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First US Edition: November 2023

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Sarris, Peter, author.
Title: Justinian: emperor, soldier, saint / Peter Sarris.
Other titles: Justinian, emperor, soldier, saint
Description: First US edition. | New York: Basic Books, 2023. |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2023024728 | ISBN 9781541601338 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9781541601345 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Justinian I, Emperor of the East, 483?-565. |
Emperors—Byzantine Empire—Biography. | Byzantine Empire—
History—Justinian I, 527-565.
Classification: LCC DF572 .S274 2023 | DDC 949.5/013092 [B]—
dc23/eng/20230525
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023024728

ISBNs: 9781541601338 (hardcover), 9781541601345 (ebook)

E3-20230908-JV-NF-ORI
 CONTENTS

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Epigraph
Maps

Introduction: Justinian—The Light and the Shade

PART 1: THE RISE TO POWER

Chapter 1. An Empire Divided
Chapter 2. From Rags to Riches
Chapter 3. Succession

PART 2: A TURBULENT BEGINNING

Chapter 4. Confronting the Enemy
Chapter 5. The Body of the Law
Chapter 6. The Voice of the People
Chapter 7. Building Heaven on Earth

PART 3: IMPERIAL EXPANSION AND POWER

Chapter 8. The African Campaign
Chapter 9. The Battle for Italy
Chapter 10. The Sleepless Emperor
Chapter 11. A New Kind of Power
Chapter 12. The ‘Orthodox Republic’

PART 4: THE GREAT UNRAVELLING

Chapter 13. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Chapter 14. Propaganda and Dissent
Chapter 15. Opportunistic Imperialism
Chapter 16. Death and Decline
Chapter 17. Imperial Legacies

Epilogue: End of Empire

Photos
Acknowledgements
Discover More
About the Author
Notes
Illustration Credits
Also by Peter Sarris
Praise for Justinian
To James Howard-Johnston and Turlough Stone
Explore book giveaways, sneak peeks, deals, and more.

Tap here to learn more.

Каждую ночь
мертвец
приподнимает гробовую плиту
и проверяет на ощупь:
не стерлось ли
имя на камне?
—КУПРИЯНОВ ВЯЧЕСЛАВ, Сумерки тщеславия
Every night
The dead man
Slightly lifts the lid of his tombstone
And checks by touch
Whether his name
Has worn away.
—VYACHESLAV KUPRIANOV, Twilight of Vanity (tr. P. Sarris)
Map 1
Map 2
Map 3
Map 4
 Introduction

Justinian—The Light and the

Shade

In March 2020, as the new coronavirus began spreading like wildfire

from its European epicentre in northern Italy, the authorities in the
Turkish city of Istanbul were obliged to close the city’s greatest
ancient monument to visitors. The Cathedral Church of Hagia Sophia
(‘Holy Wisdom’ in Greek) had been formally inaugurated by the
Roman emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) in 537, and over the centuries
it had served successively as a bastion of Christian spirituality, an
Ottoman mosque, and, more recently, a museum—although the
Turkish government would soon once again make it a Muslim place
of preaching and prayer.1 As the janitors and officials, wrapped from
head to toe in masks, gowns, and gloves, began the painstaking task
of disinfecting the vast structure, once the largest enclosed space in
Christendom, to expunge it of the virus, the angels, archangels,
emperors, and saints in the great mosaics adorning its walls,
ceilings, and domes, dating from the time of Justinian and his
successors to the throne of Constantinople, appeared to look on.
Clearing the building seemed to have briefly restored its inner
harmony: it was as if the images could now once more enter into
dialogue with one another. Pictures transmitted across the globe
depicted a scene eerily reminiscent of that evoked by the great
Russian poet and dissident Osip Mandel’shtam in the verses he had
composed in honour of the monument just over a hundred years
earlier:

The church, bathed in peace, is beautiful, and the forty

windows are a triumph of light; finest of all are the four
archangels in the pendentives beneath the dome.

And the wise, spherical building will outlive nations and

centuries, and the resonant sobbing of the seraphim will not
warp the dark gilded surfaces.2

The combination of panic and misery which the coronavirus

unleashed on the world in the early months of 2020 would have
been all too familiar to Justinian. Just as governments and scientists
in our own day found themselves suddenly confronting a new and
unfamiliar disease, which destabilized even the most sophisticated of
economies and regimes, so, too, had Justinian’s reign been rocked
by the sudden and seemingly unprecedented appearance of bubonic
plague.3 Arriving in the empire just four years after the completion
of Hagia Sophia, the pestilence would lay low many hundreds of
thousands of the emperor’s subjects. It was even rumoured that
Justinian himself, secluded in the imperial palace, had contracted the
disease and somehow recovered.
Justinian has long fascinated me—ever since I wrote an
undergraduate essay on him in Oxford in the early 1990s in response
to the question ‘Did Justinian ruin the empire he set out to restore?’
In many ways, I have spent much of the subsequent thirty years
trying to answer that question and attempting to come to terms with
the emperor and his reign. Even without the intervention of the
plague, Justinian’s career would have stood out from the pages of
ancient and medieval history for its energy, ambition, and drama.4
From the imperial capital of Constantinople, which had been
founded by the emperor Constantine the Great some two hundred
years earlier, Justinian ruled over a vast domain which, at the start
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