Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts

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Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater
Teleosts Volume 2 Systems 1st Edition William Benson
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): William Benson
ISBN(s): 0415248396
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.92 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and
Freshwater Teleosts
 New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment

Target Organ Toxicity in

Marine and Freshwater
Teleosts
Volume 2—Systems
Edited by

Daniel Schlenk
Department of Environmental Sciences University of
California Riverside, California USA
William H.Benson
Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory US
Environmental Protection Agency Gulf Breeze, Florida
USA

London and New York

 First published 2001
by Taylor & Francis
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of
thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 2001 Daniel Schlenk and William H.Benson
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or
by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

ISBN 0-203-36141-5 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-37397-9 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0-415-24839-6 (Print Edition)
 Contents

List of contributors vii

Foreword viii
Copyright acknowledgments ix

1 General mechanisms of toxicity 1

DANIEL SCHLENK
Introduction 1
Disposition of xenobiotics 1
Chemical reactions of reactive intermediates/ultimate toxicants 7
Exceeding capacity of cellular defense mechanisms 10
Specific cellular targets 12
Targets involving repair and cellular regeneration 19
Summary 23
2 Toxic responses of the nervous system 27
RUSSELL L.CARR AND JANICE E.CHAMBERS
Introduction 27
Nervous system physiology 28
Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides 41
Pyrethroids 48
Anticholinesterase insecticides 54
Metals 63
Organics 66
Natural toxins 67
Conclusions 74
 v

3 Fish immunotoxicology: understanding mechanisms of action 97

CHARLES D.RICE
Introduction 97
Innate, non-specific, and first-line defenses 103
Antigen processing and presentation for specific responses 109
Fish as models in biomedical research 114
Historical approaches to immunotoxicology 115
Mechanisms of action of some immunotoxicants 116
Autoimmunity and hypersensitivity: a frontier in fish immunotoxicology 119
The neuroendocrine-immune connection 122
Summary 127
4 Neurobehavioral toxicity in fish 141
EDWARD E.LITTLE AND SANDRA K.BREWER
Introduction 141
Neural basis of behavioral toxicity 144
Toxicant impacts on higher behavioral function 162
Ecologic relevance of behavior as a predictor of contaminant effects in the natural 164
environment
Conclusions 166
5 Toxic responses of the reproductive system 177
LISA D.ARCAND-HOY AND WILLIAM H.BENSON
Introduction 177
Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis 178
Gonadal development 182
Oocyte growth and maturation 186
Modes of nutrition 188
Targets for chemical toxicity 189
Egg-level effects 191
Alteration in egg yolk nutrients 191
Assessment of reproductive effects 195
Assessment of reproductive function 195
vi

Reproductive toxicity guidelines 196

Conclusions 199

Index 205
 Contributors

Lisa D.Arcand-Hoy is at Blasland, Bouck & Lee, Inc., Syracuse, NY, USA
William H.Benson is at the Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf
Breeze, FL, USA
Sandra K.Brewer is at the Department of Biological Sciences, University of
Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
Russell L.Carr is at the Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State
University, MS, USA
Janice E.Chambers is at the Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi
State University, MS, USA
Edward E.Little is at the US Geologic Survey, Columbia Environmental Research
Center, Columbia, MO, USA
Charles D.Rice is at the Department of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson
University, Pendleton, SC, USA
Daniel Schlenk is at the Department of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, CA, USA
 Foreword

The field of aquatic toxicology is increasing in importance because it is now commonly

accepted that humans cannot continue to discharge their wastes and byproducts into
streams, rivers, and oceans without having impacts on those ecosystems. As a result,
efforts are focusing on reducing wastestreams from both point and non-point sources, as
well as reducing the impacts of historic discharges through remediation and cleanup. This
has led to considerable contention around the question “How clean is clean enough?” To
answer this question aquatic toxicologists have conducted extensive research and written
many books, looking at the effects of toxicants both at comparatively simple levels of
biological organization (e.g. the biomarker approach) and less commonly at highly
complex levels of organization (population and community impacts).
The challenge has been to link these two approaches. It is comparatively easy to determine
the effects and mechanisms by which chemical contaminants affect cellular function,
largely through laboratory investigations. Field investigations can demonstrate causal
relationships between certain classes of contaminants and effects on individual organisms,
but it is extremely rare for effects of chemical contaminants to be specifically discernible at
the population or community level, especially in open marine and estuarine ecosystems.
Increasingly, we are realizing that fitness of individual organisms may need to be the level
of biological function which we need to protect in aquatic ecosystems, much as we
currently do for human health. This requires assessing organ function, and it is surprising
that there are not good reference texts for assessing organ system function in fish species
exposed to chemical contaminants. This second volume addresses that void and will be a
valuable reference to the practicing aquatic toxicologist.
Tracy K.Collier
Northwest Fisheries Science Center
 Copyright acknowledgments

The authors and publishers would like to thank the following for granting permission to
reproduce material in this work.
W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia, for permission to reproduce Figure 3.1, originally
published as Figure 3.1 in Tizard, I.R. 1996. Veterinary Immunology—An Introduction.
W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia, for permission to reproduce Figure 3.2, originally
published as Figure 11.1 in Stoskopf 1996. Fish Medicine.
W.H.Freeman and Co., New York, for permission to reproduce Figure 3.6, originally
published as Figure 10.8 in Kuby, J. 1994. Immunology, 2nd edn.
The Company of Biologists Ltd, Cambridge, UK, for permission to reproduce
Figure 5.2, originally published as Figure 1 in Satoh, N. and Egami, N. 1972. Sex
differentiation of germ cells in the teleost, Oryzias latipes, during normal embryonic
development. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 28(2):385–395.
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 Geography - Study Plan
Summer 2021 - College

Prepared by: Instructor Williams

Date: August 12, 2025

Chapter 1: Interdisciplinary approaches

Learning Objective 1: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 9: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 2: Critical analysis and evaluation
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 11: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 12: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 18: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 3: Theoretical framework and methodology
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 21: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 22: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 29: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 4: Best practices and recommendations
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 34: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 36: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 38: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 39: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Exercise 5: Historical development and evolution
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 48: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 49: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 6: Interdisciplinary approaches
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 51: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 56: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 57: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 7: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 61: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 62: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 64: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 8: Historical development and evolution
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 73: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 75: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 76: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 9: Literature review and discussion
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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