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T h e Ox f o r d H a n d b o o k o f

T H E ST U DY
OF R E L IG ION
The Oxford Handbook of

THE STUDY
OF RELIGION
Edited by
MICHAEL STAUSBERG
and
STEVEN ENGLER

1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2016
The moral rights of the authors‌have been asserted
First Edition published in 2016
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016944781
ISBN 978–​0–​19–​872957–​0 (hbk.)
978–0–19–872958–7 (pbk.)
Printed in Great Britain by
Clays Ltd, St Ives plc
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Contents

List of Figures and Tables xi


List of Contributors xiii

Introduction: Aims, Scope, and Organization 1


Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler

PA RT I R E L IG ION
1. Definition 9
Michael Stausberg and Mark Q. Gardiner
2. Historicizing and Translating Religion 33
Giovanni Casadio
3. Theories of Religion 52
Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler
4. Religion and Spirituality 73
Heinz Streib and Constantin Klein
5. Non-​Religion 84
Lois Lee

PA RT I I T H E OR E T IC A L A P P ROAC H E S
6. Cognitive Science 97
Armin W. Geertz
7. Economics 112
Peter Seele and Lucas Zapf
8. Evolutionary Theory 124
John H. Shaver, Benjamin Grant Purzycki, and Richard Sosis
vi   Contents

9. Feminism and Gender Theory 137


Darlene M. Juschka
10. Hermeneutics 150
Gavin Flood
11. Marxism 161
Matthew Day
12. Postcolonialism 177
Arvind Mandair
13. Semantics 195
Mark Q. Gardiner and Steven Engler
14. Semiotics 208
Robert A. Yelle
15. (Post)structuralism 220
Paul-​François Tremlett
16. Social Theory 235
Philip A. Mellor and Chris Shilling

PA RT I I I M ODE S
17. Communication 257
Volkhard Krech
18. Materiality 271
David Morgan
19. Narrative 290
Jeppe Sinding Jensen
20. Performance 304
Axel Michaels and William S. Sax
21. Sound 316
Rosalind I. J. Hackett
22. Space 329
David Chidester
Contents   vii

23. Time 340


David Chidester

PA RT I V E N V I RON M E N T S
24. Economy 355
Anne Koch
25. Law 365
Benjamin Schonthal
26. Media 382
Oliver Krüger
27. Medicine 401
Pamela E. Klassen
28. Nature 415
Adrian Ivakhiv
29. Politics 430
Hubert Seiwert
30. Science 450
Laura J. Vollmer and Kocku Von Stuckrad
31. Sports 472
Carole M. Cusack
32. Tourism 482
Alex Norman

PA RT V TOP IC S
33. Belief 495
Jason C. Bivins
34. Emotion 510
John Corrigan
35. Experience 525
Craig Martin
viii   Contents

36. Gift and Sacrifice 541


Christoph Auffarth
37. Gods 559
Gustavo Benavides
38. Initiations and Transitions 582
Henrik Bogdan
39. Priests, Prophets, Sorcerers 596
Manfred Hutter
40. Purity 609
Hugh B. Urban
41. Salvation 623
Gavin Flood

PA RT V I P RO C E S SE S
42. Differentiation 635
Steve Bruce
43. The Disintegration and Death of Religions 646
Albert De Jong
44. Expansion 665
Asonzeh Ukah
45. Globalization 684
Manuel A. Vásquez and David Garbin
46. Individualization and Privatization 702
Jörg Rüpke
47. Tradition and Innovation 718
Olav Hammer
48. Objectification and Commodification 739
Jeremy Carrette
49. Syncretism and Hybridization 754
Paul Christopher Johnson
Contents   ix

PA RT V I I T H E DI S C I P L I N E
50. History 775
Michael Stausberg
51. Relevance 804
Thomas A. Tweed

Index of Names 815


Index of Subjects 821
List of Figures and Tables

Figures
16.1 Modalities of the sacred 240
18.1 Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, plaster, 1955 279
18.2 Miraculous Medal revealed to Catherine Labouré, 1830 280
18.3 Turbah, Shi’ite clay prayer disc, c.2000 283
19.1 A. J. Greimas’s ‘Actantial Model’ 293

Tables
4.1 Spiritual and religious self-​identification in the United States 74
36.1 Types of offerings to the gods 549
List of Contributors

Christoph Auffarth is Professor of Religionswissenschaft at the University of Bremen,


Germany. He has published widely on ancient Mediterranean religions, Christianity,
religion in the Middle Ages and early modern Europe, religion in the Third Reich, and
the history of the study of religion.
Gustavo Benavides is an independent scholar who lives near Philadelphia, USA. Until
his retirement he taught history of religions at Villanova University. A collection of
essays under the title Religion at the Intersection is in preparation.
Jason C. Bivins is Professor of Religious Studies at North Carolina State University,
USA. He is the author of Spirits Rejoice! Jazz and American Religion (2015); Religion of
Fear: The Politics of Horror in Conservative Evangelicalism (2008); The Fracture of Good
Order: Christian Antiliberalism and the Challenge to Postwar American Politics (2000).
Henrik Bogdan is Professor in History of Religions at the University of Gothenburg,
Sweden. His recent book publications include Handbook of Freemasonry (2014, co-​
edited with Jan Snoek); Sexuality and New Religious Movements (2014, co-​edited
with James R. Lewis); Occultism in a Global Perspective (2013, co-​edited with Gordan
Djurdjevic); Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism (2012, co-​edited with Martin
P. Starr).
Steve Bruce is Professor of Sociology at the University of Aberdeen, UK. He has written
extensively on the nature of religion in the modern world, secularization theory, and
on the links between religion and politics. Recent publications include Secularization
(2011) and Scottish Gods: Religion in Modern Scotland, 1900–​2012 (2014).
Jeremy Carrette is Professor of Religion and Culture at the University of Kent, UK. His
recent works include William James’s Hidden Religious Imagination (2013).
Giovanni Casadio is Professor of History of Religions at the University of Salerno,
Italy. He is the author of six books and more than 150 papers in Italian, English, French,
German, Spanish, and Romanian on issues of ancient religions and historiography.
David Chidester is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Cape Town, South
Africa. His recent books are Empire of Religion: Imperialism and Comparative Religion
(2014); Wild Religion: Tracking the Sacred in South Africa (2012).
xiv   List of Contributors

John Corrigan is the Lucius Moody Bristol Distinguished Professor of Religion and
Professor of History at Florida State University, USA. His most recent book on emotion
and religion is Emptiness: Feeling Christian in America (2015).

Carole M. Cusack is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Sydney,


Australia. Her books include (with Katharine Buljan) Anime, Religion and Spirituality:
Profane and Sacred Worlds in Contemporary Japan (2015); The Sacred Tree: Ancient
and Medieval Manifestations (2011); Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and
Faith (2010).
Matthew Day is Associate Professor in the History and Philosophy of Science Program
at Florida State University, USA. His research focus has recently shifted from the aca-
demic study of religion to the transatlantic history of capitalism.
Albert de Jong is Professor for the Study of Religion at the Leiden University Centre for
the Study of Religion of the University of Leiden, the Netherlands. He chiefly works on
the premodern religious history of Iran and Central Asia, and on the history of the reli-
gious minorities of the modern Middle East.
Steven Engler is Professor of Religious Studies at Mount Royal University, Canada,
Professor Colaborador at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil, and
Affiliate Professor at Concordia University, Canada. He is co-​editor of the Routledge
Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion (2011, with Michael Stausberg)
and the Handbook of Contemporary Religions in Brazil (2016, with Bettina E. Schmidt).

Gavin Flood is the Academic Director of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, UK.
His recent books include The Truth Within: A History of Inwardness in Christianity,
Hinduism, and Buddhism (2013) and The Importance of Religion: Meaning and Action in
our Strange World (2011).

David Garbin is Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Kent, UK. His fields of
research include: migration and transnationalism; globalization, religion, and devel-
opment; South Asian and new African diasporas in Europe and North America.
Mark Q. Gardiner is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Mount Royal University,
Calgary, Canada. He is the author of a number of articles on intersections between
semantic theory and theories of religion (many co-​authored with Steven Engler).
Armin W. Geertz is Professor in the History of Religions at the Department for the
Study of Religion, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Denmark. He is
co-​founder of the Religion, Cognition and Culture Research Unit at Aarhus. His recent
publications include Origins of Religion, Cognition and Culture (edited, 2014) and
Religious Narrative, Cognition and Culture (2011, co-​edited with Jeppe Sinding Jensen).
Rosalind I. J. Hackett is Professor and Head of Religious Studies at the University of
Tennessee, Knoxville, USA. She has published extensively on religion in Africa, notably
in the areas of New Religious Movements, art, gender, media, and conflict.
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