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Plasma Chemistry Cambridge 2008 1st Edition Alexander
Fridman Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Alexander Fridman
ISBN(s): 9780521847353, 0521847354
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 16.36 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
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PLASMA CHEMISTRY

This unique book provides a fundamental introduction to all aspects of modern

plasma chemistry. The book describes mechanisms and kinetics of chemical pro-
cesses in plasma, plasma statistics, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and elec-
trodynamics, as well as all major electric discharges applied in plasma chemistry.
The book considers most of the major applications of plasma chemistry, from
electronics to thermal coatings, from treatment of polymers to fuel conversion
and hydrogen production, and from plasma metallurgy to plasma medicine. The
book can be helpful to engineers, scientists, and students interested in plasma
physics, plasma chemistry, plasma engineering, and combustion, as well as in
chemical physics, lasers, energy systems, and environmental control. The book
contains an extensive database on plasma kinetics and thermodynamics, as well as
many convenient numerical formulas for practical calculations related to specific
plasma–chemical processes and applications. The book contains a large number
of problems and concept questions that are helpful in university courses related to
plasma, lasers, combustion, chemical kinetics, statistics and thermodynamics, and
high-temperature and high-energy fluid mechanics.

Alexander Fridman is Nyheim Chair Professor of Drexel University and Director

of Drexel Plasma Institute. His research focuses on plasma approaches to material
treatment, fuel conversion, hydrogen production, biology, medicine, and environ-
mental control. Professor Fridman has more than 35 years of plasma research expe-
rience in national laboratories and universities in Russia, France, and the United
States. He has published 6 books and 450 papers, chaired several international
plasma conferences, and received numerous awards, including the Stanley Kaplan
Distinguished Professorship in Chemical Kinetics and Energy Systems, the George
Soros Distinguished Professorship in Physics, and the State Prize of the USSR for
discovery of selective stimulation of chemical processes in non-thermal plasma.

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Plasma Chemistry

Alexander Fridman
Drexel University

iii
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521847353

© Alexander Fridman 2008

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of

relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2008

ISBN-13 978-0-511-39857-5 eBook (EBL)

ISBN-13 978-0-521-84735-3 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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To my wife Irene

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Contents

Foreword page xxxix

Preface xli

1 Introduction to Theoretical and Applied Plasma Chemistry 1

1.1. Plasma as the Fourth State of Matter 1
1.2. Plasma in Nature and in the Laboratory 2
1.3. Plasma Temperatures: Thermal and Non-Thermal Plasmas 4
1.4. Plasma Sources for Plasma Chemistry: Gas Discharges 5
1.5. Fundamentals of Plasma Chemistry: Major Components of
Chemically Active Plasma and Mechanisms of Plasma-Chemical
Processes 8
1.6. Applied Plasma Chemistry 9
1.7. Plasma as a High-Tech Magic Wand of Modern Technology 10

2 Elementary Plasma-Chemical Reactions 12

2.1. Ionization Processes 12
2.1.1. Elementary Charged Particles in Plasma 12
2.1.2. Elastic and Inelastic Collisions and Their Fundamental
Parameters 13
2.1.3. Classification of Ionization Processes 14
2.1.4. Elastic Scattering and Energy Transfer in Collisions of
Charged Particles: Coulomb Collisions 15
2.1.5. Direct Ionization by Electron Impact: Thomson Formula 16
2.1.6. Specific Features of Ionization of Molecules by Electron
Impact: Frank-Condon Principle and Dissociative
Ionization 17
2.1.7. Stepwise Ionization by Electron Impact 18
2.1.8. Ionization by High-Energy Electrons and Electron Beams:
Bethe-Bloch Formula 20
2.1.9. Photo-Ionization Processes 20
2.1.10. Ionization in Collisions of Heavy Particles: Adiabatic
Principle and Massey Parameter 21
2.1.11. Penning Ionization Effect and Associative Ionization 21
2.2. Elementary Plasma-Chemical Reactions of Positive Ions 22
2.2.1. Different Mechanisms of Electron–Ion Recombination in
Plasma 22

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Contents

2.2.2. Dissociative Electron–Ion Recombination and Possible

Preliminary Stage of Ion Conversion 23
2.2.3. Three-Body and Radiative Electron–Ion Recombination
Mechanisms 25
2.2.4. Ion–Molecular Reactions, Ion–Molecular Polarization
Collisions, and the Langevin Rate Coefficient 26
2.2.5. Ion–Atomic Charge Transfer Processes and Resonant
Charge Transfer 28
2.2.6. Non-Resonant Charge Transfer Processes and
Ion–Molecular Chemical Reactions of Positive and
Negative Ions 29
2.3. Elementary Plasma-Chemical Reactions Involving Negative Ions 31
2.3.1. Dissociative Electron Attachment to Molecules as a Major
Mechanism of Negative Ion Formation in Electronegative
Molecular Gases 31
2.3.2. Three-Body Electron Attachment and Other Mechanisms
of Formation of Negative Ions 33
2.3.3. Destruction of Negative Ions: Associative Detachment,
Electron Impact Detachment, and Detachment in
Collisions with Excited Particles 35
2.3.4. Recombination of Negative and Positive Ions 37
2.3.5. Ion–Ion Recombination in Binary Collisions 38
2.3.6. Three-Body Ion–Ion Recombination: Thomson’s Theory
and Langevin Model 39
2.4. Electron Emission and Heterogeneous Ionization Processes 42
2.4.1. Thermionic Emission: Sommerfeld Formula and Schottky
Effect 42
2.4.2. Field Emission of Electrons in Strong Electric Fields:
Fowler-Nordheim Formula and Thermionic Field Emission 43
2.4.3. Secondary Electron Emission 45
2.4.4. Photo-Ionization of Aerosols: Monochromatic Radiation 46
2.4.5. Photo-Ionization of Aerosols: Continuous-Spectrum
Radiation 49
2.4.6. Thermal Ionization of Aerosols: Einbinder Formula 51
2.4.7. Space Distribution of Electrons and Electric Field Around a
Thermally Ionized Macro-Particle 52
2.4.8. Electric Conductivity of Thermally Ionized Aerosols 53
2.5. Excitation and Dissociation of Neutral Particles in Ionized
Gases 54
2.5.1. Vibrational Excitation of Molecules by Electron
Impact 54
2.5.2. Rate Coefficients of Vibrational Excitation by Electron
Impact: Semi-Empirical Fridman Approximation 56
2.5.3. Rotational Excitation of Molecules by Electron Impact 58
2.5.4. Electronic Excitation of Atoms and Molecules by Electron
Impact 59
2.5.5. Dissociation of Molecules by Direct Electron Impact 61
2.5.6. Distribution of Electron Energy in Non-Thermal
Discharges Between Different Channels of Excitation and
Ionization 63

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 Sociology - Term Paper
Fall 2025 - Institute

Prepared by: Dr. Jones

Date: August 12, 2025

Quiz 1: Historical development and evolution

Learning Objective 1: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 7: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 8: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Introduction 2: Practical applications and examples
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 3: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 25: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 27: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice 4: Research findings and conclusions
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 31: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 33: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 36: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 39: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 5: Research findings and conclusions
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 45: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 46: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 6: Key terms and definitions
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 57: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 58: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 59: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 7: Interdisciplinary approaches
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Discussion 8: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 75: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 76: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 79: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 9: Case studies and real-world applications
Practice Problem 80: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 81: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 88: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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