫‪0790185538‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
Every story has two sides

Against: by Reem, 19 yrs.

The last time I visited my grandfather, he was singing along to the old radio he still has in the
corner of his kitchen. It struck me that I hadn’t intentionally sat down and listened to the radio
for as long as I could remember. When I asked my friends about their listening habits the
following weekend, they all confirmed the same thing. None of us ever listens to the radio, un-
less we happen to hear it at our grandparents’ or when passing a building site!

‫ الحظت أنه لم يخطر ببالي أنني لم‬.‫ كان يغني مع الراديو القديم الذي ال يزال يحتفظ به في زاوية مطبخه‬،‫في آخر زيارة لي لجدي‬
ً
‫ وعندما سألت أصدقائي عن عاداتهم في االستماع في عطلة نهاية األسبوع‬.‫عمدا منذ وقت طويل‬ ‫أجلس لالستماع إلى الراديو‬
ً
!‫ إال إذا صادفناه عند أجدادنا أو عندما نمر بجانب موقع بناء‬،‫ ال أحد منا يستمع إلى الراديو‬.‫جميعا نفس الشيء‬ ‫ أكدوا‬،‫التالية‬

As a source of music and information, it seems that radio is out of date in the eyes (or more
appropriately, the ears) of the digital generation. Statistics support this anecdotal evidence.
They reveal that we are abandoning radio in huge numbers. Major radio stations seem to be
satisfied with keeping their older audience happy. Conversely, streaming services now account
for over 50% of millennial’ daily listening. It should come as no surprise that those aged 15 to
19 do nearly half their listening on smartphones. Never has it been easier to choose your own
music, or to take it with you wherever you go.

ً
‫ تدعم اإلحصاءات‬.)‫ في آذانهم‬،‫قديما في نظر الجيل الرقمي (أو باألحرى‬ ‫ يبدو أن الراديو أصبح‬،‫كمصدر للموسيقى والمعلومات‬
‫ وتبدو محطات الراديو الكبرى راضية عن الحفاظ على‬.‫ فهي تكشف أننا نتخلى عن الراديو بأعداد ضخمة‬.‫هذه األدلة القصصية‬
ً
.‫ من استماع الجيل األلفي يوميً ا‬%05 ‫ فإن خدمات البث اآلن تشكل أكثر من‬،‫ وعلى النقيض من ذلك‬.‫سعيدا‬ ً ‫جمهورها األكبر‬
‫سنا‬
‫ لم‬.‫عاما يقومون بما يقارب نصف استماعهم عبر الهواتف الذكية‬ ً
ً 91‫ و‬51 ‫مفاجئا أن الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين‬ ‫وال ينبغي أن يكون‬
ً ‫يكن من األسهل‬
.‫أبدا اختيار موسيقاك الخاصة أو أخذها معك أينما ذهبت‬

In fact, I have to wonder why anyone would want to listen to someone else’s selection when it’s
so easy to create your own playlists If you do this, you never have to listen to music you don’t
like. Plus, if you pay for your streaming service, you also eliminate the annoying adverts that
invade your headspace constantly on many commercial stations.

ً ‫ يجب أن أتساءل لماذا يرغب أي شخص في االستماع إلى اختيارات شخص آخر عندما يكون من السهل‬،‫في الواقع‬
‫جدا إنشاء قوائم‬
ً ‫ فلن تضطر‬،‫ إذا فعلت ذلك‬.‫تشغيل خاصة بك‬
‫ إذا كنت تدفع مقابل خدمة‬،‫ باإلضافة إلى ذلك‬.‫أبدا لالستماع إلى موسيقى ال تحبها‬
ً ‫ فإنك تتخلص‬،‫البث‬
.‫أيضا من اإلعالنات المزعجة التي تغزو مساحتك الذهنية باستمرار على العديد من المحطات التجارية‬

If I’m relaxing, I usually choose to watch rather than listen. This means I look online, and never
check the radio. If I’m working, the last thing I want is an enthusiastic DJ talking nonsense,
followed by a song I don’t like, and then another three minutes of boring adverts. No, I’m
afraid I can only conclude that radio is practically dead and gone.

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‫‪salsabeel salim‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫أبدا‪ .‬وإذا كنت‬ ‫ً‬
‫عادة ما أختار مشاهدة شيء بدالً من االستماع‪ .‬هذا يعني أنني ألجأ إلى اإلنترنت‪ ،‬وال أتحقق من الراديو ً‬ ‫إذا كنت أسترخي‪،‬‬
‫أعمل‪ ،‬آخر شيء أريده هو دي جي متحمس يتحدث بال معنى‪ ،‬تليه أغنية ال أحبها‪ ،‬ثم ثالث دقائق أخرى من اإلعالنات المملة‪ .‬ال‪ ،‬أعتقد‬
‫أنه يمكنني أن أستنتج أن الراديو أصبح ً‬
‫ميتا تقريبً ا‪.‬‬
‫‪For: by Manal, 15 yrs.‬‬
‫‪The fact that anyone under the ago of 40 would tune in at all is a total enigma to me. Just a few‬‬
‫‪minutes ago, the digital receiver in the living room switched itself off automatically. After being‬‬
‫‪plunged into silence, I realised that as usual, I’d been half-listening to the radio for the last eight‬‬
‫‪hours. This happens a lot in our house. My dad switches the news on first thing in the morning and‬‬
‫‪the station ends up playing all day long. To be honest, I enjoy the noise and music: home wouldn’t‬‬
‫‪be home without it.‬‬

‫حقيقة أن أي شخص تحت سن األربعين قد يستمع إلى الراديو على اإلطالق هي لغز كامل بالنسبة لي‪ .‬منذ بضع دقائق فقط‪ ،‬قام‬
‫جهاز االستقبال الرقمي في غرفة المعيشة بإيقاف نفسه تلقائيً ا‪ .‬بعد أن غرقنا في الصمت‪ ،‬أدركت أنه كما في المعتاد‪ ،‬كنت أستمع‬
‫إلى الراديو بنصف وعي طوال الثماني ساعات الماضية‪ .‬يحدث هذا كثيرًا في منزلنا‪ .‬والدي يشغل األخبار أول شيء في الصباح‪،‬‬
‫وتنتهي المحطة بلعب الراديو طوال اليوم‪ .‬بصراحة‪ ،‬أنا أستمتع بالضوضاء والموسيقى؛ فالمنزل لن يكون منزلً بدونها‪.‬‬

‫‪Radio has been around forever and despite recent allegations in printed media that it is dying,‬‬
‫‪there is evidence to suggest it is very much alive. According to research, 89% of people over the‬‬
‫‪age of 15 listened to the radio every week in 2022. The medium is also moving with the times and‬‬
‫‪over half of all listeners now tune in digitally, whether at home, in the car or on the move. You can‬‬
‫‪even ‘watch’ your favourite radio shows via live feeds online.‬‬

‫ً‬
‫موجودا منذ األبد‪ ،‬وعلى الرغم من االدعاءات األخيرة في وسائل اإلعالم المطبوعة بأنه في طريقه للموت‪ ،‬هناك‬ ‫لقد كان الراديو‬
‫ً‬
‫دالئل تشير إلى أنه ال يزال حيً ا‪ .‬وفقا لألبحاث‪ ،‬استمع ‪ %98‬من األشخاص الذين تجاوزت أعمارهم ‪ً 51‬‬
‫عاما إلى الراديو كل أسبوع في عام‬
‫‪ .2202‬كما أن الوسيلة تتطور مع الزمن‪ ،‬حيث أن أكثر من نصف المستمعين اآلن يستمعون إليها رقميً ا‪ ،‬سواء في المنزل أو في السيارة‬
‫أو أثناء التنقل‪ .‬يمكنك حتى «مراقبة» برامج الراديو المفضلة لديك عبر البث المباشر على اإلنترنت‪.‬‬

‫‪Sure, there are streaming services and with them access to more music than you could possibly‬‬
‫‪listen to in a lifetime. While I don’t claim to speak for all young people, I’m quietly confident that‬‬
‫‪most of us don’t want to have to choose our own music all the time. This is especially true when‬‬
‫‪we are busy studying, exercising, cooking or whatever else we do with music in the background.‬‬
‫‪In fact, radio is a great way to discover new songs, artists and even styles of music that you might‬‬
‫‪never think to search for yourself. Let’s not forget that radio is also much more than just music.‬‬
‫‪There’s news, sports, discussion, interviews, factual shows and a whole lot more besides. Radio is‬‬
‫!‪here to stay so turn on, tune in, and listen up‬‬

‫بالتأكيد‪ ،‬هناك خدمات بث موسيقى توفر لك إمكانية الوصول إلى المزيد من الموسيقى مما يمكنك االستماع إليه في حياتك كلها‪.‬‬
‫بينما ال أزعم أنني أتحدث نيابة عن جميع الشباب‪ ،‬فإنني واثق بصمت أن معظمنا ال يريدون اختيار موسيقاهم بأنفسهم طوال الوقت‪.‬‬
‫هذا صحيح بشكل خاص عندما نكون مشغولين بالدراسة أو ممارسة الرياضة أو الطهي أو أي شيء آخر نقوم به مع الموسيقى في‬
‫الخلفية‪ .‬في الواقع‪ ،‬الراديو هو وسيلة رائعة الكتشاف أغاني جديدة وفنانين وأسلوب موسيقى قد ال تفكر في البحث عنها بنفسك‪.‬‬
‫وال ننسى أن الراديو هو أكثر بكثير من مجرد موسيقى‪ .‬هناك األخبار‪ ،‬والرياضة‪ ،‬والمناقشات‪ ،‬والمقابالت‪ ،‬والبرامج الواقعية‪ ،‬والكثير‬
‫غيرها‪ .‬الراديو هنا ليبقى‪ ،‬لذا قم بتشغيله‪ ،‬واضبطه‪ ،‬واستمع!‬

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‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ salsabeel salim
1 What, according to Reem, is the main reason why young people seldom listen to the radio?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2- What three advantages to listening to the radio does Manal mention?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

70 0790185538