Tactical Wireshark Kevin Cardwell

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Collection Highlights

Tactical Wireshark: A Deep Dive into Intrusion Analysis,

Malware Incidents, and Extraction of Forensic Evidence
Kevin Cardwell

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Strategic & Tactical Considerations on the Fireground

(Strategy and Tactics)

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Strategic and Tactical Asset Allocation 1st ed. Edition

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Stolen Beauty (The Arrow Tactical Series Book 4) Isabel

Jolie
Kevin Cardwell

Tactical Wireshark
A Deep Dive into Intrusion Analysis, Malware
Incidents, and Extraction of Forensic Evidence
Kevin Cardwell
California, CA, USA

ISBN 978-1-4842-9290-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-9291-4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9291-4

© Kevin Cardwell 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress

Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
This book is dedicated to all of the students I have trained for more than
35 years. The joy of these classes where you learn something every class
has made for an incredible cybersecurity adventure, and I thank them for
this.
Introduction
I wrote this book so that people who want to leverage the fantastic
capabilities of Wireshark have a reference where you get the “hands-
on” tactical concepts that are not covered in most publications about
Wireshark. I wrote this from an analysis perspective based on more
than 30 years of being an analyst, training analysts and leading analysis
teams across the globe. Within this book, you will find the tips and
techniques that I have mastered and refined over those years of
extensive analysis. For the most part, the process has not changed, but
the methods and sophistication of the attackers and criminals have, and
this is why we have to continue to enhance and hone our skills.
As the title suggests, this book is broken down into three main
parts:
Intrusion Analysis
Malware Analysis
Forensics Analysis
The book does not go deep into topics or concepts that are not part
of what we use from a tactical standpoint of Wireshark. There are
plenty of references that are available for this. Wherever possible, we
do explain some areas outside of Wireshark, and this is most evident
when we talk about memory and how malware uses system calls for
connections. We start off with a review of what an actual intrusion
looks like, and then we introduce a methodology. This is a common
theme of the book; we present methodologies that are proven when it
comes to performing a systematic analysis process. Each of the areas
can be taken on its own, so if you just want to focus on malware, then
you can read that section.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Customization of the Wireshark Interface
Configuring Wireshark
Column Customization
Malware
Summary
Chapter 2:​Capturing Network Traffic
Capturing Network Traffic
Prerequisites for Capturing Live Network Data
Normal Mode
Promiscuous Mode
Wireless
Working with Network Interfaces
Exploring the Network Capture Options
Filtering While Capturing
Summary
Chapter 3:​Interpreting Network Protocols
Investigating IP, the Workhorse of the Network
Analyzing ICMP and UDP
ICMP
UDP
Dissection of TCP Traffic
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Reassembly of Packets
Interpreting Name Resolution
DNS
 Windows Name Resolution
Summary
Chapter 4:​Analysis of Network Attacks
Introducing a Hacking Methodology
Planning
Non-intrusive Target Search
Intrusive Target Search
Examination of Reconnaissance Network Traffic Artifacts
Leveraging the Statistical Properties of the Capture File
Identifying SMB-Based Attacks
Uncovering HTTP/​HTTPS-Based Attack Traffic
XSS
SQL Injection
HTTPS
Set the Environment Variable
Configure Wireshark
Summary
Chapter 5:​Effective Network Traffic Filtering
Identifying Filter Components
Investigating the Conversations
Extracting the Packet Data
Building Filter Expressions
Decrypting HTTPS Traffic
Kerberos Authentication
Summary
Chapter 6:​Advanced Features of Wireshark
 Working with Cryptographic Information in a Packet
Exploring the Protocol Dissectors of Wireshark
Viewing Logged Anomalies in Wireshark
Capturing Traffic from Remote Computers
Command-Line Tool TShark
Creating Firewall ACL Rules
Summary
Chapter 7:​Scripting and Interacting with Wireshark
Lua Scripting
Interacting with Pandas
Leveraging PyShark
Summary
Chapter 8:​Basic Malware Traffic Analysis
Customization of the Interface for Malware Analysis
Extracting the Files
Recognizing URL/​Domains of an Infected Site
Determining the Connections As Part of the Infected Machine
Scavenging the Infected Machine Meta Data
Exporting the Data Objects
Summary
Chapter 9:​Analyzing Encoding, Obfuscated, and ICS Malware
Traffic
Encoding
Investigation of NJRat
Analysis of WannaCry
Exploring CryptoLocker and CryptoWall
 Dissecting TRITON
Examining Trickbot
Understanding Exploit Kits
Establish Contact
Redirect
Exploit
Infect
Summary
Chapter 10:​Dynamic Malware Network Activities
Dynamic Analysis and the File System
Setting Up Network and Service Simulation
Monitoring Malware Communications and Connections at
Runtime and Beyond
Detecting Network Evasion Attempts
Investigating Cobalt Strike Beacons
Exploring C2 Backdoor Methods
Identifying Domain Generation Algorithms
Summary
Chapter 11:​Extractions of Forensics Data with Wireshark
Interception of Telephony Data
Discovering DOS/​DDoS
Analysis of HTTP/​HTTPS Tunneling over DNS
Carving Files from Network Data
Summary
Chapter 12:​Network Traffic Forensics
Chain of Custody
 Isolation of Conversations
Detection of Spoofing, Port Scanning, and SSH Attacks
Spoofing
Port Scanning
SSH
Reconstruction of Timeline Network Attack Data
Extracting Compromise Data
Summary
Chapter 13:​Conclusion
Intrusion Analysis
Malware Analysis
Forensics
Summary
Index
About the Author
Kevin Cardwell
is an instructor, curriculum developer,
and technical editor and author of
computer forensics and hacking courses.
He is the author of the EC Council
Certified Penetration Testing
Professional, Ethical Hacking Core Skills,
Advanced Penetration Testing, and
ICS/SCADA Security courses. He has
presented at the Black Hat USA, Hacker
Halted, ISSA, and TakeDownCon
conferences as well as many others. He
has chaired the Cybercrime and
Cyberdefense Summit in Oman and was
Executive Chairman of the Oil and Gas
Cyberdefense Summit. He is the author
of Defense and Deception: Confuse and
Frustrate the Hackers, Building Virtual
Pentesting Labs for Advanced Penetration Testing, 1st and 2nd editions,
and Backtrack: Testing Wireless Network Security. He holds a BS in
Computer Science from National University in California and an MS in
Software Engineering from Southern Methodist University (SMU) in
Texas.
About the Technical Reviewer
Shyam Sundar Ramaswami
is a Senior Staff Cyber Security Architect
at GE Healthcare, and his areas of work
include security research, healthcare
forensics, offensive security, and
defensive security for health-care
products. Shyam is a two-time TEDx
speaker, co-author of the book titled It’s
Your Digital Life, and a teacher of
cybersecurity. Shyam has delivered talks
in top-notch international cybersecurity
conferences like Black Hat, Qubit,
Nullcon, Deepsec, and Hack fest. Shyam
has delivered 100+ bootcamps on
malware and memory forensics across
the globe. Shyam runs a mentoring
program called “Being Robin” where he
mentors students all over the globe on
cybersecurity. Interviews with him have been published on leading
websites like ZDNet and CISO MAG.
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to APress Media, LLC, part of Springer
Nature 2023
K. Cardwell, Tactical Wireshark
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9291-4_1

1. Customization of the Wireshark

Interface
Kevin Cardwell1
(1) California, CA, USA

While it might not seem like a big deal, the fact is the customization of
the interface is very important in the creation of an effective analysis
plan. The Wireshark interface by default will display the following
columns of information:
Nos. – For the number identification of the packet within the display
window.
Time – The time the packet was captured; this is one of the columns
we will want to perform some changes to.
Source – The source of the generated packet; this can be in the form
of a layer two MAC address or a layer three IP address.
Destination – The destination of the generated packet; this too can
be in the form of a layer two MAC address or a layer three IP address.
Protocol – The protocol that the Wireshark tool has determined is in
the packet.
Length – The length of the data that is contained within the packet.
Info – Where additional information can be displayed about the
packet that has been captured.
In this chapter, we will review different methods of how to
customize the columns of Wireshark to assist our analysis with special
tasks. We will review a customization that can be used to assist with
malware analysis.
Configuring Wireshark
An example of the default Wireshark display configuration is shown in
Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1 The Wireshark default display configuration

The figure reflects the default columns and the information that is
reflected. As a reference, the Protocol is Modbus.
If you are not familiar with the Modbus protocol, it was originally
created by the company Modicon in 1979. They published the protocol
as a method of communication with their Programmable Logic
Controllers or PLC. Modbus has become a popular communication
protocol and is now a commonly available means of connecting
industrial electronic devices. Modbus is popular in industrial
environments because it is openly published and royalty-free. The
company Modicon is known as Schneider Electric today. As you
continue to review the packet capture, you can see in the “Info” section
additional information about the captured packet. As the information
indicates, the packet capture is that of a Transaction Query, the number
of the Query is 209, the Unit is 1, and the Query is of type 3, which
means it is a reading of the Holding Registers.
We will not cover any more details here of this packet that has been
captured; however, as the book progresses, you will get much more
data on this and many other types of protocols.
As we stated at the beginning of this chapter, we want the
Wireshark interface to be configured so we can get the best results
when we process our data capture files, and while the default settings
are okay, they are not providing us the best opportunity to get the most
from the Wireshark tool.
The first thing we want to do is to clean up the current columns on
the Wireshark tool. When we start thinking about the process and
concept for analysis, we need to have the port information of our
communications, and with the current settings, we do not have this. We
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 Art - Formula Sheet
Spring 2022 - Division

Prepared by: Lecturer Davis

Date: July 28, 2025

Lesson 1: Problem-solving strategies and techniques

Learning Objective 1: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 6: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 9: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Test 2: Case studies and real-world applications
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 11: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 14: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 15: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 18: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 19: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 3: Study tips and learning strategies
Example 20: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 23: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 31: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 33: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 37: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Example 40: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 6: Case studies and real-world applications
Example 50: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 51: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 52: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 59: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 7: Literature review and discussion
Example 60: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 61: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 62: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 64: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 8: Ethical considerations and implications
Example 70: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 75: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 76: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 76: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 78: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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