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Studies in Big Data 137

Vinay Rishiwal
Pramod Kumar
Anuradha Tomar
Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar Editors

Towards
the Integration
of IoT, Cloud
and Big Data
Services, Applications and Standards
Studies in Big Data

Volume 137

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
The series “Studies in Big Data” (SBD) publishes new developments and advances
in the various areas of Big Data- quickly and with a high quality. The intent is to
cover the theory, research, development, and applications of Big Data, as embedded
in the fields of engineering, computer science, physics, economics and life sciences.
The books of the series refer to the analysis and understanding of large, complex,
and/or distributed data sets generated from recent digital sources coming from
sensors or other physical instruments as well as simulations, crowd sourcing, social
networks or other internet transactions, such as emails or video click streams and
other. The series contains monographs, lecture notes and edited volumes in Big
Data spanning the areas of computational intelligence including neural networks,
evolutionary computation, soft computing, fuzzy systems, as well as artificial
intelligence, data mining, modern statistics and Operations research, as well as
self-organizing systems. Of particular value to both the contributors and the
readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution,
which enable both wide and rapid dissemination of research output.
The books of this series are reviewed in a single blind peer review process.
Indexed by SCOPUS, EI Compendex, SCIMAGO and zbMATH.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science.
Vinay Rishiwal · Pramod Kumar ·
Anuradha Tomar · Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar
Editors

Towards the Integration

of IoT, Cloud and Big Data
Services, Applications and Standards
Editors
Vinay Rishiwal Pramod Kumar
Department of CSIT Glocal University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
M.J.P. Rohilkhand University
Bareilly, India Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar
Department of Data Science
Anuradha Tomar University of North Texas
Netaji Subhas University of Technology Denton, TX, USA
New Delhi, India

ISSN 2197-6503 ISSN 2197-6511 (electronic)

Studies in Big Data
ISBN 978-981-99-6033-0 ISBN 978-981-99-6034-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6034-7

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Preface

The rapid advancement of technology has led to the emergence of the Internet of
Things (IoT), Cloud Computing, and Big Data as transformative forces in various
industries. As these technologies continue to evolve, there is a growing need for
their integration to unlock their full potential and enable the development of inno-
vative services, applications, and standards. The integration of these three domains
presents numerous challenges and opportunities. One of the key challenges is the
efficient and secure management of the massive data generated by IoT devices, as
well as the seamless integration of IoT devices with cloud-based infrastructure. This
requires the development of scalable and robust architectures, protocols, and stan-
dards that enable interoperability, data sharing, and resource allocation across hetero-
geneous systems. Moreover, the integration of IoT, Cloud, and Big Data enables the
creation of innovative services and applications. To achieve successful integration,
the establishment of common standards is crucial.
To summarise, it is the right time to explore the integration of IoT, Cloud, and
Big Data, which holds immense potential to transform industries, enhance services,
and enable data-driven decision-making. However, addressing the challenges related
to data management, interoperability, and security is vital for successful integration.
Moreover, the establishment of standards is crucial to facilitate seamless commu-
nication and collaboration between different systems. By leveraging the combined
power of IoT, Cloud, and Big Data, organizations can unlock new possibilities and
drive digital transformation in the era of interconnected and data-driven ecosystems.
This book consists of eight chapters. The first chapter covers introduction to Big
Data analysis and its need, skills required for Big Data analysis, characteristics of Big
data analysis, an overview of the Hadoop ecosystem, and some use cases of Big Data
analysis. The aim of the second chapter is to study and compare three of the most
common classification methods, Support Vector Machines, K-Nearest Neighbours
and Artificial Neural Networks, for heart disease prediction using the ensemble of
standard Cleveland cardiology data. The objective of the third article is to reduce the
energy consumption of the ECG machine. Authors in chapter four, have proposed a
system to implement an automatic water supply to the farms based upon their crop,
system that measures water level of soil and helps to decide to turn on or off the water

v
vi Preface

supply. Further, chapter five uses deep convolutional networks algorithms for leaf
image classification to provide accurate results. The concept of Blockchain is used
in chapter six with the aim to ensure the security of the patient’s medical records.
Chapter seven offers SHA-PSO, a PSO-based meta-heuristic technique that schedules
workloads among Virtual Machines (VM) to minimize energy. Authors in chapter
eight have proposed design of field monitoring device using IoT in Agriculture.

Bareilly, India Vinay Rishiwal

Saharanpur, India Pramod Kumar
New Delhi, India Anuradha Tomar
University of North Texas, USA Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar
Contents

Introduction to Big Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Nitin Arora, Anupam Singh, Vivek Shahare, and Goutam Datta
DCD_PREDICT: Using Big Data on Prediction for Chest Diseases
by Applying Machine Learning Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Umesh Kulkarni, Sushopti Gawade, Hemant Palivela,
and Vikrant Agaskar
Design of Energy Efficient IoMT Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Machine on 28 nm FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Pankaj Singh, Bishwajeet Pandey, Neema Bhandari, Shilpi Bisht,
Neeraj Bisht, and Sandeep K. Budhani
Automatic Smart Irrigation Method for Agriculture Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Rashmi Chaudhry, Vinay Rishiwal, Preeti Yadav,
Kaustubh Ranjan Singh, and Mano Yadav
Artificial Intelligence Based Plant Disease Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Vinay Rishiwal, Rashmi Chaudhry, Mano Yadav,
Kaustubh Ranjan Singh, and Preeti Yadav
IoT Equipped Intelligent Distributed Framework for Smart
Healthcare Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Sita Rani, Meetali Chauhan, Aman Kataria, and Alex Khang
Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization for Energy Minimization
in Cloud: A Success History Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Vijay Kumar Sharma, Swati Sharma, Mukesh Rawat, and Ravi Prakash
Field Monitoring and Automation in Agriculture Using Internet
of Things (IoT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Ashendra Kumar Saxena, Rakesh Kumar Dwivedi, and Danilla Parygin

vii
Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Dr. Vinay Rishiwal Ph.D. is working as a Professor in the Department of Computer

Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, MJP
Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. He obtained B.Tech. degree
in Computer Science and Engineering in the year 2000 from M.J.P. Rohilkhand
University (SRMSCET), India and received his Ph.D. in Computer Science and
Engineering from Gautam Buddha Technical University, Lucknow, India, in the year
2011. He has 23 years of experience into academics. He is a senior member of IEEE,
ACM and worked as Convener, Student Activities Committee, IEEE Uttar Pradesh
Section, India. He has published more than 90 research papers in various journals
and conferences of international repute. He also has 20 patents into his credit. He
is a General/Conference chair of four International Conferences namely ICACCA,
IoT-SIU, MARC 2020 and ICAREMIT. He has received many awards as best paper/
research/orator at various platforms. Dr. Rishiwal has visited many countries for
academic purposes and worked upon many projects of CST, UP Government, MHRD
and UGC. His current research interest includes Wireless Sensor Networks, IoT,
Cloud Computing, Social networks and Blockchain Technology.

Prof. (Dr.) Pramod Kumar is an accomplished academic leader with over 24 years
of experience in the field. He currently serves as the Dean of Academics at Glocal
University in Saharanpur, UP, where he has been since September 2022. Prior to
this, he held the position of Dean of Computer Science and Engineering at Krishna
Engineering College in Ghaziabad and served as the director of Tula’s Institute in
Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Prof. Pramod Kumar holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science
and Engineering, which he earned in 2011, as well as an M.Tech in CSE from 2006.
He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Ex-Joint Secretary of the IEEE U.P. section.
Through his research, he has made significant contributions to the fields of Computer
Networks, IoT, and Machine Learning. He is the author or co-author of more than 70

ix
x Editors and Contributors

research papers and has edited four books. He has also supervised and co-supervised
several M.Tech. and Ph.D. students.

Dr. Anuradha Tomar is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Instru-

mentation & Control Engineering Division of Netaji Subhas University, Delhi, India.
Dr. Tomar has completed her Postdoctoral research in EES, from Eindhoven Univer-
sity of Technology (TU/e), the Netherlands. She received her B.E Degree in Elec-
tronics Instrumentation & Control with Honours in the year 2007 from the Univer-
sity of Rajasthan, India. In the year 2009, she completed her M.Tech. Degree with
Honours in Power Systems from the National Institute of Technology Hamirpur. She
received her Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, from the Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi (IITD), India. Dr. Anuradha Tomar has committed her research work efforts
towards the development of sustainable, energy-efficient solutions for the empower-
ment of society, and humankind. Her areas of research interest are the Operation &
Control of Microgrids, Photovoltaic Systems, Renewable Energy based Rural Elec-
trification, Congestion Management in LV Distribution Systems, Artificial Intelli-
gent & Machine Learning Applications in Power Systems, Energy conservation, and
Automation.

Dr. Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar is presently employed as an Assistant Professor at

the University of North Texas in the United States. Before joining this role, he served
as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science
at Gannon University, USA. Prior to his tenure at Gannon University, he held the
position of Assistant Professor in the Computer Science and Engineering Department
at Kyung Hee University in South Korea. Additionally, he gained valuable experience
as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Middlesex University in London, UK. Dr.
Kumar earned his Ph.D. degree from Vellore Institute of Technology University.
His academic journey also includes a Bachelor of Engineering degree from Anna
University and a Master of Engineering degree from Vellore Institute of Technology
University.
Dr. Kumar’s current research focuses on areas such as Big Data Analytics, Internet
of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE), and Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in the
context of healthcare. He has authored and co-authored papers published in inter-
national journals and conferences, including those indexed by the Science Citation
Index (SCI). He maintains a lifetime membership with the International Society for
Infectious Disease, the Computer Society of India, and is an active member of the
Vellore Institute of Technology Alumni Association.

Contributors

Vikrant Agaskar Vidyavardhani College of Engineering and Technology, Vasai-

Virar, Maharashtra, India
Editors and Contributors xi

Nitin Arora Electronics and Computer Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology,

Roorkee, India
Neema Bhandari Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Neeraj Bisht Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Shilpi Bisht Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Sandeep K. Budhani Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Rashmi Chaudhry Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Delhi, India
Meetali Chauhan Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Guru Nanak
Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Goutam Datta School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy
Studies, Dehradun, India
Rakesh Kumar Dwivedi CCSIT, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad,
UP, India
Sushopti Gawade Pillai College of Engineering, Panvel, India
Aman Kataria Amity Institute of Defence Technology, Amity University, Noida,
India
Alex Khang GRITEx and VUST, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Umesh Kulkarni Vidyalankar Institute of Technology Wadala, Mumbai, Maha-
rashtra, India
Hemant Palivela Manager-AI, Accenture Solutions, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Bishwajeet Pandey Gyancity Lab, Guragaon, India
Danilla Parygin Volgograd State Techincal University, Vogograd, Russia
Ravi Prakash CSED, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad,
India
Sita Rani Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev
Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Mukesh Rawat CSED, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut,
India
Vinay Rishiwal MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
Ashendra Kumar Saxena CCSIT, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad,
UP, India
Vivek Shahare Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Dharwad, India
Swati Sharma IT, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, India
xii Editors and Contributors

Vijay Kumar Sharma CSED, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Meerut, India
Anupam Singh Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era
Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
Kaustubh Ranjan Singh Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
Pankaj Singh Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Mano Yadav Bareilly College Bareilly, Bareilly, India
Preeti Yadav MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
Introduction to Big Data Analytics

Nitin Arora , Anupam Singh , Vivek Shahare , and Goutam Datta

Abstract Nowadays, social media and networks, scientific instruments, mobile

devices, mobile devices, and a high volume of information data (tabular data, text
files, images, videos, audio, logos, etc.) is generated at high velocity by social media
and networks, scientific instruments, mobile devices, and sensors technology and
networks. In these types of data, data quality is usually not guaranteed. This data can
be structured or unstructured, necessitating a cost-effective, innovative method of
data processing to improve understanding and decision-making. This chapter covers
some introduction to Big Data analysis and its need, skills required for Big Data
analysis, characteristics of Big data analysis, an overview of the Hadoop ecosystem,
and some use cases of Big Data analysis.

Keywords Big data · Hadoop ecosystem · Big data analysis · Business

intelligence analysis · Big data domain · Big data quality · Dimensions

N. Arora (B)
Electronics and Computer Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Singh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University,
Dehradun, India
e-mail: [email protected]
V. Shahare
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Dharwad, India
e-mail: [email protected]
G. Datta
School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 1
V. Rishiwal et al. (eds.), Towards the Integration of IoT, Cloud and Big Data,
Studies in Big Data 137, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6034-7_1
2 N. Arora et al.

Table 1 Characteristics of data

Small data Big data
Volume Less than 1 TB Greater than 1 TB
Velocity Controlled and steady data flow Enormous data flowing at shorter time
frames
Variety Structured and semi-structured. E.g., Wide variety of data, i.e., tabular data,
Xcel, Table, data, Json text files, images, videos, audios, logs,
etc.
Veracity It contains more quality data The quality of data is rarely guaranteed
Value Business Intelligence, analysis, and Complex data mining, predictions,
reporting pattern finding, etc.
Time variance Data represents the business value for At times, history data becomes
the history of data as well as irrelevant for analyzing business
incremental insights
Infrastructure More defined resources allocation The Load-on system varies a lot

1 Introduction to Big Data

Big Data is a phrase that relates to a collection of vast and complex data sets that
are challenging to store and analyze using standard data processing methods. Big
data refers to data assets with a large volume, great velocity, and great diversity that
necessitate cost-effective, creative data processing to improve insight and decision-
making [1].

2 The Distinction Between Small and Big Data

There are several distinctions between small data and big data. These distinctions
include volume, velocity, variety, veracity, value, time variance, and infrastructure
[2]. Table 1 summarizes all the differences.

3 Classification of Big Data

Big data is classified as [3]

– Structured Data: Structured data has a well-defined format. It can be readily
stored in tabular form in relational databases such as MySQL and Oracle.
– Semi-Structured Data: Semi-structured data has some structure but can’t be
recorded in a tabular format in relational databases. XML files, JSON documents,
e-mail messages, and so forth are examples.
Introduction to Big Data Analytics 3

– Unstructured Data: Unstructured data has no structure and cannot be saved in

tabular form in relational databases. Examples include video, audio, text, and
machine-produced data.

4 Characteristics of Big Data

Big data has many characteristics. Some of them are: [4]

– Volume: The term “volume” refers to the “quantity of data,” which rapidly
increases daily. Humans, technology, and their interactions on social media create
enormous amounts of data.
– Variety: Because so many sources contribute to Big Data, the types of data they
generate are diverse. It might be organized, semi-organized, or unorganized. Many
different forms of data can be generated/collected by a single application. All of
these forms of data must be connected to extract knowledge.
– Velocity: Velocity refers to stream of data that arrives from different social media
sites continuously, and the repository gets completed with new data at the same
rate. It becomes a challenge to capture this stream of data promptly for further
processing.
– Veracity: The term “veracity” alludes to the data’s unreliability. Data inconsis-
tency and incompleteness create uncertainty in the data supplied. Many exten-
sive data types, such as Twitter postings with hashtags, abbreviations, typos, and
colloquial speech, have less controlled quality and accuracy.
– Value: It’s great to access massive data, but it isn’t sensible unless we can transform
it into practice.
– Variability: Diversity and variation are not the same things. Even though a coffee
shop may offer six different coffee blends, diversity only exists when you consis-
tently obtain and enjoy the same blend. The same is true for data; if the meaning
changes frequently, it can significantly affect the homogeneity of the data.
– Visualization: Using charts and graphs to represent vast quantities of accurate
data is far more successful than using spreadsheets.

5 Who’s Generating Big Data?

The capacity to acquire data no longer limits development and creativity. However,
the capacity to organize, analyze, summarise, display, and find information from
acquired data in a timely and scalable manner is critical.
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