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Reading Test
65 M I NU TES, 5 2 QUESTIONS

Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading
each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or
implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or
graph).

Questions 1-10 are based on the following wrapped by his father's own hands. Gogol lifts the
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................

passage. paper slowly, but in spite of this the tape leaves a

30 scab. The Short Stories of Nikolai Gogol, the jacket
This passage is adapted from Jhumpa Lahiri, The Namesake.
©2009 by Daniyal Mueenuddin. says. Inside, the price has been snipped away on the
diagonal.
Later that night Gogol Ganguli is alone in his "I ordered it from the bookstore, just for you," his
room, listening to side 3 of the White Album on his father says, his voice raised in order to be heard over
parents' cast-off RCA turntable. The album is a 35 the music. "It's difficult to find in hardcover these
Line present from his American birthday party, given to days. It's a British publication, a very small press. It
5 him by one of his friends at school. Born when the took four months to arrive. I hope you like it."
band was near death, Gogol is a passionate devotee of Gogol leans over toward the stereo to turn the
John, Paul, George, and Ringo. In recent years he has volume down a bit. He would have preferred
collected nearly all their albums, and the only thing 40 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, or even
tacked to the bulletin board on the back of his door is another copy of The Hobbit to replace the one he lost
10 Lennon's obituary, already yellow and brittle, clipped last summer in Calcutta, left on the rooftop of his
from the Boston Globe. He sits cross-legged on the bed, father's house in Alipore and snatched away by
hunched over the lyrics, when he hears a knock crows. In spite of his father's occassional suggestions,
on the door. 45 he has never been inspired to read a word of Gogol,
"Come in," he hollers, expecting it to be his sister or any Russian writer, for that matter. He has never
15 Sonia in her pajamas, asking if she can borrow his been told why he was really named Gogol, doesn't
Magic 8 Ball or his Rubik's Cube. He is surprised to know about the accident that had nearly killed his
see his father, standing in stocking feet, a small father. He thinks his father's limp is the consequence
potbelly visible beneath his oat-colored sweater vest, 50 of an injury playing soccer in his teens. He's been
his mustache turning gray. Gogol is especially told only half the truth about Gogol: that his father is
20 surprised to see a gift in his father's hands. His father a fan.
has never given him birthday presents apart from "Thanks, Baba," Gogol says, eager to return to his
whatever his mother buys, but this year, his father lyrics. Lately, he's been lazy, addressing his parents in
says, walking across the room to where Gogol is 55 English though they continue to speak to him in
sitting, he has something special. The gift is covered Bengali. Occasionally he wanders through the house
25 in red-and-green-and gold-striped paper left over with his running sneakers on. At dinner he
from Christmas the year before, taped awkwardly at sometimes uses a fork.
the seams. It is obviously a book, thick, hardcover,

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His father is still standing there in his room, 3

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60 watching expectantly, his hands clasped together
behind his back, so Gogol flips through the book. A Which choice provides the best evidence for the
single picture at the front, on smoother paper than answer to the previous question?
the rest of the pages, shows a pencil drawing of the A) Lines 16-22 ("He is ... buys")
author, sporting a velvet jacket, a billowy white shirt
65 and cravat. The face is foxlike, with small, dark eyes, B) Lines 28-32 ("Gogol ... diagonal")
a thin, neat mustache, an extremely large pointy C) Lines 36-37 ("It's a ... arrive")
nose. Dark hair slants steeply across his forehead and D) Lines 53-54 ("Thanks ... lyrics")
is plastered to either side of his head, and there is a
disturbing, vaguely supercilious smile set into long,
70 narrow lips. Gogol Ganguli is relieved to see no
resemblance. True, his nose is long but not so long, 4
his hair dark but surely not so dark, his skin pale but
certainly not so pale. The style of his own hair is As used in line 26, "awkwardly" most nearly means
altogether different—thick Beatle-like bangs that
conceal his brows. Gogol Ganguli wears a Harvard A) uncomfortably.
75
sweatshirt and gray Levi's corduroys. He has worn a B) clumsily.
tie once in his life, to attend a friend's bar mitzvah. C) troublesomely.
No, he concludes confidently, there is no D) inappropriately.
resemblance at all.

5
1
Which choice best supports the idea that Gogol's
Based on the passage, which choice best describes interests are different from his father's?
Gogol's view of popular culture in the United States?
A) Lines 7-11 ("In recent ... Globe")
A) He is largely unaware of it.
B) Lines 28-32 ("Gogol ... diagonal")
B) He sees it as being highly artistic. C) Lines 39-46 ("He would ...matter")
C) He wants to shield his parents from it. D) Lines 50-52 ("He's been ... fan")
D) He wants to fit into it.
6
2
The passage most strongly suggests that the book is
Based on the passage, which choice best describes the important to Gogol's father because
relationship between Gogol and his father?
A) it will help Gogol become more familiar with his
father's hometown.
A) They rarely interact on an imtimate level.
B) it is connected to an important event from
Gogol's father's past.
B) They confide in each other.
C) he wants to reassure his son that the name
"Gogol" is not rare.
C) There is hostility between them.
D) Gogol's grandfather was a scholar of Russian
literature.
D) They are affectionate toward each other.

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7 9

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Which choice provides the best evidence for the According to the passage, Gogol opens the book he
answer to the previous question? received mainly because he
A) Lines 7-8 (“In recent ... albums") A) wants to see a picture of the author.
B) Lines 24-26 (“The gift ... before") B) is so thrilled that his father bought him a gift.
C) Lines 46-49 (“He has ... father") C) has lost interest in the music lyrics he was studying.
D) Line 49-50 (“He thinks ... teens" D) knows that it is what his father wants him to do.

8 10
As used in line 54, "lazy" most nearly means In the passage, the sharpest contrast drawn between
the individual pictured in the book and Gogol
A) negligent. Ganguli is in terms of their
A) signs of aging.
B) passive.
B) facial hair and expression.
C) lethargic.
C) clothing and hairstyle.
D) slow.
D) facial features.

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Questions 11-21 are based on the following
passage and supplementary material.
enough to recognize as a foreign borrowing in many

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
This passage is adapted from Nicholas Wade. Before the
Dawn: Rediscovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors.
languages, but the more ancient the borrowing, the
©2009 by Nicholas Wade. Cognates are words that occur in more a word may take on the coloration of its host
related languages and are similar in meaning because they language. One of the criticisms linguists level at
originate from the same word in an ancestral anguage. 45 glottochronology [a rival language-dating method
that does not employ archaeological research] is that
Historical linguists are enthusiastic about it is confounded by unrecognized borrowed words.
a language-dating technique called linguistic Another weakness in linguistic paleontology is the
paleontology. The idea is to reconstruct words for danger of constructing highly plausible words that
Line objects of material culture in a language family and 50 didn't, in fact, exist. Related words for bishop exist in
5 date the language by noting the times at which such Greek (episkopos), Latin (episcopus) Old English
objects first appear in the archaeological record. (bisceop), Spanish (obispo) and French (eveque), from
In many Indo-European languages, for example, which the Proto-Indo-European word *apispek for
there are words for wheel that are clear cognates of bishop could be reconstructed; but of course, in
each other. Greek has kuklos (a word that is also the 55 a language spoken at least 5,000 years ago, no such
10 origin of circle). Sanskrit cacras, Tokharian kukal, word existed. As for wheel, Proto-Indo-European is
and Old English hweowol (initial "k"s in Proto-Indo- thought to have had a word *kwel, meaning
European turn to "h" sounds in the Germanic family to turn or twist, of which *kwekwlos is
branch). Since the daughter languages of Proto- assumed to be a duplication. but it could be that
Indo-European have cognate words for wheel, they 60 Proto-Indo-European had no word for wheel, and
15 must be derived from a common source, and what happened was that its daughter languages each
linguists assert that this was the Proto-Indo- independently used their inherited turn words to
European word for wheel, which they reconstruct as form their own words for wheel. In which case Proto-
*kwekwlos (the asterisk indicates a reconstructed Indo-European could have been spoken thousands of
word). 65 years before the invention of the wheel.
20 Now, the earliest known wheels in the
archaeological record date from 3400 BC (5,400 years
ago). The Proto-Indo-European language must have
split into its daughter languages sometimes after this
date, the argument goes, since how else could the
25 daughter languages, spoken over an enormous
region, all have cognate words for wheel?
Similar arguments can be made for words like
yoke, axle, and wool. Work on this issue by linguists
like Bill Darden of the University of Chicago has
30 encouraged many linguists in their belief that Indo-
European was a single language as recently as
5,500 years ago and that its daughter languages could
not have come into existence until after this date.
Linguistic paleontology is an ingenious exercise
35 of the linguist's craft. But it has two conceptual
weaknesses. One is that a splendid new invention
like the wheel is likely to spread like wildfire from
one culture to the next, carrying its own name with
it. Linguistic paleontologists claim they can spot such
40 borrowed words. It's true that "Coca-Cola" is easy

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Table 1

Distribution of Proto-Indo European “Wheel” Words

in Select Indo-European Language Groups
Believed In Germanic In Baltic In Slavic In Indic In Celtic In Greek
Word
meaning languages? languages? languages? languages? languages? languages?
*kwekwlos wheel yes no no yes no yes

*roh-eh2- wheel yes yes no yes yes no

convey in
*wegheti yes no yes yes yes no
a vehicle
*aks- axle yes yes yes yes no yes

Adapted from David W. Anthony, The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppers Shaped the Modern World.
©2007 by Princeton University Press.

Table 2

Similarities among Some Major European Languages

of the Indo-European Language Family
Written cognates Sound cognates
Number of translation
Language pair (homographs) among (homophones) among
equivalents examined
translation equivalents translation equivalents
Spanish and Italian 2,946 1,438 996
Dutch and English 4,192 1,104 1,223
Spanish and French 2,761 1,166 849
German and English 4,625 778 953
Spanish and English 5,057 1,057 869
French and German 2,545 452 448

Adapted from Job Schepens et al. “Cross-Language Distributions of High Frequency and Phonetically Similar Cognates.”
©2013 by Schepens et al.

Two words in different languages are translation equivalents if each is the nearest word in meaning to the other.

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11 14

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Which statement best describes the overall structure Which choice provides the best evidence for the
of the passage? answer to the previous question?
A) It first recounts linguists' interpretation of
A) Lines 3-6 ("The idea ... record")
archaeological data and then suggests that the
data are unsound. B) Lines 7-9 ("In many ... other")
B) It first provides an overview of some recent C) Lines 9-13 ("Greek ... branch")
techniques used in linguistics studies and then D) Lines 20-22 ("Now ... ago")
details the failings of two of them.
C) It first defines a theory of linguistics and then 15
argues that it is applicable to only a few
languages. According to the passage, scholars who follow
the linguistic paleontological technique
D) It first summarizes a method advanced by some generally believe that the daughter languages
linguists and then identifies certain of its of Proto-Indo-European arose
limitations
A) no earlier than 5,400 years ago.
12 B) before their speakers adopted the wheel.
As used in line 3, "idea" most nearly means C) as Proto-Indo-European culture declined.
D) over a period of a century or less.
A) belief.

B) approach.
16
C) image.
The author implies that scholars who use linguistic
D) option. paleontological methods may sometimes be unable
13 to determine

Which statement best identifies the role in linguistic

A) why some words evolved into cognates in
paleontology of physical evidence of past human life
and activity? daughter languages while others did not

A) The evidence provides a standard of the B) how inventions were disseminated among
technolognical prowess of a culture. cultures previously unfamiliar with them.

B) The evidence helps researchers estimate when C) whether words are true cognates or instead are
specific words emerged in ancient languages. imported from another language.
C) The evidence supplies clues as to how words in
ancient languages were pronounced. D) when an object associated with a particular
D) The evidence allows linguists to distinguish culture first appeared in the culture.
among words of closely related meanings.

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17 20

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Which choice provides the best evidence for the The author would most likely agree with which
answer to the previous question? statement about the existence of words associated
with the word "*wegheti" in several of the
A) Lines 39-40 (“Linguistic . . . words”) Indo-European languages in table 1?
B) Lines 40-44 (“It's true . . . language”)
C) Lines 48-50 (“Another. . . fact, exist”) A) The likelihood that such words were used in
Proto-Indo-European itself may be greater than
D) Lines 50-54 (“Related. . . reconstructed")
scholars recognize.

18 B) The origin of such words probably lies in the

Proto-Indo-European word "*kWel."
As used in line 43, “coloration” most nearly means
A) characteristic quality. C) The differences in pronunciation of such words in
some Indo-European languages make it difficult to
B) vivid intensity. determine if they are actually related.
C) artistic appearance.
D) deliberate arrangement. D) The existence of such words does not necessarily
confirm that Proto-Indo-European speakers used
wheeled vehicles.
19
Which statement regarding the four reconstructed
"wheel" words in Proto-Indo-European is best
supported by the data in table 1? 21
A) All four persist in nearly original forms in the According to the data in table 2, which pair of
Germanic languages. languages shown possesses the highest number of
sound cognates among translation equivalents?
B) The four were widely borrowed by languages
unrelated to Proto-Indo-European. A) Spanish and Italian

C) None of the four developed into words in all B) Dutch and English
of the Indo-European languages represented.
C) Spanish and French
D) Greek cognates likely differ more from the
original four than Germanic cognates do D) German and English

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Questions 22-32 are based on the following

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage.
This passage is adapted from Francis Reddy, "Stellar
Archaeology." ©2005 by Kalmbach Publishing Co. Masses of
stars and star clusters are often expressed in units of solar globular clusters are truly ancient objects, a fact
masses, where one solar mass equals the mass of the Sun. 45 reflected in the low metallicity of their stars. About
150 globulars—including several visible to the
Star clusters have been objects of intense study for unaided eye—orbit the Milky Way.
more than a century. They are the glittering gems of Star clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy, the
the night sky, aggregations of a few hundred to about nearest large spiral, appear to break down in much
Line a million stars, usually forming a single 50 the same way. "If we lived in Andromeda, I think
5 gravitationally bound entity. probably it would reinforce our view of this
Most stars probably form within clusters, so the dichotomy in cluster properties," Chandar says. But
problem of understanding star formation is astronomers in a more extreme galactic
inextricably linked to understanding how clusters environment—such as galaxy undergoing a burst of
form. Clusters are important because they provide a 55 intense star formation, like M82, or galaxies in the
10 sample of stars at the same age, with about the same process of merging, like the Antennae—would reach
chemical content, and at the same distance from starkly different conclusions.
Earth—which makes them useful for testing theories “The main result [of work over the past 15 years]
of stellar evolution. Because observers can identify is that any time you look at starburst and merging
and study star clusters in other galaxies at distances 60 galaxies, you see very rich systems of young,
15 where individual stars can no longer be compact clusters," Chandar explains. "The most
distinguished, astronomers gain insight into massive end of these, the brightest end, has all the
star formation processes across a broad expanse of properties—masses, sizes, current luminosities—we
space and time. would expect of young globular clusters." If we could
"We live in the Milky Way, and as a result, we 65 look at these massive young clusters far in the future,
20 have a certain perspective about what we might call a when the universe is twice its current age, they'd
star cluster," says Rupali Chandar, an astronomer at resemble the globular clusters we see orbiting the
the University of Toledo, Ohio. In our parochial Milky Way today. Moreover, these objects aren't
view, star clusters come in two flavors—open and unique to disturbed galactic environments. They
globular—that at first glance could not be more 70 occur in normal spirals like M83 and NGC 6946, too.
25 different. When astronomers re-examine the Milky Way's
Open clusters reside in our galaxy's disk, typically cluster system with this realization in mind, the
contain stars no older than a billion years, and hold a once-clear distinction between open and globular
few hundred to perhaps a few thousand solar masses. clusters become blurred. At 10 billion years old,
Their stars exhibit metallicity—the complement of 75 Berkeley 17 is considered the oldest open cluster, but
30 elements heavier than helium—similar to or greater it overlaps the range of globular-cluster ages
than our Sun's. Open clusters range in size from (8 to 12 billion years). The two cluster types show a
several to more than 50 light-years across and appear slight overlap in metal content as well.
diffuse and irregularly shaped. About 1,000 have
been cataloged, with the most famous examples
35 being the familar Pleiades and Hyades in Taurus.
Thousands more likely exist beyond our ability to
detect them.
Globular clusters ride orbits highly inclined to the
Milky Way's disk and are associated with its more
40 spherical halo and bulge components. Globulars
typically contain 100,000 solar masses, all of it
packed into a spherical or elliptical volume 100 or so
light-years across. With ages around 12 billion years,

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Sources: Data from M. Salaris and A. Weiss, “Homogeneous Age Dating of 55 Galactic Globular Clusters.” ©2002 by European Southern
Observatory; and from M. Salaris, A. Weiss, and S. M. Percival, “The Age of the Oldest Open Clusters.” ©2004 by European Southern
Observatory.

24
……………………………………………………………………………………………….………………..……………

22
The primary purpose of the passage is to describe Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) metallicity and how it is used to determine the
ages of stars within clusters. A) Lines 1-2 (“Star . . . century”)
B) types of star clusters and observations that cast B) Lines 6-9 (“Most . . . form”)
doubt on how they are classified.
C) methods used to estimate the ages of star C) Lines 9-13 (“Clusters . . . evolution”)
clusters in merging galaxies. D) Lines 38-40 (“Globular . . . components”)
D) the distribution of star clusters associated with
normal spiral galaxies.
25

23 What does the passage state about the young

globular clusters seen in starburst and merging
It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that galaxies?
models describing how stars change over time are
best tested using stars that A) They are composed entirely of stars that are
more massive than the Sun.
A) have a set of characteristics in common with
each other B) They will eventually dissipate, and their stars
will spread through the host galaxy.
B) orbit in the halo and bulge components of the
Milky Way. C) They contain stars with a variety of chemical
compositions.
C) were first studied more than 100 years ago.
D) They will someday resemble the globular
D) exhibit a metal content similar to that of the Sun.
clusters we see today in the Milky Way.

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26 30

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Which choice provides the best evidence for the Which two clusters shown in the figure support the
answer to the previous question? author's point that the "two cluster types show a
slight overlap in metal content as well" (lines 77-78)?
A) Lines 13-18 ("Because ... time")
B) Lines 22-25 ("in our ... different") A) Pal 4 and Berkeley 17
C) Lines 50-52 ("If we lived ... says") B) NGC 6426 and NGC 188
D) Lines 64-68 ("If we could ... today") C) Terzan 7 and Berekeley 21
D) Pal 12 and NGC 2243

31
According to the figure, what is the approximate
27 metallicity of Pal 12?
A) 6.2
As used in line 23, "flavors" most nearly means B) 1.2
A) qualities. C) -0.8
B) enhancements. D) -1.2
C) varieties.
D) surroundings.
32
28 The figure supports the author's point that the
distinction between globular and open clusters is not
As used in line 45, "reflected" most nearly means as clear as once thought by showing that

A) examined. A) the youngest open clusters are less than 1 billion

B) pondered. years old.
C) exhibited.
D) speculated. B) NGC 6791 and Rup 106 are both about 10 billion
years old.

C) most globular clusters are between 8 and

29 12 billion years old.

The author indicates that the metallicity of a star D) the metallicity of NGC 4590 is less than the
cluster is directly related to the metallicity of Pal 4.
A) distance of the cluster from the Sun.

B) sizes of the stars in the cluster.

C) degree to which the cluster is gravitationally

bound.

D) ages of the stars in the cluster.

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Questions 33-42 are based on the following
mathematical knowledge are in esteem there, but

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passages.
40 they are at the same time more common than is
Passage 1 is adapted from Benjamin Franklin, Information to apprehended; there being already existing nine
Those Who Would Remove to America. Orginally published in
colleges or universities besides a number of smaller
1782. Passage 2 is adapted from J. Hector St. Jean de
Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer. Passage 2 was
academies....
written sometime between 1769 and 1775 and originally These ideas prevailing more or less in all the
published in 1782. 45 United States, it cannot be worth any man's while,
who has a means of living at home, to expatriate
Passage 1
himself, in hopes of obtaining a profitable civil office
Many persons in Europe, having directly or by in America....Much less is it adviseable for a person
letters, expressed to the writer of this, who is well to go thither, who has no other quality to
acquainted with North America, their desire of 50 recommend him but his birth. In Europe it has
Line transporting and establishing themselves in that indeed its value; but it is a commodity that cannot
5 country; but who appear to have formed, through be carried to a worse market than that of America,
ignorance, mistaken ideas and expectations of what where people do not inquire concerning a stranger,
is to be obtained there; he thinks it may be useful, What is he? but, What can he do?
and prevent inconvenient, expensive, and fruitless
removals and voyages of improper persons, if he Passage 2
10 gives some clearer and truer notions of that part of 55 In this great American asylum, the poor of Europe
the world, than appear to have hitherto prevailed.
have by some means met together, and in
He finds it is imagined by numbers, that the
consequence of various causes; to what purpose
inhabitants of North American are rich, capable of
should they ask one another what countrymen they
rewarding, and disposed to reward, all sorts of
are? Alas, two thirds of them had no country. Can a
15 ingenuity; that they are at the same time ignorant of
60 wretch who wanders about, who works and starves,
all the sciences, and, consequently, that strangers
whose life is a continual scene of sore affliction or
possessing talents must be highly esteemed, and so
pinching penury; can that man call England or any
well paid, as to become easily rich themselves; that
other kingdom his country? A country that had no
there are also abundance of profitable offices to be
bread for him, whose fields procured him no harvest,
20 disposed of, which the natives are not qualified to
65 who met with nothing but the frowns of the rich, the
fill... These are all wild imaginations; and those who
severity of the laws, with jails and punishments; who
go to America with expectations founded upon
owned not a single foot of the extensive surface of
them will surely find themselves disappointed.
this planet? No! urged by a variety of motives, here
The truth is, that though there are in that
they came. Every thing has tended to regenerate
25 country few people so miserable as the poor of
70 them; new laws, a new mode of living, a new social
Europe, there are also very few that in Europe would
system; here they are become men: in Europe they
be called rich; it is rather a general happy mediocrity
were as so many useless plants, wanting refreshing
that prevails. There are few great proprietors of the
showers; they withered, and were mowed down by
soil, and few tenants; most people cultivate their
want, hunger, and war; but now by the power of
30 own lands, or follow some handicraft or
75 transplantation, like all other plants they have
merchandise; very few rich enough to live idly upon
taken root and flourished! Formerly they were not
their rents or incomes, or to pay the high prices
numbered in any civil lists of their country, except in
given in Europe for paintings, statues, architecture,
those of the poor; here they rank as citizens. By what
and the other works of art, that are more curious
invisible power has this surprising metamorphosis
35 than useful. Hence the natural geniuses, that have 80 been performed? By that of the laws and that of their
arisen in America with such talents, have uniformly
industry. The laws, the indulgent laws, protect them
quitted that Country for Europe, where they can be
as they arrive, stamping on them the symbol of
more suitably rewarded. It is true, that letters and
adoption; they receive ample rewards for their
labours; these accumulated rewards procure them
85 lands; those lands confer on them the title of
freemen, and to that title every benefit is affixed
which men can possibly require. This is the great

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operation daily performed by our laws. From whence 36

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proceed these laws? From our government. Whence
90 the government? It is derived from the original In Passage 2, Crevecoeur claims that two-thirds of
genius and strong desire of the people ratified and immigrants to America "had no country" (line 59)
confirmed by the crown. mainly to emphasize that
A) diversity of the American populace.
33
The purpose of the first paragraph of Passage 1 is B) scarcity of farmland in Europe.
mainly to
A) present Franklin's reason for writing the passage. C) difficulty of the immigrants' lives in Europe.
B) summarize an argument by Franklin's critics.
D) immigrants' desire to quickly assimilate to life
C) dispel some myths about North America. inAmerica.
D) provide details about the process of emigrating
from Europe to North America.
37
34 In Passage 2, the main purpose of the plant analogy
(lines 71-76) is to
The primary purpose of lines 35-38 ("Hence ...
rewarded") is to provide support for the claim that A) contrast the stability of life in North America with
the upheavals occurring in Europe.
A) North America produces more artists
than Europe. B) highlight the hardships of the life of a North
B) North Americans consider handicrafts to American farmer.
be more important than fine art. C) emphasize the importance of agriculture to most
C) North Americans spend little money on art. immigrants.
D) North Americans prefer European art to D) illustrate the transformative effects of immigration to
North American art. North America.

35
38
Based on Passage 1, Franklin believes that the higher
education system in North America is
Which choice best supports the claim that Crevecoeur
believed his government to be a legitimate one?
A) as good as any other such system in the world.
A) Lines 59-63 ("Can a . . . his country")
B) stronger than many Europeans think.
B) Lines 68-69 ("Urged . . . came")
C) inaccessible to all but the very wealthy.
C) Lines 88-89 ("From whence . . . our government")
D) too focused on science and mathematics.
D) Lines 90-92 ("It is . . . crown")

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 1 1
39 41

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Which choice best describes the styles and purposes Which choice provides the best evidence for the
of the passages? answer to the previous question?
A) Franklin uses a condescending tone to point out A) Lines 44-48 (“These Ideas . . . America") and
the advantages and disadvantages of 68-69 ("Urged . . . came")
immigrating to North America, whereas B) Lines 48-50 ("Much . . . Birth") and 55-59
Crevecoeur uses a satirical tone to mock the ("In this . . . are")
typical immigrant to North America.
B) Franklin uses a matter-of-fact tone to discourage C) Lines 48-50 ("Much . . . Birth") and 76-78
people from immigrating to North America, ("Formerly . . . citizens")
whereas Crevecoeur uses a more optimistic tone
D) Lines 50-54 ("In Europe . . . do") and 76-78
to extol the virtues of life in North America.
("Formerly . . . citizens")
C) Both Franklin and Crevecoeur use personal
anecdotes to support the idea that the quality of
life in North America is far better than the
quality of life in Europe.
42
D) Both Franklin and Crevecoeur use appeals to Which choice best describes the main difference
patriotism to discourage Europeans from between Franklin's use of questions in Passage 1 (line 54)
immigrating to North America. and Crevecoeur's use of questions throughout Passage 2?
40 A) Franklin's questions are directed to the reader,
Based on the passages, both Franklin and Crevecoeur whereas Crevecoeur's questions are questions
would agree with which statement about social class readers have asked him.
in North America and Europe? B) Franklin's questions are used to cause the reader
to reflect on his or her experience, whereas
A) The social class into which one was born is Crevecoeur's questions are used to prompt the
not as important to North Americans as it is reader to take action.
to Europeans.
C) Franklin's questions are intended to encourage
B) The social class system is reinforced by readers to reflect on their views of strangers,
governments in both North America and whereas Crevecoeur's questions are intended to
Europe. encourage readers to challenge their views of
C) Europeans are not as concerned with social who is a citizen.
class as many North Americans think they D) Franklin's questions illustrate a claim rhetorically,
are. whereas Crevecoeur's questions are followed by
D) Those who had lower social standing in answers.
Europe tend to be more prepared for
immigration to North America than
those who had higher social standing.

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 1 1
Questions 43-52 are based on the following connected populations, whereas resistance would be

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage and supplementary material. lost from the less connected populations because of
This passage is adapted from Meghan A. Duffy, “It Helps
fitness costs associated with resistance. There is some
to Be Well Connected." ©2014 by the American evidence for this in the data: The only low-resistance
Association for the Advancement of Science. 50 populations are ones with low connectivity.
However, this explanation would also require highly
Parasites are everywhere. Yet despite this connected populations to be routinely colonized by
ubiquity, they are not in all places at all times. For a the pathogen. Jousimon et al.'s data suggest that this
particular host-parasite pairing, infections vary is not the case, although it seems possible that highly
Line greatly over space and time, with some but not all 55 suspectible genotypes might become infected and die
5 host populations suffering infections in a given year. at a very early stage, before those infections can be
What drives this variation? This question is detected by the annual survey.
important not just because parasites can have major Further work is thus needed to elucidate the
ecological and evolutionary impacts, but also because eco-evolutionary dynamics in this system and to
disease outbreaks can have devastating impacts in 60 determine the drivers of the observed pattern.
10 agricultural systems and on species of conservation Knowledge of the mechanism underlying the results
concern. will help to predict when similar patterns of low
A long-term, large-scale study of a common resistance are likely to be seen in populations that are
weedy plant, Plantago lanceolata, and its fungal less connected to others in the metapopulation. This
pathogen, powdery mildew, conducted by 65 is particularly pressing given widespread habitat
15 Jussi Jousimo et al., involved a small army of about fragmentation; the results of the study suggest that,
40 field assistants who conducted annual censuses of in some cases, fragmentation might increase the
~4000 populations over a 12-year period. The pattern likelihood of a population suffering disease
outbreaks.
revealed by this remarkable effort was surprising:
70 It also remains to be shown whether the observed
The more connected a Plantago population was to
pattern holds for less fragmented metapopulations.
20 other populations, the less likely it was to be
The Plantago metapopulation studied by Jousimo et
colonized by the fungal pathogen. al. on the Aland archipelago in Finland is highly
This finding seems counterintuitive. If all else fragmented; do metapopulations with higher rates of
were equal, traditional theory for a set of populations 75 migration between populations show similar
linked by migration (a metapopulation) would patterns?
25 predict that being closely connected to other
populations should make colonization more likely,
not less. But of course, all else is rarely equal.
The apparent discrepancy between theory and
Jousimo et al.'s findings can be resolved by
30 considering differences in the average resistance of
plants in different populations. Jousimo et al. showed
experimentally that plants from highly connected
populations are more resistant to the pathogen than
those from less connected populations. This higher
35 resistance makes it harder for the pathogen to
establish itself in highly connected populations.
This key finding fits well within a growing body of
literature showing that evolution can be rapid and
has the potential to profoundly affect ecological
40 dynamics.
Why are more connected populations more
resistant? One possible reason is that more
connected populations are exposed to the pathogen
more often, selecting for higher resistance.
50 This would maintain high resistance in the highly
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43 46

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Which statement best identifies one of the author's Which choice provides the best evidence for the
implicit claims about the relationship between answer to the previous question?
powdery mildew and Plantago lanceolata?
A) Lines 2-4 (“For a . . . time”)
A) Agricultural use of land where Plantago B) Lines 9-11 (“disease . . . concern”)
lanceolata is naturally found encourages the C) Lines 12-17 (“A long term . . . period”)
growth of powdery mildew.
D) Lines 17-21 (“The patterns . . . pathogen”)
B) The geographical range of Plantago lanceolata
is diminishing, while that of powdery mildew is
47
expanding.
The phrases "large-scale" and "small army," used in
C) Many fungi related to powdery mildew engage in the sentence in lines 12-17, mainly serve to emphasize
host-parasite pairings with plants related to the study's
Plantago lanceolata. A) extensive scope.
Plantago lanceolata populations infected by B) paradoxical objectives.
D)
powdery mildew are harmed by the infection, at C) unwieldy methods.
least in the short term. D) scientific importance.

44 48
Which statement best summarize Jousimo et al.'s
As used in line 6, "drives" most nearly means findings on the relationship between the
connectivity of Plantago lanceolata populations and
A) causes. their infection by powdery mildew?
B) conveys. A) Populations with higher connectivity were less
likely to be colonized by powdery mildew
C) expels. than populations with lower connectivity.

D) urges. B) Virtually no instances of powdery mildew infection

were found in populations with a high degree of
connectivity.
45
C) Plants from populations with low connectivity showed
It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that a no ill effects from exposure to powdery mildew.
high incidence of parasitic infection in a host D) Powdery mildew infections spread more rapidly in
species may populations with high connectivity than in populations
A) promote the spread of disease in other host- with low connectivity.
parasite pairings.
B) impact cultivated plants less significantly than it
impacts wild plants.
C) pose a distinct threat to species whose population
sizes are decreasing.

D) cause the host population to become a

fragmented metapopulation.

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49 51

.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the The passage indicates that one characteristic of the
author views the results of the study conducted by metapopulation studied by Jousimo et al. was that
Jousimo et al. as
A) all of its highly connected populations were
A) persuasive, because the results conform to accepted immune to powdery mildew.
standards for scientific validity. B) many of its less connected populations
B) striking, because the results initially appear to demonstrated high resistance to powdery
contradict established scientific opinion. mildew.

C) controversial, because the results cast doubt on C) none of its highly connected populations
studies conducted by other scientists. possessed low resistance to powdery mildew.

D) groundbreaking, because the results were obtained D) most of its fragmented populations were
unaffected by powdery mildew.
using an innovative method.

50 52
Which choice best explains why periodic infection by Which choice best describes how the last paragraph
a parasite might fail to be detected in a Plantago functions in the passage?
lanceolata population that demonstrates resistance to
that parasite? A) It identifies the need for research that builds on
that described in the passage.
A) Lines 28-31 ("The apparent . . . populations") B) It summarizes the key observations that are
presented in the passage.
B) Lines 31-34 ("Jousimo . . . populations")
C) It challenges the validity of the explanations
C) Lines 42-44 ("One . . . higher resistance") offered by the scientists discussed in the passage.
D) It presents an alternative explanation for a
D) Lines 54-57 ("it seems . . . survey") phenomenon that is noted in the passage.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

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 2 2
Writing and Language Test
35 M I NU TES, 4 4 QUESTIONS

Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

DIRECTIONS

Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you
will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For
other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in
sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by
one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising
and editing decisions.

Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will
direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole.

After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively
improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the
conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option.
Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the
passage as it is.

Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. 1

...................................................................................................................................

A) NO CHANGE
Teaching English Abroad B) However,

Given today’s competitive job market, many students C) As a result,

D) In addition,
in the United States worry that they lack the skills needed
to gain entry into a rewarding profession. 1 Therefore,
2
the vast majority of these young people already possess A) NO CHANGE
one attribute that is in demand around the world: B) billions'
fluency in the English language. Millions, C) billions,
D) billions;
possibly even 2 billions—of people
around the world would like to learn English or
improve their ability to speak, read,

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 2 2
3 or writing the language—and who better to teach 3

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
this difficult subject than a native speaker? Such jobs A) NO CHANGE
B) or writing of
are available in virtually every city in the world to
C) and writing
English speakers 4 willing to take the proper steps. D) or write
The first step is to get certified. 5 The minimum
qualification to teach English abroad is generally a 4
bachelor’s degree and some type of certificate in A) NO CHANGE
TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other B) willing of taking
Languages). The good news is that TESOL certification C) who, willing to take
D) who are willing the taking of
programs are plentiful, are online, are relatively
inexpensive, and can be completed in as few as six 5
A) NO CHANGE
weeks. On the other hand, some experts warn that you
B) standard path to the perfect career
should invest more than the bare minimum amount of
C) basic requirement to study English
of time and money in your TESOL education. Poorly D) traditional way to enter the world
trained
6 job seekers are far more likely to end up in
6
positions with low pay, no benefits, and long hours.
Which choice provides the clearest transition from the
6 Experts are not always right, though. There are previous this one?
many factors to consider. For example, if you want to A) NO CHANGE
save money, schools in South Korea and the Middle B) These obstacles are easily overcome by most people.
C) Of course, not everyone is cut out to be a language
East tend to pay more and offer more benefits than
instructor.
schools in Latin America. However, teaching in Latin D) The second step is to choose a country or region
America is often a more popular option among job in which to teach.

seekers from the United States, perhaps because,

having taken Spanish in high schools, these prospective
teachers would prefer to live and work in a Spanish-
speaking country than in one in which they do not
speak the language.

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 2 2
The last step is to find a school. Some English teachers 9

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
have 7 accidentally found positions by chance, traveling to
A) NO CHANGE
a city of their choice and then answering a local ad, but B) allowing
experts recommend that it is better 8 for one to establish C) to allow
D) allow
connections with a school before you travel. Some TESOL
certification programs are skilled in placing students in jobs
10
and providing support and connections along the way.
A) NO CHANGE
Online job boards also 9 allows job seekers to find out B) rigid
about opportunities in different schools, but beware: some C) firm
prospective teachers have accepted what they thought were D) stationary

10 tight job offers, only to arrive at the schools and find 11

no jobs waiting for them. Regardless, 11 motivated job At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following information.
seekers have an extremely good chance of being successful.
with tens of thousands of English-language schools around
7 the world,

A) NO CHANGE Should the writer make this addition here?

B) found positions by chance, A) Yes, because it supports the sentence’s point

C) found accidental positions by chance, about the likelihood of finding a school.
D) chance upon positions by accident, B) Yes, because it gives an example of the support
that TESOL certification programs can provide.
C) No, because it contradicts the previous
sentence’s point about online job boards.
8 D) No, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph by
introducing extraneous information.
A) NO CHANGE
B) for someone
C) for them
D) DELETE the underlined portion.

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 2 2
Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage. 12

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A) NO CHANGE
The Dipylon Master B) 1800s; in Athens, Greece,
C) 1800s, in Athens, Greece;
In the late 12 1800s in, Athens Greece, an
D) 1800s in Athens, Greece,
excavation of an ancient cemetery for wealthy Athenians
uncovered a treasure trove of enormous ceramic urns,
13
some up to six feet 13 tall, they dated back to 750 BCE. A) NO CHANGE
Examination of the 14 urn’s by archaeologists’ B) tall, they were dated
C) tall; dating
revealed that most of them were made by the same artist,
D) tall, dating
who came to be called the Dipylon Master (after the
name of the cemetery). While the size of the urns was
14
certainly impressive, the archaeologists were even more A) NO CHANGE
excited about the urns’ decoration. The detailed painting B) urns by archaeologists
C) urns' by archaeologists
on the urns was distinctive, and the Dipylon Master is
D) urns by archaeologists'
now recognized for starting an artistic movement that
produced some of the finest Greek pottery paintings ever
made.

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 2 2
As archaeologists compared the works of the 15

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Dipylon Master with pottery pieces made in the years Which choice best establishes the main point of
the paragraph?
before and after him, 15 it became clear that he was
A) NO CHANGE
an important transitional figure. Before the Dipylon
B) they concluded that his themes reflected the
Master, pottery showed minimal decoration, 16 prosperity and militarism of the period.
C) they concluded that many wealthy
though Athens had long been a center for talented
Athenian wanted his vases.
artists. But the Dipylon Master used more varied D) they came to recognize this distinctive way of
patterns, often combining 17 greater than one protraying human figures.

pattern on a single piece and thereby turning the 16

available space into a field for individual creativity. Which choice provides an example supporting the
assertion made earlier in this sentence?
Artists who followed the Dipylon Master continued his
A) NO CHANGE
practices and built on 18 it, solidifying his role as the
B) which could be seen as a reflection of
founder of a new artistic era. Athenian tastes at the time.
C) perhaps a few plain horizontal bands drawn
around a vase.
D) and few other pottery artists showed
comparable technical skill.
17
A) NO CHANGE
B) an excess of
C) over
D) more than

18

A) NO CHANGE
B) him, solidifying their
C) them, solidifying their
D) them, solidifying his

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 2 2
19 In addition to inventing a motif known as the 19

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
“Dipylon wheel,” he started the practice of using the Which choice provides the most effective transition
from the previous paragraph to this one?
surface of the pottery to tell a story in pictures, something
A) NO CHANGE
not done by his predecessors. In addition to such B) What makes the Dipylon Master special is not just that
he lavished decoration on pieces of pottery; he also
decorative elements as bands of repeated squares or
C) In addition to showing a major interest in scenes of
triangles, he included something else 20 new: included warfare and military processions, the Dipylon Master
in the pottery were figures of animals and human beings also
D) The Dipylon Master employed a distinctive
arranged in scenes. These figures were not drawn in a technique of using silhouettes in depicting human
figures; he also
three-dimensional, realistic style—they look more like
stick figures—but they were shown engaging in activities 20

that the viewer would recognize. A group of human A) NO CHANGE

figures riding in horse-drawn chariots, 21 likewise, B) new, adding
would remind viewers of battle and heroes. C) new:
D) new. The things he included were
One hundred years later, artists were still 22
imitating the Dipylon Master’s practice of storytelling on 21

pottery. But in a refinement of the technique, they began A) NO CHANGE

drawing more realistic looking people and animals, and B) instead,
C) for example,
they depicted characters from mythology and literature
D) additionally,
that their well-educated patrons would be able to identify.
Whereas the Dipylon Master’s works stood as
22
commemorative markers in the cemetery, the pieces by
later artists appeared in the homes of wealthy patrons. A) NO CHANGE

Many of these exquisite pieces now have places of honor B) cloning

C) impersonating
in museums, and they can trace their origins directly to
D) counterfeiting
the innovative person who created the majestic Dipylon
masterpieces.

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 2 2
Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage 23

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and supplementary material.
A) NO CHANGE
B) wetlands; that
Floating an Idea to Stop Pollution C) wetlands that
Pollution produced by fertilizer runoff is an D) wetlands, which

increasingly significant problem facing waterways near

farmland. In many regions, 23 wetlands, these once
served to filter pollutants, have been cleared to make way
24
for crops and buildings, and polluted water now flows
A) NO CHANGE
directly into rivers. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from B) than that of
fertilizer promote the growth of harmful algae blooms, C) than being
D) apart from
which deplete oxygen from the water. The lack of oxygen,
in turn, kills fish and other wildlife. An innovative
solution to this problem of nutrient pollution—floating
islands—would not control flooding as well as 25
natural wetland would, but floating islands are a Which choice most effectively combines the sentences
at the underlined portion?
better solution 24 than no solution at all.
A) replicas; these are constructed
Floating islands are wetland 25 replicas. They are B) replicas constructed
constructed on bases of durable, buoyant materials. Some C) replicas: these islands are constructed
communities in India have made bases out of bamboo, D) replicas: they constructed them

and one US company is building bases out of recycled

plastic bottles and adhesive foam. Using lightweight and
recycled materials means that the cost of building the
floating islands can be kept relatively low.

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 2 2
26

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Once the base has been formed, each island is
covered in all-natural materials, such as soil and 26 A) NO CHANGE

sod, and seeded with native plants 27 whose roots grow B) sod and seeded
C) sod, and seeded,
through fine holes in the base into the water below. The
D) sod; and, seeded
islands can be made small enough to fit in a ditch or large
enough to cover an area the size of a basketball court. 27
28 No matter what size they are, the floating islands The writer wants to enhance the reader's
understanding of the plants' anchoring system.
perform the same function that wetlands do by filtering
substances from agricultural runoff. Over time, microbes Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?

attach to the underside of the islands where the base A) NO CHANGE

meets the water, and then, together with the plant roots, B) that include those capable of growing on recycled
materials.
they clean the chemical pollutants from the water by C) so that they become an attractive part of the
absorbing nitrogen and phosphorous. One study showed landscape.
D) that create a virtual ecosystem.
that compared with a control 29 lagoon. A lagoon with
floating islands contained 38 percent fewer nitrogen- 28
containing compounds and 27 percent less total The writer wants to remind readers of the first
paragraph's discussion of floating islands and wetlands
phosphorus after two years. 30
and to set up the ideas in this paragraph.

Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?

A) NO CHANGE
B) Whether they are made of bamboo or
recycled plastic,
C) When placed in waterways leading to a river,
D) Utilized by many countries,

29
A) NO CHANGE
B) lagoon, a
C) lagoon; that a
D) lagoon; however

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 2 2
Researchers in India found more 31 fish, and a 31

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A) NO CHANGE
reduction in pollutants of up to 55 percent after the
B) fish and
introduction of floating islands in particular areas in the
C) fish; and
Shipra River. Another study in the United States showed D) fish, and—
that floating islands in particular areas in the Shipra
River. Another study in the United States showed that 32

floating islands 32 forbade the growth of harmful algae A) NO CHANGE

B) banned
in ponds. These studies have shown that floating islands
C) inhibited
are successful at curbing the effects of polluted 33
D) denied
runoff.iforbade the growth of harmful algae in ponds.
These studies have shown that floating islands are
33
30
successful at curbing the effects of pollutedn p articular The writer is considering revising the underlined portion
areas in the Shipra to the following,
At this point, the River. Another
writer is studyadding
considering in the the
United
following
States showedsentence:
that floating islands runoff and that more communities should embrace
this practical solution to the problem of our
The islands provided the added benefit of diminishing wetlands.
supporting local wildlife such as birds, insects,
and amphibians as effectively as natural Should the writer make this revision here?
wetlands.
A) Yes, because it clarifies the environmental problem
Should the writer make this addition here? that has made the development of floating islands so
important.
A) Yes, because it supports the argument that
floating islands are a useful substitute for B) Yes, because it strengthens the conclusion of the
natural wetlands. passage by recommending a course of action that
B) Yes, because it reinforces the findings follows logically from the argument.
reported in the previous sentence.
C) No, because it contradicts the information C) No, because it introduces a new perspective on
about floating islands provided in the floating islands that does not belong in the
second paragraph. concluding sentence of the passage.

D) No, because it does not explain how floating D) No, because it assumes that the reader is directly
islands achieve this effect. affected by this issue.

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 2 2
Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. 34

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A) NO CHANGE
Smart Minds, Smarter Impact B) columnist Nicholas Kristof
C) columnist Nicholas Kirstof,
In February 2014, New York Times 34 columnist,
D) columnist, Nicholas Kristof
Nicholas Kristof, published an op-ed titled “Smart Minds,
Slim Impact,” 35 which he criticized academic 35
researchers, specifically those in the social sciences, for A) NO CHANGE
their lack of participation in policymaking. 36 The B) and in which he criticized
C) in which, criticizing
column elicited heated discussion. Academics and
D) in which he criticized
policymakers both participated in this discussion. Those
who agreed with Kristof asserted that academics are
36
largely absent from public discussion and debate, that
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined
academics publish only for an audience of other sentences?

academics, and that academic research is too abstract and A) Eliciting heated discussion, the column was discussed
theoretical to be useful to government officials. Prompted by academics and policymakers.

by Kristof’s 37 charges, the magazine Foreign Policy B) The column, which elicited heated discussion, was
discussed among academics and among policymakers,
shared the results of a survey of 234 current and former
too.
senior government officials.
C) Heated discussion of the column was participated in
by academics and policymakers alike.
35
D) The column elicited heated discussion among
academics and policymakers alike.

37

A) NO CHANGE

B) oversights,

C) advances,

D) aggressions,

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 2 2
atiThe surveyonal
38 results, making clear that

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
policymakers do not regard even some seemingly
relevant academic disciplines as useful in decision-
making. Just over 30 percent of survey respondents, for
39
instance, rated political science as “very useful.”ffairs,In
contrast, fewer than 5 percent of respondents assigned
the “not very useful” rating to the disciplines of
economics, international affairs, area studies, and history.
Furthermore, as summarized in figure 2, policymakers
consider some methodologies more useful than others. In
particular, policy analysis, area studies, and historical and
contemporary case studies were rated favorably for their
utility. Unpopular metholodogies include formal Methodologies

models,s 40 rated by about 45 percent of respondents as 38

A) NO CHANGE
“somewhat useful.” Academics who wish to respond to
B) results, which make
Kristof’s call to action wouldf 41uthus be wise to C) results making
consider: which disiplines and methodologies are most D) results make
useful to policymakers. l than otharticular, pIn contrast,
fewer than 5 percent of respondents assigned the “not 39
very useful” rating to the disciplines ofsdff economics, The writer wants to use accurate and relevant data from
figure 1 to set up the contrast developed in the next
international affairs, area studies, and history. sentence.
olstorical and contemporary case studies were rated
Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
favorably for their utility. Unpopular metholodogies
A) Nearly 20 percent went so far as to rate political science
include formal models, rated by about 45 percent of
as “not very useful.”
respondents as “somewhat Furthermore, as
B) Some disciplines, such as economics, area studies, and
summarized in figure 2, policymakers consider some
history, were rated as “very useful” by more than 60
methodologies more useful than others. In particular, percent of respondents.
policy analysis, area studies, and historical andf
C) Almost 70 percent of respondents rated history as “very
contemporary case studies wereated faorably for their useful,” whereas fewer than 10 percent rated this
discipline as “somewhat useful.”
utility. Unpopular metfdolodogies include formal
models, rated by ab Furthermore, as summarized in D) No more than 50 percent of respondents gave any
discipline a rating of “somewhat useful.”
figure 2, policymafadsfadsfasdasdfasdkers consider
some methodologies more useful than others. In
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30 CO NTI N U E
particular, policy analysis, area studies, and historical
and contemporary case studies were rated favorably for
 2 2
41

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
42 Daniel Drezner, a professor of international policy
A) NO CHANGE
at Tufts University, notes that his most influential work in B) thus be wise to consider,
policymaking was an article about the role of US debt in C) thus be wise to consider
D) thus, be wise to consider,
the relationship between China and the United States.
Though well received by policymakers, the article didn’t 42

do much 43 to further Drezner’s academic career. “That Which choice most effectively shifts the passage’s focus to the
topic of the new paragraph?
article did not develop a new theory or uncover a new
A) Some academic researchers, however, responded
hypothesis,” said Drezner. “It merely confirmed what
vehemently to Kristof’s column, claiming that, in fact,
most scholars already believed. This kind of research isn’t they have a long history of involvement with
policymaking.
seen as ‘cutting edge’—the kiss of death in the academy.” B) Moreover, academics who want their research to be useful
Perhaps Kristof’s criticism, instead of targeting academics to policymakers should conduct a survey of their own to
gain a better understanding of policymakers’ needs.
themselves, should have focused more specifically on C) To really affect change, however, universities and other
academic employers need to encourage academics’
academic institutions, which, in addition to rewarding
contributions to policymaking.
what’s new, 44 need to handle this situation differently. D) Policymakers, too, need to consider how they might
make better use of the academic research that is currently
being published.
40
Which choice completes the sentence with accurate 43
and relevant data from figure 2?
A) NO CHANGE
A) NO CHANGE B) to farther along
C) to farther
B) rated as “not useful at all” by almost half of all D) for furthering on
respondents.
44
C) which, out of all the metholodogies, received the
highest proportion of “somewhat useful” ratings. Which choice provides the strongest conclusion for the
passage?
D) which were rated by about 45 percent of
respondents as “not very useful” and by a little A) NO CHANGE
over 10 percent as “not useful at all.” B) ought to reward what’s useful.
C) might reconsider some of their own policies.
D) would be better off with an alternative approach.

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