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 24-1

Copyright© 2021 National Fire Protection A~sociation®. All Rights Reserved.

NFPA® 24

Standard for the

Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances

2022 Edition

This edition of NFPA 24, Standm·d joT the InstaUation of Private Fit·e Sm·vice Mai·ns and Theit·
AppuTtenances, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Private '·Vater Supply Piping Systems and
t-eleased by the Correlating Committee on Automatic Sprinkler Systems. It was issued by the
Standards Council on March 18, 2021, with an effective date of April 8, 2021, and supersedes all
previous editions.
This edition of NFPA 24 wa~ appmved as an American National Standard on Apt·il 8, 2021.

Origin and Development of NFPA 24

In 1903, the NFPA Committee on Hose and Hydran ts first presented Specifications for Mill Ym·d Hose
Houses, taken substantially fmm a standard published by the Eastern Factory Insurance Association.
T his text was revised and adopted in 1904. The NFPA Committee on Field Practice amended the
Specifications in 1926, published as NFPA 25.
In 1925, the Committee on Field Pt·actice prepared a StandaTd on Outside Protection, Private
UndeTgnmnd Piping Systetns Supplying Water for FzTe Extinguishment, which was adopted by NFPA. It was
largely taken from the 1920 edition of the NFPA Automatic SpTinkler Standard, Section M. on
Underground Pipes and Fittings. In Septembet· 1931, a revision was made, with the t·esulting
standard designated as NFPA 24. In the L981 edition, the title was changed from Standa·rd fm· Outside
Protection to StandaTd joT the Installation of P1ivate FiTe SenJice Mains and TheiT AppuTtenances.
In 1953, on recommendation of the Committee on Standpipes and Outside Protection, the two
standards (NFPA 24 and NFPA 25) were completely revised and adopted as NFPA 24. Amendments
were made leading to separate editions in 1955, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970,
1973, 1977, 1981,1983, and 1987.
The 1992 edition included amendments to further delineate the point at which the water supply
stops and the fixed fire protection system b egins. Minor changes were made concerning special
topics such as thrust restraint and equipment provisions in valve pits.
The 1995 edition clarified requirements for aboveground and buried piping. Revisions were
made to provide additional information regarding listing requirements, signage, valves, valve
supervision, hydrant outlets, system attachments, piping materials, and thrust blocks. User
fi·iendline ss of the document was also addressed.
The 2002 edition represented a complete revision ofNFPA 24. Changes included reorganization
and editorial modifications to comply with the Manual ofStylefm· NFPA Technical Committee Documents.
Additionally, all of the underground piping requirements were relocated into a new Chapter 10.
The 2007 edition was revised in five major areas: Chapter 10 was updated editorially, a nd minor
technical changes were made . Newly established leakage test criteria, as well as updated
requirements for thrust blocks and restrained j oints, were added to Chapter 10. Two annexes were
new to this edition: Annex C, Recommended Practice joT Fin; Flow 11i..sting, and Annex D, Recommended
Practice fm· Mm·kingof Hydrants. These two annexes were developed based on the 2002 edition of
NFPA 291.
The 2010 edition was revised in three major areas: the provisions for Location and ide ntification of
fire department connections, valves conu·olling water supply, and protection of fire service main s
entering the building.
The 2013 edition of NFPA 24 included clarifications on the requir·ements for running piping
under buildings, including annex figures depicting clearances. The Conu·actors Material a nd Test

NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.
24-2 I NSTALLATION OF PRIVATE FIRE SERViCE l\IIA I NS AND THEI R APPURTENANC"ES

Certificate for Underground Piping (Figure 10.10.1) was modified to include confirmation that the forward flow test of the
backflow pt·eventer had been conducted. A provision was also added that required the automatic drip valve to be in an
accessible location that permits inspections in accordance with NFPA 25.
NFPA 24 underwent a strucmral rewrite for the 2016 edition . The hydrant definitions were clarified to describe the type of
hydrant in question, as opposed to describing when and whet·e they would be used. The valve arrangement ,-equirements were
rewritten for clarity, and annex figures added to provide figures that are consistent with NFPA 13. The title of Chapter 6 was
changed from Valves to V\Tater Supply Connections to better describe the material in the chapter. Revisions to Section 6.1 more
cleady call out the permitted exceptions to indicating valves and permit nonlisted tapping sleeve and valve a~semblies in
connections to municipal water supplies. The center of hose outlet measurements was updated to include clear minimwn and
maximum values for the location of the outlet, along with the appropriate measurement for a hose house installation. The
steel underground piping ,-eferences have been removed from the table in Chapter 10 because steel pipe is ,-equired to be
listed other than in the FDC line. A statement also was added to allow underground fittings to be used above the ground to
transition to aboveground piping.
The 2019 edition included minor changes related to trenching and backfill. Acceptance testing requirements fN
aboveground pi ping were included. The standard was also revised to clarifY the unacceptable use of steel piping for
underground service.
The 2022 edition explains that NFPA 24 does not apply to dry fire hydrants used for drafting. Chapter 5 clarifies that a
single fire department connection can supply multiple buildings where approved by the AHJ. Alternate distance criteria were
added to Chapter 6 for post indicator valves and backflow preventors. A new section was added to Chapter 10 to clarity that the
flush rates of NFPA 20 need to be used where a fire pump is connected to the water supply. Also, a new section has been added
that provides an alternate cleaning procedure in place of u-aditional flushing. New annex material h as been added to help
determine ice thickness where taking water from a source exposed to freezing conditions.

2022 Edition
 COMM I'ITEE PERSONN EL 24-3

Correlating Committee on Automatic Sprinkler Systems

William E. Koffel, Chair
Koffel Associates, Inc, MD [SE]

RolandA. Asp, National Fire Sprinkler Association , Inc., MD [M] Charles W. Ketner, National Automatic Sprinkler Fitters LU 669,
Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association MD[L]
Jose R. Baz,JRB Associates Group Inc., FL [M] Rep. United A~sn. of J ourneymen & Apprentices of d1e
Rep. NFPA Latin American Section Plumbing & Pipe Fitting Industry
Kerry M. Bell, UL LLC, IL [ RT] James D. Lake, Viking Corporation, Ml [M]
Tracey D. Bellamy, Telgian Corpot·ation, GA [U] JohnA.LeBianc, FM Global, MA [I]
Rep. The Home Depot Kenneth W. Linder, Swiss Re, CT [I]
Chase A. Browning, Medford Fire Department, O R [E] David 0. Lowrey, City of Boulder Fire Rescue, CO [E )
Steven W. Dellasanta, J ensen H ughes Associates, Inc., RI [SE] Bryan Edwin Matthews, Liberty Mutual Group, NY [I]
John August Denhardt, American Fire Sprinkler Association Garner A. Palenske, Wiss Janney Elsmer Associates, Inc., CA [SE]
(AFSA), TX [IM] Lawrence Richard Phillips, US Department of d1e Navy, VA [E]
Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association
Adam Seghl, Coda Risk Analysis, TX [I]
MichaelJ. Friedman, Friedman Consulting, Inc, MD [SE]
Joseph Su, National Research Council of Canada, Canada [RT]
Alex Hoffman, Viking Fire Protection Inc. , Canada [lM]
J. Michael Thompson, GHD/The Protection Enginee ring Group,
Rep. Canadian Automatic Sprinkler Association
PC, VA [SE]
Sultan M.Javeri, SC Engineering, France [1M]

Alternates
Ralph E. Bless, Jr., Te lg ian Corporation, GA [ U] Jeffrey M. Hugo , National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., Ml [M]
(Alt. to Tracey D. Bellamy) (Alt. to Ro land A. Asp)
Bruce H. Clarke, American International Group, I nc. (AlG), SC [I ] JackA. Medovich, Fire & Life Safety America, MD [IM]
(Alt. to Adam Seghi) (Alt. to John August De nhardt)
Russell P. Fleming, Northeast Fire Suppression Associates, LLC, NH Donato A. Pirro, Electro Sistemas De Panama, S.A., Panama [M]
[SE] (Alt. to Jose R. Baz)
(Alt. to Michael j. Friedman) Jason W. Ryckman, Canadian Automatic Sprinkler Association,
Scott T. Franson, The Viking Corporation, Ml [M] Canada [IM]
(Alt. to j ames D. Lake) (Alt. to Alex Hoffman)
David B. Fuller, FM Approvals, Rl [I] Douglas Paul Stultz, US Department of the Navy, VA [E]
(Alt. to j ohn A. LeBlanc) (Alt. to Lawrence Richard Phillips)
J effrey E. Harper, JENSEN HUGHES, IL [SE] Jeffrey J. Van Rhyn, Jr., Local 669 JATC, NV [ L]
(Alt. to Steven W. De llasanta) (Alt. to Charles W. Kemer)
J eff Hebenstreit, UL LLC, lL [RT]
(Alt. to Kerry M. Bell)

Nonvoting
James B. Biggins, TUV SUD America Inc./Global Risk Consultants R ussell B. Leavitt, Te lgian Corporation, AZ [U ]
Corporation, IL [SE] Rep. T C on Sprinkler System Discharge Criteria
Rep. TC on H anging & Bracing of Water-Based Systems JohnJ. Walsh , UA.Jo int Apprenticeship Committee Local 669, MD
Christopher I. Deneff, FM Global, Rl [I] [SE]
Rep. TC on Hanging & Bracing of Watet~Based Systems Rep. Uni ted Assn. of J ourneymen & Apprentices of d1e
Raymond A. Grill, Arup, DC [SE] Plumbing & Pipe Fitting lndusu·y
Rep. TC on Sprinkler System Installation Criteria (Member Emeritus)
Kenne th E. Isman, University of Maryland, MD [SE]
Rep. TC on Residential Sprinkle r Systems

Chad Duffy, NFPA Staff Liaison

This list represents the membership at the lime lhe CommiUI'I! wr•5 balloted on the final t.ext ofthi5 edition.
Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to clas.5ijicalions is found at the
back of the dowment.

NOTE: Membership on a commjuee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of

the Association or any document d eveloped by the committee o n which t he member serves.

Committee Scope: This Committee shall have overall responsibility for documents d1at
pe rtain to the criteria for the design and installation of automatic, open and foam-water
sprinkler systems including th e character and adequacy of water supplies, and me selection
of sprinklers, p ip ing, valves, and a ll materials and accessories. This Committee does not
cover d1e installation of tanks and towers, nor me installation, maintenance, and use of

2022 Edition
24-4 I NSTALLATION OF PRIVATE FIRE SERViCE l\IIA I NS AND THEIR A PPURTENANC"ES

cemral station, proprietary, auxiliary, a nd local signaling systems for watchme n , fire alarm,
supervisory service, nor the design of fire department hose connections.

2022 Edition
 COMM I'ITEE PERSONN EL 24-5

Technical Committee on Private Water Sup ply Piping Systems

Robert G. Caputo, Chail·
Fire & L ife Safety America, AZ [JM]

RolandA. Asp, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., MD [M] Michael Larsen , Amway Inc., Ml [ U ]
Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association Leslie " Chip" L. lindley, II, Lindley Fire Protection Company Inc.,
James B. Biggins, TUV SUD America Inc./ Global Risk Consultants CA[IM]
Corporation, IL [SE] James M. Maddry, J ames M. Maddry, P.E., GA [SE]
Dominic Bosco, Shambaugh & Son, NV [IM] Bob D. Morgan, Fort Worth Fire Department, T X [E]
Rep. Illinois Fire P revention Association Jason R. Olliges, Sprinkler Fitters Local 268, MO [L]
Marinus Both, API Group Inc., MA [1M] Rep. United Assn. ofJ ourneymen & Apprentices of the
Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association Plumbing & Pipe Fitting Industry
Flora F. Chen, Hayward Fire Department, California, CA [E] Shawn C. Olson , C lackamas County Fire District # I, O R [E ]
Stephen A. Clark, J r., Allianz, GA [I] John H. Pecot, J ohnson Controls, T X [M]
J effry T. Dudley, National Aeronautics & Space Adminisu·ation, Rep. J ohnson Controls
Kennedy Space Center (NASA), FL [U ] Dion Powell, Liberty Mutual, I.L [ I]
Byron E. Ellis, Entergy Corporation, LA [U] Martin Ramos, Environme ntal Systems Design, Inc., LL [SE]
Rep. Edison Electric lnstitme
James R. Richardson , Lisle Woodridge Fire District, I L [E]
Brandon W. Frakes, AXA XL/ Giobal Asset Protection Services,
Daniel Sanchez, City of Los Angeles, CA [ E]
LLC, NC [l]
P eter T. Schwab , Wayne Automatic Fire Sprinklers, Inc., FL [1M]
Robert M. Gagnon, Gagnon Engineering, MD [SE]
Austin L. Smith, Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC, Y-12, T N [U]
LaMar H ayward, 3-D Fire Protection , Inc., lD [IM]
Kenneth W. Wagoner, Parsley Consulting Engineers, CA [SE]
J e ff H ebenstreit, UL LLC, IL [RT ]
Byron Weisz, Cen-Cal Fire Systems, Inc., CA [1M]
Kevin J . Kelly, Victaulic, PA [M]
Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association
Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
Alan R. Laguna, Merit Sprinkler Company, Inc. , LA [1M]

Alternates

Mark A. Bowman, Global Asset Protection Services, LLC, O H [I] Thomas William Noble, American Fire Sprinkler Association, TX
(Alt. to Brandon W. Frakes) [1M]
Christopher D Fulkerson, Local 669 Jatc, IN [L] (Alt. to Byron Weisz)
(Alt. to J ason R. Olliges) William O verton, Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC, Y-12 , TN [U]
WilliamJ. Gotto, TUV SUD America Inc./ Global Risk Consultants (Alt. tO Austin L. Smith)
Corporation, NJ [SE] Ryan Lee P eterson, Wayne Auto Fire Sprinklers, FL [IM]
(Alt. to J ames B. Biggins) (Alt. to Peter T. Schwab)
Andrew C. Higgins, Allianz, NC [I] Steven P. Rasch , J ohnson Controls, OK [M]
(Alt. to Stephen A. C lark, J r.) (Alt. to John H. Pecot)
Conor J. Kauffman, Kauffman Company, TX [1M] William Scott Roberts, Quick Response Fire Protection , NJ [M]
(Alt. to Marin us Both) (Alt. tO Ro land A. Asp)
Larry Keeping, P LC Fire Safety Solutions, Canada [SE] Craig M Vesely, Alliant Energy, WI [U]
(Voting Alt.) (Alt. to Byron E. Ellis)
Kevin D. Maughan, Victaulic/Giobe Fire, Ml [M] James A Zimmerman, J ENSEN HUGH ES, IL [SE]
(Alt. to Kevin .J. Kelly) (Voting Alt.)
Michael G. McCormick, U L LLC, IL [RT]
(Alt. toj etT Hebensn-eit)

Non voting
Frans Alferink, Wavin Overseas, Nethe rlands [U ]

Chad Duffy, NFPA Statf Liaison

This list 1'ffpresents the m£mbership at the time the Committee was balloted on thefinalwxt ofthis etlition.
Since that time, changes in tit£ 'membershifl may have occun-ed. A ky to classifications is found at the
back of tit£ document.

NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of

the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the me mbe r serves.

Committee Scope: T his Committee shall have the primary responsibili ty for documents o n
private piping systems supplying water for fire protection and for hyd rants, hose houses, and
valves. T he Committee is also responsible for documents on fire flow testing and marking of
hydrants.

2022 Edition
24-6 INSTALLATION OF PRIVATE FIRE SERViCE l\IIA INS AND THEIR A PPURTENANC"ES

Co ntents

Chapter I Administration ............ ................................... . 24-7 8.4 Size and Arrangement ......................... ................. . 24-1 5
1.1 Scope .......... ............... .............................................. . 24-7 8.5 Marking.................................................................. . 24-1 5
1.2 Purpose . .......... ..... .......... ......................................... . 24-7 8.6 General Equipment. ........................................... .... 24-1 5
1.3 Retroactivity.. ............................................. .............. 24-7 8.7 Domestic Service Use Prohibited .......................... . 24-1 5
1.4 Equivalency................... ............... ............... ............. 24-7
1.5 Units............................................................... ......... . 24-7 Chapter 9 Master Streams .............................................. . 24-15
9.1 Master Streams....................................................... . 24-15
Chapter 2 Referenced Publications ...... ......................... . 24- 8 9.2 Application and Special Situations....................... . 24-15
2.1 General ............................................... .................... . 24- 8
2.2 NFPA Pub lications . ................................................ . 24- 8 Chapter I 0 Underground Requirements ...... ................. .. 24- 16
2.3 Other Pub lications................................................. . 24- 8 10.1 Piping ...................................................................... . 24- 16
2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections . .. . 24- 9 10.2 Fittings.......................................................... ..... ..... . 24- 16
10.3 Connection of Pipe, Fittings, and
Chapter 3 Definitions .............................. ............... ......... 24- 9 Appurtenances....................................................... . 24- 17
3.1 General. .......................... .......... ..... .................... ..... . 24- 9 10.4 Protection of Private Fire Service Mains.............. .. 24- 17
3.2 NFPA Official Definitions . .................. .................... 24- 9 10.5 Grounding and Bonding...................................... .. 24- 18
3.3 General Definitions............ .......... ..... ...................... 24- 9 10.6 Restraint. ................................................................ .. 24- 18
3.4 Hydrant Definitions.............................. .......... ..... ... 24-10 10.7 Steep Grades.......................................................... .. 24- 20
10.8 I nstallation Requirements..................................... . 24- 20
Chapter 4 General Requirements .............................. .... . 24-10 10.9 Backfilling ............................................................... . 24- 20
4.1 Plans........................................................................ . 24-10 10.10 Testing and Acceptance.......................... ............... . 24- 20
4.2 Installation Work.................................................... . 24- II
Chapter I I H ydraulic Calculations .................................. . 24-24
Chapter 5 Water Supplies ............ ................................... . 24- 11 ILl Hydraulic Calculation Procedures....................... .. 24-24
5.1 Connection to Waterworks Systems ......... .............. 24- 11 11.2 Ca.Iculations in U.S. Customary Units............. ..... .. 24-24
5.2 Size of Fire Mains............................................... ..... 24- 11 11.3 Ca.Iculations in SI Units............................... .......... . 24-24
5.3 Pressure-Regulating Devices and Meters.......... ..... 24- 11
5.4 Connection from Waterworks Systems.............. .... 24-11 Chapter I2 Aboveground Pipe and Fittings .................... . 24- 24
5.5 Connections to Pub lic Water Systems ......... .......... . 24-11 12.1 General. ................................................................ .. . 24- 24
5.6 Pumps............................................................. ....... .. 24-11 12.2 Protection of Piping ............................................... . 24-24
5.7 Tanks ...................................................................... .. 24-11
5.8 Penstocks, Rivers, Lakes, or Reset·voi rs................ .. 24-11 Chapter I3 Sizes of Aboveground and Buried P ipe ...... .. 24- 24
5.9 Remote Fire Department Connections................ . 24-11 13.1 Private Service Mains ............................................ .. 24- 24
13.2 Mains Not Supplying Hydrants .............................. 24- 24
Chapter 6 Water Supply Connections ......... ................... . 24-1 2 13.3 Mains Supplying Fire Protection Systems............. . 24- 25
6.1 Valves...................................................................... . 24-1 2
6.2 Connections to Water Supplies............................ .. 24-1 2 Chapter I4 System Inspection, Testing, and
6.3 Post Indicator Valves................................ ............. .. 24-1 3 Maintenance ..................................... ..... ......... 24- 25
6.4 Valves in Pi ts . ........................................ ................... 24-1 3 14.1 General. .................................................................. . 24- 25
6.5 Backflow Prevention Assemblies.......................... .. 24-14
Annex A Explanatory Material ..................................... . 24- 25
6.6 Sectional Valves ...................................................... . 24-14
6.7 IdentifYing and Securing Valves........................... .. 24-14 Annex B Valve Supervision Issues ............................... . 24-40
6.8 Check Valves.......................................................... .. 24-14
Annex C Recommended Practice for Water Flow
Chapter 7 Hydrants ...................... ..... .............................. . 24-14 Testing ............................................................ . 24-41
7.1 General. .................................................................. . 24-14
7.2 Number and Location ........................................... . 24-14 Annex D Recommended Practice for Marking of
7.3 Installation .............................................................. . 24-14 Hydrants ........................................................ .. 24-51

Chapter 8 Hose Houses and Equipment ...................... .. 24-1 5 Annex E Informational References ........................... .. 24- 52
8.1 General. .................................................................. . 24-1 5
8.2 Location...................................................... ............. 24- 15 Index 24-54
8.3 Consu·uction. ........................................................... 24- 15

2022 Edition
 ADMLN I STRATION 24-7

NFPA24 (2) Mains providing fire protection and/ or domestic water

that are privately owned but are operated as a water utility
Standard for the (3)* Dry fire hydrants utilized for drafting or mains connected
to dry fire hydrants utilized for drafting
Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and 1.1.4 This standard shall not apply to underground mains
Their Appurtenances serving sprinkler systems designed and installed in accordance
wim NFPA 13R that a re less man 4 in. (100 mm) in nominal
2022 Edition diameter.
1.1.5 This standard shall not apply to underground mains
IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for serving sprinkler systems designed and installed in accordance
use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices wiili NFPA 13D.
and disclaimers appear in all publications conta·i ning this document
1.2 Purpose. The purpose of this standard shall be to provide
and may be found under the heading "Importmlt Notices and
Disclaimers Concerning NFPA Standards." They can also be viewed a reasonable degree of protection for life and property fi·om
at www.n.JPa.org/disclaimers or obtained on request from NFPA. fire th1·ough installation 1·equirements for private fi1·e service
main systems based on sound e nginee ring principles, test data,
UPDATES, ALERTS, AND FUTURE EDITIONS: New editions of
and field experience.
NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (i.e.,
NFPA Standards) are released on scheduled revision cycles. This 1.3 Retroactivity. The provisions of iliis standard reflect a
edition may be superseded by a later one, or it may be amended consensus for what is necessary to provide an acceptable
outside of its scheduled revision cycle through the issuance of Tenta- degree of protection from the hazards addressed in this stand-
tive Interim Amendments (TIAs). An official NFPA Standard at any ard at the time me standard was issued.
point in time consists of the current edition of the document, together
with all TIAs and Errata in effect. To verifY that this dQcument is the 1.3.1 Unless o therwise specified, the provisions of ili is stand-
current edition or to determine if it has been amended by TIAs or ard shall not apply to facilities, equipment, structu res, or instal-
Errata, please consult the National Fire Codes® Subscription Service latio ns that existed 01· were approved fix consu·uction 01·
or the "List of NFPA Codes & Standards" at www. nfpa.org/docinfo. installation prior to me effective date of me standard. '"There
In addition to TIAs and Errata, the document information pages also specified, me provisions of this standard shall be retroactive.
include the option to sign up for alerts for individual documents and 1.3.2 In mose cases where me authority having jurisdiction
to be involved in the development ofthe next edition. (AHJ) determines mat the existing situa tion prese n ts an unac-
NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number 01· letter ceptable degree of risk, the AHJ shall b e permitted to apply
designating a paragraph indicates d1at explanatory material on retroactively any portions of this standard deemed approp1·iate.
the paragraph can be found in Annex A.
r
A reference in brackets l following a section or paragraph 1.3.3 The retroactive requirements of this standard shall be
indicates material mat has been exu·acted from anomer NFPA permitted to be modified if their application clearly would be
document. Extracted text may be edited for consistency and impractical in the judg me nt of m e AJ-ij and only where it is
style and may include the revision of internal paragraph refer- clearly evident mat a reasonable degree of safety is provided.
ences and oilier references as appropriate. Requests for inter-
1.4 Equivalency. Noming in this standard is intended to
pretations or revisions of extracted text shall be sent to the
p1·event me use of systems, methods, 01· devices of equivale nt 01·
technical committee responsible for the source document.
superior quality, strengm, fire resistance, effectiveness, durabil-
Information on referenced and extracted publications can
ity, and safety over those prescribed b y this standard. Technical
be found in Chapter 2 and Annex E.
documentation shall be submitted to m e AHJ to demonstrate
equivalency. l11e syste m, meiliod, or devi ce shall be approved
Chapter 1 Administration for me in tended purpose by me AHJ.
1.5 Units.
1.1 Scope.
1.5.1 Metric units of measurement in iliis standard shall be in
1.1.1 This standard shall provide the minimum requirements
accordance with the modernized meu·ic system known as me
for the installation of private fire service mains and their appur-
Intemational System of Units (SI) .
tenances, which include supplying me following:
(1) Automatic sprinkler syste ms 1.5.1.1 Two uni ts (liter and bar) are outside of but re cogn ized
(2) Open sp1·inkler systems b y SI, a nd are commonly used in international fire protection.
(3) Water spray fixed systems 1.5.1.2 These units with con version facto1·s shall be used as
(4) Foam systems listed in Table 1.5.1.2.
(5) Private hydrants
(6) Monitor nozzles or standpipe systems wim reference to 1.5.2 If a value for a measurement given in iliis standard is
water s upplies followed by an equivalent valu e in other units, me first stated is
(7) Hose houses to be regarded as the requiremen t.
1.1.2 This standard shall apply to combined service mains 1.5.3* It shall be acceptable to use me exact conversion or the
intended to carry water for fire se rvice and other uses. conversions stated in the standard, even though they mig ht not
be exact.
1.1.3 This standard shall not apply to the following situations:
(1) Mains under the control of a water utility

2022 Edition
24-8 I NSTALLAT ION OF PRIVATE FIRE SERViCE l\IIA I NS AND THEI R A PPURTENANC"ES

Table 1.5.1.2 Conversion Table for SI Unils

Quantity Name of Unit Unit Symbol Conversion Factor

Length Meter m 1 ft = 0.3048 m
,,
Area Square meter m· 1 ft2 = 0.092903 m 2
Volume Cubic meter m3 1 ft3 = 0.028317 m 3
Fluid capacity Liter L 1 gal= 3.785 L
Flow Liter per minute L/ min 1 gpm = 3.785 L/ min
Pressure Bar bar 1 psi = 0.0689 bar
Kilopascal kPa 1 psi= 6.894757 kPa
Newton per square N/ m 2 1 lbf/ ft2 = 47.8800 N/ m 2
meter
Temperature Degrees Celsius oc P F= % X oc + 32
Velocity Meter per second m/s 1 fps = 0.3048 m/s
Force Newton N 1 lbf= 4.448822 N
2
Stress Kilonewton per kN/ m llbf/ft 2 = 0.047880 kN/ m 2
square meter
Mega pascal MPa 1 lbf/ in .2 = 0.006895 MPa
. .
Note: For addmonai conversions and mtormauon, see ASTM SilO, IEEE/ASTM Sf 10 Anumcan Natzonal
Standard for Metric Practice.

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications ASME Bl 6.4, Gray Iron 17maded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250,
2016.
2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof Listed in this
ASME Bl 6.1 5, Cast Copper AltO)' Th1-eaded Fittings, Cla~es 125
ch apter are referenced within this standard and shall be
considered part of the requirements of this document. and 250, 2018.

2.2 NFPA P ublications. National Fire Protection Association, ASME Bl6.18, Cast Copper Alloy Solder j oint Pres.mre Fittings,
201 8.
1 Batteryrnarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
NFPA 13, Standctrd for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2022 ASME B16.22, Wrought Coppe1· and Coppet·Alloy Soklerjoint Pm-
edition. sure Fittings, 2018.
NFPA 13D, StandaTd for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in 2.3.2 ASTM Publications. ASTM International , 100 Barr
One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactumd Homes, 2022 Harbor Drive, P.O . Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
edition. 19428-2959.
NFPA 13R, StandaTd for the Installation of Sptinkler Systems in
Low-Rise Residential Occupancies, 2022 edition . ASTM A53/A53M, Standm·d Specification jo1· Pipe, Steel, Black
NFPA 20, StandaTd fm· the Installation of Stationmy Pumps fm· and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welcled and Seamless, 2018.
Fi1-e Protection, 2022 editi on . ASTM A135/Al 35M, Standard Specification fm· Elect?ic-
NFPA 22, Standani for Water 1r.mks for Ptivate Fi1-e Protection, R esistance-Wekled Steel Pipe, 2009, reapproved 2019 .
2018 edition.
NFPA 25, StandaTd fm· the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance ASTM A312/312M, Standard Specification joT Seamless, Welded,
of Watet·-Based Fi1·e Protection Systems, 2020 edition . and H eavily Cold Wmiwd Austenitic Stainle.~5 Steel Pipes, 2019.
NFPA 780, Standard joT the Installation of Lightning Protection ASTM A403/ A403M, Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stain-
Systems, 2020 edition . less Steel Pipe Fittings, 2019a.
NFPA 1961, Standard on Fi·re H ose, 2020 edition .
ASTM A795/ A795M, Standm·d Specification fm· Black and Hot-
NFPA 1963, StandardjorFi1-e Hose Connections, 2019 edition .
Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seamle~ Steel Pipe for
2.3 Other P ublications. fire Pmtection Use, 201 3.

2.3.1 ASME Publications. Amet·ican Society of Mechanical ASTM B43, Specification for Seamless Red Bra~ Pipe, Standard
Engin eers, Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990. Sizes, 2015.

ASME Bl.20.1, Pipe 77z7mds, Geneml Pmpose (Inch), 2013. ASTM B75/B75M, Specification for Seamless Coppe1· Tube, 2019.
ASME Bl6.1, Gray hon Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Classes ASTM B88, Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube, 2020.
25, 125, and 250, 2015.
ASTM B25 1I B251 M, Standa·rd Specification jm· General Requi·re-
ASME Bl 6.3, Malleable hon Th1-eaded Fittings, aas.~es 150 and ments for Wrought Seamless Copper and Coppe,~Alloy Tube, 2017.
300, 201 6.

2022 Edition
 DEFINITIONS 24-9

ASTM SilO, IEEE/ASTM Sf 10 American National Standard for Chapter 3 Definitions

MetTic Practice, 2016.
3. 1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall
2.3.3 AWWA Publications. American Water Works Association,
apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not
6666 West Quincy Avenue , Denver, CO 80235. defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be
AV\rWA C l04/ A21.4, Cement-Mortar L ining for Ductile-b-on Pipe defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings withi n the
and Fittings, 2016. context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
Dictiona1y, 11th editio n, shall be the source for the ordinarily
A'N\I•lA C105/ A21.5, Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile-Iron accepted meaning.
Pipe Systems, 2018.
3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.
AWVvA CllO/ A21.10, Ductile-h vn and Gray-b·on Fittings, 2012.
3.2.1 * Approved. Acceptable to th e a uthority having jurisdic-
AWWA C111/ A21.11, Rubbe1·-Gasket joints for Ductile-lmn Pres- t ion.
sun: Pipe and Fittings, 2017.
3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organ ization,
AWWA Cll 5/ A21.15, Ranged Ductile-Iron Pipe with Ductile-Iron office, or individual responsible for enforcing the t·equirements
or Gray-hvn 17maded Ranges, 2011. of a code or standard, or for approving equipme n t, materials,
A\AlWA C150/A21.50, 17!ickness Design of Ductile-b-on Pipe, an installation, or a procedure.
2014. 3.2.3 Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been
attached a label, symbol, o r other identifying mark of an o rgan-
AWWA Cl 51/ A21.51, Ductile-Imn Pipe, Centrijitgally Cast,
2017, errata 2018. ization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction
and concerned with product evaluation , that maintai ns ped-
AWVvA C153/ A21.53, Ductile-b·on Compact Fittings, 2019. odic inspection of produ ctio n of labeled equipment or ma te ri-
als, and by whose labeling the ma nufacturer indicates
AWWA C300, Reinforced Concrete Pressun: Pipe, Steel-Cylinder compliance with appropriate standards o t· performance in a
Type, 2016. specified manner.
AWWA C30 1, Prestressed Concrete Pressw-e Pipe, Steel-Cylinder 3.2.4* Listed. Equipment, materials, or setvices included in a
Type, 2014 reaffirmed without revision 2019. list published by an organization that is acceptable to the
AWWA C302, Reinforced Conc1-ete Pressun; Pipe, Noncylinder Type, authority having jurisdictio n and con cerned with evalua tion of
2016. p roduct5 or services, that maintains periodic inspection of
production of listed equip ment or m atet·ia ls or periodic evalua-
A'NV•lA C303, Concrete Presmre Pipe, Bar-Wrapped, Steel-Cylinder tion of setvices, and wh ose listing states that either the equip-
Type, 2017. ment, material, o r service meets appropriate designated
AV·lVvA C600, Installation of Ductile Imn Water Mains and Their standards or has been tested and found suitable fot· a specified
Appurtenances, 2017. purpose .

AW\AlA C602, Cement-Mortar L ining of Water Pipe L ines in Place, 3.2.5 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.
4 in. (100 mm) and Larger, 2017. 3.2.6 Should. Indicates a recomme ndatio n or that whic h is
advised but not required.
AWVvA C900, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressw-e Pipe and Fabrica-
ted Fittings, 4 in. Thmugh 60 in. ( 100 mm Through 1,500 mm), 3.2.7 Standard. An NFPA Standa rd, the main text of wh ich
2016. contains only mandatory provisio ns using the word "shall" to
indi cate require ments a nd that is in a form gene rally suitable
AWWA C906, Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and Fittings, 4 in.
(100 mm) Thmugh 63 in. (1650 mm) f01· Waterw01·ks, 2015. for mandatory reference by anoth er standard or code or fo r
adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions a re not to be
AW\IVA C909, Molecularly 01iented Polyvinyl Chloride (PVCO) considered a part of the requiremen ts of a standard and sha ll
PrP.ssure Pipe, 4 in. - 24 in. (100 mm- 600 mm) fm· Wate1; Wastewa- be located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational
te~; and Reclaimed Water Service, 2016. note, or other means as permitted in the NFPA Manuals of
Style. When used in a generic sense, su ch as in the phrase
AWWA M9, ConcretePressumPipe, 2008, errata 2014.
"standards deve lopmen t process" or "standards development
A'NV•lA M23, PVC Pipe - Design and Installation, 2019. activities," the term "standards" includes all NFPA Standat·ds,
including Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and
AWWA M55, PE Pipe - Design and Installation, 2006. Guides.
2.3.4 Other Publications. 3.3 General Definitions.
Meniam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionmy, lith edition, Merriam- 3.3.1 Appurtenance. An accessory or attachment that enables
\>\lebster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003. the private fire service ma in to perform its in tended function .
2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections. 3.3.2 Automatic Drain Valve (Au tomatic Drip or Ball Drip). A
device intended to remove water using g ravity from piping or
NFPA 20, Standanl f01· the Installation of Stationmy Pumps f01·
Fire Protection, 2022 edition . valve cavities, wh ich is required to b e empty when the system is
not discharging water.

2022 Edition

EDUFIRE.IR Telegram: EDUFIRE_IR

24-10 INSTALLATION OF PRIVATE FIRE SERVIC"E MAINS AND THELR APPURTENANCES

3.3.3* Control Valve (Shutoff Valve). A valve controlling flow 3.3.17 Test.
to water-based fire protection system s and devices.
3.3.17.1 Fluw Test. A test performed b y the flow and meas-
3.3.4 Corrosion-Resistant Piping. Piping that has the property urement of water from o ne hydrant and the static and resid-
of being able to withstand deterioration of its surface or its ual pressures from an adjacen t hydrant for the purpose of
properties when exposed to its environment. determ ining the available watet· supply at that location.
3.3.5 Corrosion-Retarding Material. A lining or coating mate- 3.3.17.2 Flushing Test. A test of a piping system using flow-
rial that when applied to piping or appurtenances has the rates indented to remove debris from the p iping syste m
property of t-educing or slowing the deterioration of the pt-ior to it being p laced in set-vice.
object's surface or properties when exposed to its environment.
3.3.17.3 Hydrostatic Test. A test of a closed piping syste m
3.3.6 Fire Department Connection. A connection through and it~ attached appurtenances consisting of subjecting d1e
which the fire department can pump supplemental water into piping to an increased internal pressm-e for a specified
the sprinkler system, standpipe, or other water-based fire duration to verify system integrity and system leakage rates.
protection systems, thereby supplementing existing water
supplies. 3.3.18 Valve.

3.3.7 Fire Pump. A pump that is a provider of liquid flow and 3.3.18.1 Check Valve. A valve d1at allows flow in one d irec-
pressure dedicated to fire protection. r2o, 20221 tion only.

3.3.8 Hose House. An enclosure located over 01- adjacent to a 3.3.18.2* Indicating Valve. A valve that has components that
hydrant or other water supply designed to contain the neces- provide the valve operating conditio n, open or closed.
sary hose nozzles, hose wrenches, gaskets, and spanners to be 3.4 Hydrant Definitions.
used in fire fighting in conjunction with and to provide aid to
the local fire department. 3.4.1 Hydrant. An exterior valved connection to a water
supply system that provides hose connections.
3.3.9 Hydrant Butt. The hose connection outlet of a hydrant.
3.4.1.1 * Dry Barrel Hydrant (Frostproof Hydrant). A type of
3.3.10 Hydraulically Calculated Wate r Demand Flow Rate. h ydrant with the main control valve below the frost line
T he waterflow rate for a system or hose stream that has been between the footpiece and the barrel.
calculated using accepted engineering practices.
3.4.1.2 Flow Hydrant. The hydrant that is used for the flow
3.3.11 Pressure. and flow measurement of wate r during a flow test.
3.3.11.1 Residual Pressure. T he pressure that exists in the 3.4.1.3* Private Fire Hydrant. A valved connection on a
distribution syste m, measured at the residual hydrant at the water supply system having one or more outlets that is used
time d1e flow t·eadings are taken at the flow hydrants. to supply hose and fire department pumpers with water on
3.3.11.2 Static Pressure. The pressure that exists at a given pt-ivate pmperty.
point under normal distribution system conditions meas- 3.4.1.4 Public Hydrant. A valved con nection on a water
ured at d1e t-esidual hydrant with no hydrants flowing. supply system having one or more outlets that is used to
3.3.12* Pressure-Regulating Device. A device designed for the supply hose and fire department pumpers with water.
purpose of reducing, regulating, controlling, or restricting 3.4.1.5 Residual Hydrant. The hydrant that is used for
water pressure. measuring static and residual p ressures during a flow test.
3.3.13* Private Fire Service Main. A private fire service main, 3.4.1.6 Wet Barrel Hydrant. A type of hydrant that is inten-
as used in this standard, is that pipe and its appurtenances on ded for use where there is no danger of freezi ng weather
private pmperty that is between a source of water and the base and where each outlet is provided with a valve and an outlet.
of the system riser for water-based fire protection systems;
between a source of water and inlets to foam-making systems;
between a source of water and the base e lbow of private Chapter 4 General Requirements
hydrants or monitor nozzles; and used as fire pump suction
and discharge piping, beginning at the inlet side of the check 4.1* Plans.
valve on a gravity or pressure tank. 4.1.1 Working plans shall be submitted for approval to the
3.3.14 Pumper Outlet. The hydrant outlet intended to be authority having jurisdiction before any equipment is installed
connected to a fire department pumper for use in taking or remodeled.
supply hom the hydrant. 4.1.2 Deviation from approved plans shall require permission
3.3.15 Rated Capacity. The flow, either measured or calcttla- of the authority having jurisdiction.
ted, that is available from a hydrant at the designated residual 4.1.3 \1\Torking plans shall be drawn to an indicated scale on
pressure (t-ated pressure) . sheets of uniform size, with a pla n of each floor as applicable,
3.3.16 System Working Pressure. The maximum anticipated and shall include the following items that pertain to the design
static (nonflowing) or flowing pressure applied to fire pmtec- of the system:
tion system components exclusive of surge pressm-es and exclu- (1) Name of owner
sive of pressure fi-om the fire department connection. (2) Location, including street address
(3) Point of compass

2022 Edition
 WATER SUPPLIES 24-11

(4) A graphic representation of the scale used on all plans size shall be permitted to be used subject to the following
(5) Name and address of contractor resu·ictions:
(6) Size and location of all water supplies
(1) The main shall supply only the following types of systems:
(7) Size and location of standpipe risers, hose outlets, hand
hose, monitor nozzles, and related equipment (a) Automatic sprinkler systems
(8) The following items tint pertain to private fire service (b) Open sprinkler systems
mains: (c) Water spray fixed systems
(d) Foam systems
(a) Size
(e) Standpipe systems
(b) Length (2) H ydraulic calculations shall show that the main is able to
(c) Location supply the total flow rate at the required design. pressure.
(d) Weight
(3) Systems that are not hydraulically calculated shall have a
(e) Material main at least as large as the riser.
(f) Point of connection to city main
(g) Sizes, types, and locations of valves, valve indica- 5.3 Pressure-Regulating Devices and Meters.
tors, regulators, meters, and valve pits
(h) Depth at which the top of the pipe is laid below 5.3.1 Pressure-regulating valves shall not be used.
grade 5.3.1.1 Pressure-regulating valves shall be permitted to be
(i) Method of restraint used when acceptable to the AHJ.
(9) The following items that pertain to hydrants:
5.3.2 Where meters are required, they shall be listed for fire
(a) Size and location, including size and number of protection se tvice.
outlets and whether outlets are to be equipped
with independent gate valves 5.4* Connection from Waterworks Systems.
(b) Thread size and coupling adapter specificatio ns if
different from NFPA1963 5.4.1 The requirement5 of the public health AHJ shall be
determined and fo llowed.
(c) vVhetl1er hose houses and equipment are to be
provided, and by whom 5.4.2 Where a backflow prevention device is installed to guard
(d) Static and residual hydrants used in flow against possible cross-contamination of the public water syste m,
(e) Method of restraint it shall be listed for fire protection service .
(10) Size, location , and piping arrangement of fire depart-
ment connections 5.4.2.1 * Where a check valve or alarm check valve is permitted
b y tl1e AHJ in lieu of a backflow preventer, it shall be listed fo r
4.1.4 The working plan submittal shall include the manufac- fi re pmtection service.
turer's installation instructions for any specially listed equip-
ment, including descriptions, applications, and limitations for 5.5 Connections to Public Water Systems. Connections to
any devices, piping, or fittings. public water systems shall be arranged to be isolated by one of
the methods permitted in 6.2 .9.
4.2 Installation Work.
5.6* Pumps. Fire pump u n its installed in accordance with
4.2.1 Installation work shall be performed by fully experi- NFPA 20 and connected to a water supply source complying
enced and responsible persons. with Sections 5 .5, 5.7, 01- 5.8 shall use an acceptable watet-
4.2.2 The autlwrity havingjurisdiction shall always be consul- supply source.
ted before the installation or remodeling of private fire service 5.7 Tanks. Tanks shall be installed in accordance with
mains. NFPA22.
5.8 Penstocks, Rivers, Lakes, or Reservoirs. Water supply
Otapter 5 Water Supplies connections from penstocks, rivers, lakes, or reservoirs shall be
designed to prevent the introduction of mud a nd sediment and
5.1 * Connection to Waterworks Systems. shall be provided with approved, double, removable screens o r
5.1.1 A connection to a ,-eliable waterworks system shall be an approved strainers installed in an approved manner.
acceptable water supply source. 5.8. 1 * Vlhen water supply cOtmections are from penstocks,
rivers, lakes, or reservoirs, measures shall be taken to prevent
5.1.2* The flow rate and pressure of a public water supply
shall be determined from waterflow test data or other approved freezing at the water supply inlet.
method. 5.9~' Remote Fire Department Connections.
5.2 Size of Fire Mains. 5.9.1 General. '1\lhere the AHJ requires a remote fire depart-
5.2.1 Private Fire Service Mains. ment connection for systems requiring one by another stand-
ard, a fire deparunent connection shall be provided as
5.2.1.1 Hydraulic calculations shall show that the main is able described in Section 5.9.
to supply the total flow rate at the required design pressure.
5.9.1.1 Fire department connections shall be permitted to be
5.2.1.2 For mains that supply fire hydrants, pipe size shal l not omitted where appmved by the AHJ.
be less than 6 in. (150 mm) nominal size.
5.9.1.2 A single fire deparunent connection shall be permit-
5.2.2 Mains Not Supplying H ydrants. For mains that do not ted to supply multiple buildings wh ere acceptable to the AHJ.
supply hydrants, pipe sizes less than 6 in. (150 mm) nominal

2022 Edition
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