Religion Technology and the Great and Little Divergences

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Religion Technology and the Great and Little Divergences
China and Europe Compared c 700 1800 Karel Davids
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Karel Davids
ISBN(s): 9789004233881, 9004233881
Edition: Illustrated
File Details: PDF, 4.08 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
Religion, Technology, and the Great
and Little Divergences
 History of Science
and Medicine Library
VOLUME 32

Knowledge Infrastructure
and Knowledge Economy

Edited by

Karel Davids, VU University, Amsterdam

Larry Stewart, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon

VOLUME 2

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hsml

 Religion, Technology,
and the Great
and Little Divergences
China and Europe Compared, c. 700–1800

By

Karel Davids

Leiden • boston
2013
Cover illustration: Frontispiece of Kaspar Schott, Technica curiosa, sive mirabilia artis, published in
Nuremberg in 1664. The picture shows mathematical instruments and artefacts (including a copy
of the Magdeburg hemispheres, top left) discussed in this book by Schott, a Jesuit scholar based in
Würzburg, Germany. Courtesy Leiden University Library, The Netherlands, shelf mark 540 F 4.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Davids, C. A.
Religion, technology, and the great and little divergences : China and Europe compared,
c. 700–1800 / by Karel Davids.
pages cm. — (History of science and medicine library, ISSN 1872-0684 volume 32. Knowledge
infrastructure and knowledge economy ; volume 2)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-23388-1 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-23695-0 (e-book)
1. Technological innovations—Europe—History. 2. Technological innovations—China—History.
3. Technology—Religious aspects—Europe—History. 4. Technology—Religious aspects—China—
History. 5. Technology—Social aspects—Europe—History. 6. Technology—Social aspects—
China—History. 7. Cross-cultural studies—Europe. 8. Cross-cultural studies—China. I. Title.

T26.A1D38 2013
303.48’30951—dc23
2012032423

This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters
covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the
humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface.

ISSN 1872-0684
ISBN 978-90-04-23388-1 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-23695-0 (e-book)

Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

In memory of Suzanne Maria Davids-Hoefsloot
 Contents

List of Illustrations .......................................................................................... ix

Preface . ............................................................................................................... xi

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
The Great Divergence . ....................................................................... 1
Technological Change in China and Europe between c. 700
and 1800 . .......................................................................................... 4
Religion, the Economy and Technology Before 1800:
Different Views . .............................................................................. 15
Weberian Themes and the Little Divergence . ...................... 15
Latin Christendon and China ..................................................... 18
Evaluation ......................................................................................... 23
A Long-Term Comparative Approach ........................................... 27
Aims, Concepts and Approach ................................................... 27
Plan and Argument of This Book . ............................................. 30

1 Religion and Visions on the Uses of Nature in China

and Europe ................................................................................................. 33
Visions of Nature and the Great Divergence .............................. 34
Visions in Latin Christendom . ................................................... 34
Visions before Latin Christendom ............................................ 39
Visions in China . ............................................................................ 42
Visions of Nature and the Little Divergence . ............................. 48
Conclusion . ........................................................................................... 54

2 Religion and Human Capital Formation in China and Europe . 57

Variations in Human Capital Formation ..................................... 59
Religious Institutions and Formal Learning . .............................. 74
From Divergence to Convergence and Back Again ............. 76
Variations in Vocational and Technical Education ............. 91
Religious Institutions and Informal Learning . ........................... 98
Conclusion . ........................................................................................... 112
viii contents

3 Religion and the Circulation of Technical Knowledge in China

and Europe ................................................................................................. 117
Religion and the Circulation of Technical Knowledge
Before 1500 . ...................................................................................... 118
Patterns of Circulation . ................................................................ 118
Religious Travelling . ...................................................................... 129
Comparisons .................................................................................... 137
Religion and the Circulation of Technical Knowledge
After 1500 .......................................................................................... 138
Texts, Images and Artefacts ........................................................ 138
Movements of People . .................................................................. 147
Collection, Storage and Accessibility of Information . ........ 159
Conclusion . ........................................................................................... 169

4 Religion and Technical Innovation in China and Europe . ......... 173

Religion, Technical Innovation and the Great Divergence .... 175
Religious Institutions as Innovators ......................................... 175
Religious and Secular Settings of Innovation ........................ 177
Incentives for Innovation . ........................................................... 184
Comparing Creativity in China and Europe .......................... 188
Religion, Technical Innovation and the Little Divergence . ... 199
Common Trajectories . .................................................................. 200
Divergences in Creativity in Europe . ....................................... 203
Technological Creativity and Religious Contexts . ............... 210
Conclusion . ........................................................................................... 219

Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 225

Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 235

Index .................................................................................................................... 265
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Illustration of a water-powered pounding mill in Tiangong

kaiwu (The exploitation of the works of nature) by Song
Yingxing, published in 1637 .................................................................... 31
2. Illustration of a foot-operated pounding mill in Tiangong kaiwu
(The exploitation of the works of nature) by Song Yingxing,
published in 1637 ....................................................................................... 32
3. Frontispiece of Kaspar Schott, Technica curiosa, sive mirabilia
artis, published in Nuremberg in 1664. The picture shows
mathematical instruments and artefacts (including a copy of
the Magdeburg hemispheres, top left) discussed in this book
by Schott, a Jesuit scholar based in Würzburg, Germany. This
particular copy formed part of the library of Isaac Vossius,
bought by the University of Leiden in 1690. Courtesy Leiden
University Library, The Netherlands .................................................... 172
4. Drawing of a crankshaft for a wind-powered saw-mill in a
patent application submitted to the States of Holland
(United Provinces) by Cornelis Cornelisz. van Uitgeest, 1597.
Courtesy Nationaal Archief, The Hague, The Netherlands . ......... 223
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Biochemistry - Case Study
Second 2025 - Faculty

Prepared by: Researcher Brown

Date: August 12, 2025

References 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation

Learning Objective 1: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 7: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 2: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 15: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 17: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Introduction 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 24: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 28: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 33: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 37: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 5: Historical development and evolution
Example 40: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 41: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 45: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 46: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 48: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 6: Historical development and evolution
Practice Problem 50: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 7: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 8: Historical development and evolution
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice 9: Theoretical framework and methodology
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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