GRAMMAR

Everyday Grammar Lessons Taught In Class

 SUBJECT -VERB - AGREEMENT
SINGULAR CATEGORY

1. each, either (or) , neither (nor), one, no one, everyone, someone, anyone, nobody, somebody, anybody, everybody =
Singular Category

2. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS – for example: money, coffee, tea, sugar

Advice忠告 , knowledge 知识,, weather天气 , furniture家具类, luggage行李

Rice 白饭, flour面粉 , hair, news, information, etc. = SINGULAR - Is

3. COLLECTIVE NOUNS (集体名词)

– for example : army军队 , audience 听众, class, club, committee委员会 , crowd, flock, group, herd, swarm, team, troop

etc.

4. Money钱 , Time 时间, Measurement测量 , Weight重量 , Days天

Eg: an army of soldiers is fighting the war

EXAMPLES:
The information explains to us in detail.
The luggage happens to be heavy
My furniture is very old.
The luggage is very heavy.
The coffee is very sweet
My hair is long
100 cm is very short.
My weight is 50kg./ kilo/ kilos/ pounds
His weight is 50kg/ pounds
10 days is too short for a holiday at Bali.
RM100 is very expensive for the bag.
1 litre of water
2 litres of water
Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. For example, it is possible to walk or run
at different speeds. The words used to describe walking or running at different speeds (quickly or
slowly for example) are excellent examples of adverbs of manner.
Example of Adverbs used in sentences:
FORMATION :

Jordan drives/ cautiously.

Subject: Jordan

Verb: drives

Adverb: cautiously

= SUBJECT + VERB + ADVERB

I get angry easily.

She speaks politely

She spoke rudely

He talks to me honestly.

However he has sore throat, he can still sing loudly.

It’s raining, so you should drive carefully.

He speaks politely and he is friendly –

He is polite and friendly

He hardly (rare) comes home

Lately(recently), I have migraine.

-
BRITISH & AMERICAN SPELLING
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Subject + Verb – Simple Past Tense
Ø NO HAS & HAVE
Ø There is Time Expression
Ai Ling walked home yesterday.
I read a book last night
The boys ate breakfast this morning
Subject + Has/ Have + Past Participle (Verb) – Present Perfect Tense
Ø No Time Expression
Ø Started in the past, continued in the present ( for certain situations – Since/ For)
Ai Ling has walked home.
I have read a book.
The boys have eaten breakfast.
Eva has taken her dinner
Present Perfect

Subject + Have/has + Past Participle

Doris has eaten her lunch

We have eaten our lunch

Past Perfect

Subject + had + Past Participle

Sook Fen had taken her exam

We had gone home

WILL GO & GOING TO
Subject + Be form + going to + verb (original form) + story

= She is going to attend the party

SHALL & SHOULD
 SUBJECT + SHOULD +VERB (ORIGINAL WORD- Infinitive)+ STORY

= Jordan should go to the wedding.

= Hazel should attend the party.

=We should have breakfast everyday.

=John should finish his homework before sleeping.

(Verb + ing - before & after)

=You should finish your assignment before you hangout.

 GRAMMAR FORMULA
Be form - am, is, are, was, were

Infinitive - original word/ root word

Subject – Nouns (People, Place, Animal, Things)

The Main Grammar Family

Nouns - 名词 Mí
ngcí(subject)– Name of people, place, animals & things

Verbs- 动词Dòngcí– action words- tenses (ing / ed)

ngróngcí– Descriptive words

Adjectives -形容词Xí

Adverbs-副词Fùcí– ADJECTIVE + ly – how something happened (she dances/danced gracefully)

TO & FOR
DOUBLE VERB

Do you mind helping me?

Let’s go swimming at the beach.
Can you try making breakfast for me?
Last week, I went travelling with my family.
Mind – verb
Helping = Verb + ing
(When there’s double verb, the second verb must + ing)
NEGATIVE & POSITIVE FORM
Singular
Is – isn’t (Is not)
Was –wasn’t (was not)
Has – hasn’t (has not)
Does –doesn’t (does not)
Plural
Are – aren’t (are not)
Were – weren’t (were not)
Have – haven’t (have not)
Do – don’t (do not)
THAT, THOSE, THIS & THESE

That – singular – over there (disana)

Those – Plural – over there
This – singular – here (disini)
These – plural – here
Examples:
1. This - This coming weekend, I will be on holiday

This is my new car. (near you)

1. These - These are my skirts in the wardrobe. (near you)

These few days, I will be on leave.

1. That - That mirror is mine (far from you)

Those - Those are my friends’ cars (far from you)

Those boys over there are playing football

PREPOSITIONS IN MANDARIN
On – on top of something
At – open spaces – at the bus stop, at the park, at the beach at the playground, at the open stadium, in a closed
stadium,
At home, I am in my house.
We don’t use any prepositions in front of the words:
1. This
2. Last
3. Next

4. every
Next/ last
I will see you in this Saturday.
I go jogging on every Monday.
Let’s meet together next weekend
I went to Melaka last Saturday.
I went to a swimming class last Sunday.
I send my son to school everyday.
TIME EXPRESSION - PRESENT TENSE
AUXILIARY VERBS
TENSES FORMULA

Simple Past Tense

Subject (Nouns) + Verb (Past tense) + Story
Doris Walked home alone last night
We learned a new topic yesterday
Mr. Ng worked hard in his orchard

Simple Present Tense

Subject + Verb + Story
(Singular – Verb+S) (Plural – Verb-S)
Doris drives to work everyday.
They drive to work everyday
Past Continuos Tense
Subject + Be Form + Verb +ing + Story
Doris was walking home alone last night….
Doris was learning English last night
We were learning a new topic yesterday

Present Continuous Tense

Subject + Be Form + Verb + ing + Story
Daphne is learning English now.
They are learning English now.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
PAST TENSE
Present tense Past tense
Put put For these words =
Shut shut past tense & present
Read read tense are the same

Cost cost
Hit hit
Cut cut
TIME EXPRESSION - PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Present Continuous Tense is used talk about actions that

happens now.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Subject (singular) = is + verb+ing + time expression

Tracy is shopping at the moment

Subject (plural)= are + verb+ing + time expression

The boys are playing football now

LIKE = VERB + ING
VERB WILL BE ORIGINAL

1. Negative & Questions

2. When we use the verb =

like, hate, dislike, don’t mind, love..

The second verb = original

(when you ad the word ‘TO’)

To
Can
Could
Would VERB = ORIGINAL
Should
Shall
Will
Must
Yesterday, Kayla went home late because she had to work. – past tense sentence
I am going to exercise
I am going to eat lunch now.
PHONETIC CHART
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AM, IS, ARE, DO, DOES (DID) & HAVE, HAS (HAD)
How do you use HAVE & HAS ? ( 你怎么用)
The difference is that “have or has” usually means to possess something; I have a dog.
你怎么用？
不同之处在于“拥有”通常意味着拥有某物。我有一条狗。
How do you explain DO & DOES & DID ?
The main definition of “do or does” is “to accomplish an action.”
The verb “do” is a more active verb; then of course you could use both words in one sentence. I have to do
the laundry.
Pei Fen does her homework
The boys do their homework
你怎么解释呢？
“做”的主要定义是“完成一个动作”。动词“do”是一个更主动的动词；那么当然你可以在一个句子中同时使用
这两个词。我得洗衣服。
What is called AM, IS, ARE (WAS / WERE)(Be Form)
An auxiliary verb (or a helping verb as it's also called) is used with a main verb to help express the main verb's tense,
mood, or voice
什么叫 Am is are？
助动词（也称为助动词）与主要动词一起使用，以帮助表达主要动词的时态、情绪或语态。

What type of word is IS ?

Is is what is known as a state of being verb. State of being verbs do not express any specific activity or action but
instead describe existence.
是什么类型的词？
Is是所谓的动词状态。存在状态动词不表达任何特定的活动或动作，而是描述存在。

EXAMPLE:

She is a naughty girl. – Positive

Is she a naughty girl? - question

Does she a naughty girl?

Has she a naughty girl?

PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. We often use them to avoid repeating the nouns
that they refer to.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE
Linking Words
Opinion
NEGATIVE & POSITIVE BE FORMS

Singular

Is – isn’t (Is not)

Was –wasn’t (was not)

Has – hasn’t (has not)

Does –doesn’t (does not)

Plural

Are – aren’t (are not)

Were – weren’t (were not)

Have – haven’t (have not)

Do – don’t (do not)

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS PATTERN
Do you like tea? = Yes, I do. (No, I don’t)
Can you follow me to town? = Yes, I can. (No I can’t (Cannot)
Did you come into this class yesterday? = Yes, I did. (No, I didn’t)
Will you have lunch with me? = Yes, I will. (will not)
Shall we have lunch? = Yes, we shall. (shall not)
Could you stay with me? = Yes, I could. (could not)
Is she a naughty girl? = Yes she is. (Is not)
May I borrow your book? = Yes, you may. ( No you may not.)
Are you happy? = Yes, I am
Were you drinking yesterday? = No, I wasn’t/ Yes I was.
There is & There are = to show something exist
(PRESENT TENSE)
Exist:
to be, or to be real
存在；实际上有
Uncountable Nouns -
An uncountable noun is not used with "a" or "an"

and cannot be made plural.

名词）不可数的

Words like "electricity", "blood", and "happiness"

are uncountable. 像 electricity，blood，happiness 等词是不可数的。

STRUCTURE OF WRITING/ SPEAKING
1. INTRODUCTION - Greetings
2. BODY (Contents)- The reason
3. CONCLUSION – To confirm/ wish/ sign off
EMAIL WRITING – Formal/ Informal
INFORMAL

Start of Letter:

Dearest, Hi, Hello, Dear, Baby…

Ending of Letter:

Love, hugs, from your sister, brother, cousin…your beloved, from

Friends, family, relatives, cousins….

FORMAL

Start of Letter

Dear Sir/ Madam, Dear Mr./ Miss. Dear Simon, To Jhi Ying,

Ending of Letter:

Best Regards, Yours Sincerely, Regards, From, Yours Faithfully,

Banking, Interviews, Governmental Organisation,

Complain Letters, Reservation, Companies, Offer Letter, Customer Service

Resignation letter, Enquiry of quotation.

● Poach - to cook something such as a fish, or an egg with its shell removed,
● by putting it in gently boiling water or other liquid
● 炖，水煮（鱼、荷包蛋等）
● We had poached eggs for breakfast.
● 我们早饭吃荷包蛋。
● Roast - to cook food in an oven or over a fire
● 烘；烤；焙
● Blanch - to put vegetables or similar foods into boiling water
● for a few minutes
● to make them white, remove the skins, get rid of strong flavours, or
● prepare them for freezing
● 焯（把蔬菜等放入沸水中略煮一下）
● Saute’- to cook food in oil or fat over heat, usually until it is brown
● 煎，煸，炒
● Sautéthe onions for five minutes.
● 洋葱煎五分钟。
● Flambé- to pour alcohol over food and set fire to it during cooking
● （烹饪时）在（食品）上面浇酒点燃
● Braise - to cook food slowly in a covered dish in a little fat and liquid
● (用文火）炖，焖
● Simmer - to cook something liquid, or something with liquid in it, at a
● temperature slightly below boiling
● 炖，煨
● Leave the vegetables to simmer for a few minutes.
● 把蔬菜再炖几分钟。
Structured Writing
organized so that the parts relate well to each other

有结构的；有组织的，有条理的

Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Writing Structure:
Introduction – an occasion when something is put into use or brought to a place for the
first time
采用；引进；推行；放入，插入
Body – (the main part in a story) - the main part of a book, article, etc.
（书、文章等的）正文，主体
I thought the most interesting details in the book were not in the body of the text, but in
the notes at the end.
我认为本书最有趣的部分不在正文中，而在书后的注释中。
Conclusion - the final part of something
结局；结尾；结果
POSSESSIVES
In grammar, a possessive word, form, etc. shows who or what something belongs to.( belonging)

（语法）所有格的，物主的

"Mine" and "yours"are possessive pronouns.

mine 和 yours 是物主代词。

CONTRACTION
a short form of a word or combination of words that is often used instead of the full form in spoken English

（英语口语中的）缩略形式

"Won't" is a contraction of "will not".

won't 是 will not 的缩略形式。

Its – belonging (animals & things)

It’s – it is

Whose – belonging

Who’s – who is/ who has

He’s – he is/ he has

She’s – she is/ she has

You’ll – you will

Apostrophe - the symbol ’ used in writing to show when a letter or a number has been left out,
as in I'm (= I am) or '85 (= 1985), or that is used before or after s to show possession, as in Helen's
house or babies' hands
（表示省略或加在字母s前后表示所有格的）撇号，省字符，省略符号（’）
"It's" with an apostrophe means "it is" or "it has".
带有省字符号（‘）的“it's”表示“it is”或“it has”。
This – singular (near) – Whose phone is this?
These – plural (near)- Whose chairs are these?
That – singular (far) – Whose car is that?
Those – plural (far) – Whose children are those playing at the park?
Pronouns - a word that is used instead of a noun or a noun phrase

代词
Pronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned.

代词常用于指代已提到过的名词。
"She", "it", and "who" are all examples of pronouns.
she，it 和 who 都是代词。
It – animals & things ( One)
They/ them – animals & things (many)
This – singular (near) – Whose phone is this?
These – plural (near)- whose chairs are these?
That – singular (far) – Whose car is that?
Those – plural (far) – Whose children are those playing at the park?
Towards - in the direction of, or closer to someone or something
向，朝；对
Among - in the middle of or surrounded by other things
在…中；为…所环绕
Through - from one end or side of something to the other
通过；穿越
Along - from one part of a road, river, etc. to another

沿着，顺着，循着
a romantic walk along the beach/river
沿着海滩／河边的浪漫散步
Over - above or higher than something else, sometimes so that one thing covers the other; above
在…上方
Across - on the opposite side of
在…的另一边；在…的对面
Under - in or to a position below or lower than something else, often so that one thing covers the other
在（或到）下面；在（或到）下方
Further - comparative of far : to a greater distance or degree, or at a more advanced level
PHRASAL VERB = PREPOSITION + VERB
Preposition - in grammar, a word that is used before a noun,
a noun phrase, or a pronoun, connecting it to another word

介词，前置词
In the sentences "We jumped in the lake", and
"She drove slowly down the track", "in" and "down" are prepositions.

在 We jumped in the lake 和

She drove slowly down the track 这两个句子中，in 和 down 是介词

Verb - a word or phrase that describes an action, condition, or experience

动词
The words "run", "keep", and "feel" are all verbs.

run，keep 和 feel 都是动词

PHRASAL VERB - a phrase that consists of a verb with a preposition or adverb or both, the
meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts 短语动词

"Pay for", "work out", and "make up for" are all phrasal verbs. pay for， work out 和 make up for 都是短语动
词。
Negative Form :

Can – Can’t (Cannot) - Present

Could – Couldn’t (Could not) – Past

If you want to ask for help = No tenses (Request/ Permission)

You use Can – informal

You use Could – Formal

ABILITY

Could

I could eat a lot when I was young. – Positive sentence (Past)

I couldn’t speak English when I was young – Negative sentence (Past)

Can

I can play badminton very well – Positive sentence (Present)

I can’t (cannot) play guitar – Negative sentence (Present)

HAVE TO / HAS TO
Negative & Question : Singular + Plural = HAVE TO

Example : Negative Sentence :

Singular - Mr. Wang doesn’t have to drive today.
Plural - They don’t have to attend class today.
Example : Questions :
Singular - Does Mr. Wang have to drive today?
Plural - Do they have to attend class today?
Present tense

Subject + verb + story (SS Formula)

Singular = Mavis walks to the park everyday

Plural = The boys walk to the park everyday
Uncountable Nouns = The coffee needs more sugar.

= An uncountable noun is not used with "a" or "an" and cannot be made plural.

（名词）不可数的

Words like "electricity", "blood", and "happiness" are uncountable.

像 electricity，blood，happiness 等词是不可数。

Things = The bus moves on diesel

= The buses move on diesel.
Negative: (not)

Sylvia doesn’t drink coffee every morning.

Question:

Does Sylvia drink coffee every morning?

Singular – positive sentence only (the verb +S)

Plural/ Negative & Questions = the verbs are ORIGINAL

Comparison Of Adjectives
Comparative (Adjective)

the form of an adjective or adverb that expresses a

difference in amount, number, degree, or quality

（形容词或副词的）比较级

"Fatter" is the comparative of "fat".

fatter 是 fat 的比较级。

"More difficult" is the comparative of "difficult".

more difficult 是 difficult 的比较级。

COMPARISION OF ADJECTIVES
Superlative (Adjective) - the form of an adjective or adverb that
expresses that the thing or person being described has

more of the particular quality than anything

or anyone else of the same type

（形容词或副词的）最高级形式

"Richest" is the superlative of "rich".

richest 是 rich 的最高级（形式）。

The magazine article contained so many superlatives that I found it

hard to believe that what it was saying was true.

杂志上的这篇文章用了这么多最高级修饰词，让我觉得其可信度不高。
Collocations -
a word or phrase that is often used

with another word or phrase, in a way that

sounds correct to people who have spoken the

language all their lives, but might not be

expected from the meaning

搭配（词）

In the phrase "a hard frost", "hard" is a

collocation of "frost" and "strong" would not

sound natural.

在短语 a hard frost 中，hard 可与 frost 搭配，

用 strong 则听上去不自然。
Countries, Nationalities 国籍 & Languages
ALSO: Nouns + Aux Verb + also
1. We use Also BEFORE the Verb - Some people also send text…

2. We use Also AFTER Auxiliary Verb – I have also got a friend…

3. At the beginning of a new sentence. –

Also my friends send really funny text messages.

Auxiliary Verb - a verb that gives grammatical information

not given by the main verb of a sentence

助动词

In the sentence "she has finished her book", "has" is an auxiliary.

在句子she has finished her book中，has是助动词

When We use Going To –

1. When something is going to happen

2. Prior (plan) - existing or happening before something else,

or before a particular time

在先的，在前的；居先的
3. Predictions - a statement about what you think
will happen in the future

预计，预料，预言

Nouns + Be Form + Going To + VERB (ORIGINAL)

I am going to sleep

I am going to swim

Yuki is going to eat

Suggestion - an idea, plan, or action that is

suggested or the act of suggesting it

提议；建议

Prediction - a statement about what you think

will happen in the future

预计，预料，预言

Advice - an opinion that someone offers you

about what you should do or how you should

act in a particular situation

意见；忠告；劝告

Nouns +should/ shouldn’t + Verb (Original)

You should bring your raincoat out today.

You shouldn’t forget your kids while shopping.

DESCRIPTIVE (words) - describing something, especially in a detailed, interesting way 描述的
描写的，描绘的

a descriptive essay/passage 描述性文章／段落

 In Mandarin Chinese, the expressions for telling time follow a similar pattern to the one you mentioned in English. Here's how you
can express time using "past," "after," and "to" in Mandarin:

1. Minutes 1-29: Past (or After) the Hour To express that it is a specific number of minutes past the hour, you can use
the word "过" (guò) which means "past" or "after." Here are a few examples:
● 三点十分过 (Sān diǎn shí fēn guò) - It's ten minutes past three (3:10).
● 八点二十分过 (Bā diǎn èrshí fēn guò) - It's twenty minutes past eight (8:20).
2. Minutes 31-59: To (the Next Hour) To express that it is a specific number of minutes to the next hour, you can use
the word "差" (chà) which means "to" or "short of." Here are a few examples:
● 十点四十分差十分 (Shí diǎn sìshí fēn chà shífēn) - It's ten minutes to eleven (10:50).
● 三点五十分差十分 (Sān diǎn wǔshí fēn chà shífēn) - It's ten minutes to four (3:50).

Remember that when stating the time in Mandarin, the general structure is "Hour + Minutes." The words "过" (guò) and "差" (chà)
are used to indicate the relationship between the current time and the next hour.

Additionally, it is also common to simply state the time as "Hour + Minutes" without using the expressions for "past" or "to." For
example, you can say "三点五十分" (Sān diǎn wǔshí fēn) to mean "3:50."
Advice (noun)- an opinion that someone offers you about what you should do or how you should act in a particular
situation

意见;忠告;劝告

Steven gave me some good advice.

史蒂文给了我一些好建议。

Advise – (verb) - to give someone advice

劝告;忠告;向…提供意见，给…出主意

[ + to infinitive ] I think I'd advise him to leave the company.

我想，我会建议他离开这家公司。

His doctor advised him against smoking.

他的医生劝他戒烟。
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY （事件发生的）频度，次数;频繁

An adverb of frequency describes how often an action happens. There are six main adverbs of frequency that
we use in English: always, usually (or normally), often, sometimes, rarely, and never.

你说得对！频率副词描述一个动作发生的频率。在英语中，有六个主要的频率副词，它们是：always（总是
）、usually（通常）、often（经常）、sometimes（有时候）、rarely（很少）、以及never（从不）。
1. Adverbs of frequency is often used with PRESENT TENSE.

2. It tells us how often something happens.

3. It is usually before the verb.

Ex: I always reach home at 5pm

Sam usually drinks coffee in the morning.

 TIME EXPRESSIONS

COLLOCATIONS ON ‘TIME’

● In time (arrive on time) = 准时

● On time (happening at the expected time) = 按时
● Out of time (not having enough time) = 没时间
● Time flies (time passes quickly) = 光阴似箭
● Time is money (time is valuable) = 一寸光阴一寸金
● Time waits for no one (time is not waiting for anyone) = 时不我待
● Waste time (spend time unnecessarily) = 浪费时间
● Kill time (pass the time) = 打发时间
● Make time (find time for something) = 抽出时间
HAVE GOT (plural) (Singular- Has Got)
We use 'have got' to talk about possession拥有,
relationship关系,
characteristics特征and
illnesses疾病.
Things 物，东西
You can also just use 'have' - they mean the same thing. 'Have got' is more used in British
English and 'have' is more American.
Note: “Have got” can only be used in the present simple tense. In Past Tense : We use only
HAD ( without Got.)
您也可以直接使用 "have"，它们的意思是一样的。Have got "更多用于英式英语，而 "have "更多用
于美式英语。
注意："Have got "只能用于现在简单时态。在过去式中：我们只使用 HAD（而不用 Got。）
Making Arrangements (作出安排)

Accepting & refusing an arrangement (接受和拒绝安排)

Remember:

1. There should not be any preposition (in, on, at) in front of these words:

Next

Every

This

Last

记住：

这些词前面不能有任何介词（in、on、at）：

下一个, 每一个, 这, 最后

2. Please do not write in any preposition in front of time expressions, for example: today, yesterday,
tomorrow, now, currently....

请不要在时间表达式前写入任何介词，例如：今天、昨天、明天、现在、目前....。
The Best Salutations & Greetings The Best Endings for your Email/ Letter
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Uncountable Nouns - 不可数名词

Countable Noun - 可数名词
We use MODAL VERBS to request & ask permission :
Instructional Writing - 教学写作
THERE IS / THERE ARE
DESCRIBING YOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD
DESCRIBING YOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD
1. Present Simple: 现在简单时
· I am 我是 (wǒ shì)

· You are 你是 (nǐ shì)

· (Singular ) -He/She/It is 他/她/它是 (tā/tā/tā shì)

· (Plural) - We/They are 我们/他们是 (wǒmen/tāmen shì)

2. Past Simple: 过去简单时

· I was 我曾经是

· You were 你曾经是

· (Singular) -He/She/It was 他/她/它曾经是

· (Plural) - We/They were 我们/他们曾经是

1. Present Continuous: 现在进行时
· I am being 我正在是

· You are being 你正在是

· He/She/It is being 他/她/它正在是
· We/They are being 我们/他们正在是

2. Past Continuous: 过去进行时

· I was being 我曾经正在是

· You were being 你曾经正在是

· He/She/It was being 他/她/它曾经正在是
· We/They were being 我们/他们曾经正在是
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
NEGATIVE & QUESTION = VERB WILL BE IN ORIGINAL FORM.

Positive Sentence:
Teoh lived in New York last year.

Negative Sentence:
Teoh didn’t live in New York last year.

Question Sentence:
Did Teoh live in New York last year.
LEARN TO LEAVE A VOICEMAIL MESSAGE & ASK FOR SOMEONE
ON THE PHONE
When - How the ‘when’ is used
AFTER, WHEN & WHILE
Ability - the physical or mental power or skill needed

to do something

体力或智力方面的）能力；才能，才智

Offer - to ask someone if they would like to have something

or if they would like you to do something

主动给予；主动提出；提议

Possibility - a chance that something may happen or be true

可能（性）

Request - the act of politely or officially asking for something

（礼貌、正式的）要求，请求

Permission - If someone is given permission to do something,

they are allowed to do it.

允许，许可，准许
Have/ Has To Don’t / Doesn’t
Have To

HAVE TO/HAS TO

HAVE TO/HAS TO
PHRASES ON HEALTH & CONCERN
1. Facts – (truth) - something that is known to have happened or to exist,

especially something for which proof exists, or about which there is information

现实，实际情况；（尤指）事实，真相

Ex : The earth moves around the sun

2. Habit - something that you do often and regularly, sometimes

without knowing that you are doing it

习惯
I always buy the same brand of toothpaste out of (= because of) habit.

我出于习惯总是买同一个牌子的牙膏。

Ex : I drink coffee every morning

Common Compliments 常见的称赞 Compliments on Appearance 对外表的赞美
SHOPPING
Refund - an amount of money that is given back to you,

especially because you are not happy with a product or

service that you have bought

（尤指因为对购买的产品或服务不满意而追回的）退款，返还款，偿还金额

Bargain - Bargain - something on sale at a lower price than its true value

便宜货，廉价品

This coat was half-price - a real bargain.

这件大衣是半价买的——真便宜

Shopaholic - a person who enjoys shopping very much and does it a lot

热衷购物的人，购物狂

Via - using a particular machine, system, or person to send or receive something

通过，凭借
1. Modal Verbs - a verb, such as "can", "might", and "must", that is used with another verb to
express an idea such as possibility that is not expressed by the main verb of a sentence

情态动词
When you use these Modal Verbs & To

To, can, could, would, should, will, shall,

Must, might = the VERB must be ORIGINAL

For eg: We should exercise regularly.

2. When there are 2 verbs in a sentence, the 2nd verb

Must plus +ing.

For eg: We went hiking last week. (in past tense)

Let’s go shopping today (in present tense)

There are 2 types of Verbs
Present Perfect Tense - Questions & Negative Sentences
The difference between Past Tense & Present Perfect
Time Expressions 时间表达
List of common Negative Adjectives
Phrasal Verbs
 Phrasal Verbs - a phrase that consists of a verb with a preposition or adverb or both, the meaning
of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts 短语动词

"Pay for", "work out", and "make up for" are all phrasal verbs.

pay for， work out 和 make up for 都是短语动词。

ADDITIONAL GRAMMAR NOTES
Phrases For Travelling
TRAVELLING PREPOSITIONS
At – Open Spaces = Park/ playground/ beach/ seaside/ garden/ bus stop/ train station
By – a long stretch( a continuous area of land or water
（土地或水域的）一片，一段) = the river/ sea/ road

Along = I’m walking along the river/ beach/ road

In – Countries/ state/ district (an area of a country or town that has fixed borders that are used for official purposes, or
that has a particular feature that makes it different from surrounding areas

区，区域)
If you go by Transportation – use by – by bus, by train
If you are walking – use on foot (walk) Ex: We went hiking on foot

If you can walk inside a transport – on the bus/ train/ aeroplane/on the ship/ ferry/ cruise

If you can’t walk inside a transport– in (car/ van/ taxi)

If you can sit on a transport – on – on the bicycle/ motorbike

Showing Surprise
ARTICLES
ZERO ARTICLES
IRREGULAR ARTICLES THAT USE A & AN
BE FORM (am, is, are, was, were)
In grammar, the "be" verb is a form of the verb "to be." It is used to link the subject of a
sentence with a complement, which can be a noun, pronoun, or adjective, describing or
identifying the subject. The "be" verb is also used to indicate a state of being or existence.

The "be" verb has various forms depending on the tense and subject of the sentence. Here are
the common forms of the "be" verb in English:

在语法中，“be”动词是“to be”动词的一种形式。它用于将句子的主语与补语连接起来，补语可以是名词、代
词或形容词，用于描述或标识主语。"be"动词还用于表示存在或状态。

"be"动词根据句子的时态和主语的不同有不同的形式。以下是英语中"be"动词的常见形式：
BE FORM - WAS & WERE
BE Forms are used in most tenses for example:
Being (Be) - a person or thing that exists
生命，生物
Be = am, is, are, was, were
Present = am, is & are

Singular = am & is

Plural = are

Past (singular)= was

Past (plural) = were

Negative sentences =

Is not – isn’t

Are not – aren’t

Was not – wasn’t

BE FORM
Contraction - a short form of a word or combination of words that is often used instead of the full form in spoken
English

（英语口语中的）缩略形式
"Won't" is a contraction of "will not".

won't 是 will not 的缩略形式。

Apostrophe - the symbol ’ used in writing to show when a letter or a number has been left out, as in I'm (= I am) or '85
(= 1985), or that is used before or after s to show possession, as in Helen's house or babies' hands

（表示省略或加在字母s前后表示所有格的）撇号，省字符，省略符号（’）

"It's" with an apostrophe means "it is" or "it has".

带有省字符号（‘）的“it's”表示“it is”或“it has”。

Its – belonging ( The kitten is drinking its milk)

It’s – it is/ it has ( It is raining now)/ (It has been raining since 2pm)

She’s – she is / she has

He’s – he is / he has
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
1. Facts - something that is known to have happened or to exist, especially something for which proof exists,
or about which there is information

现实，实际情况；（尤指）事实，真相
I always buy the same brand of toothpaste out of (= because of) habit.

我出于习惯总是买同一个牌子的牙膏。

2. Advice - an opinion that someone offers you about what you should do or how you should act in a
particular situation

意见；忠告；劝告
Steven gave me some good advice.

史蒂文给了我一些好建议。
3. Habit - something that you do often and regularly, sometimes without knowing that you are doing it

习惯
Habits (Adverbs of frequency) - For Present Tense
Time Expressions used in Present Tense
THE PRESENT TENSE FORMULA
Singular Nouns - Verb +S (positive sentence)
(He, she, it, Tiffany, Owen, the girl, the car, cat)

Fiona works everyday.

Tiffany drives to work

Plural Nouns – Verb -S (original form)

(I, you, we, they, the girls, the cars, the dogs..)

They drive to work often

We learn English every time

For Negative & Questions = Singular & Plural Nouns = Verb -S

Does Irene drink coffee every morning?

Irene doesn’t drink coffee every morning.

Singular – does (doesn’t)

Questions & Negative Present Tense
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MODAL VERBS
Unit 2D - Writing - Why I would like to learn English
The meaning of some of the Homophones
PHRASAL VERB - WORK