GE Power Systems

Gas Turbine Basics

 MS7001FA
Gas Turbine Assembly
Major Sections
COMBUSTION

FUEL GAS
LINER TRANSITION DIFFUSER
LIQUID FUEL PIECE
STEAM/WATER
INJECTION

VIGVS

ATOMIZING
AIR

GENERATOR

AIR INLET COMPRESSOR TURBINE EXHAUST

B00293 7/2001
GE Power Systems
 GE Power Systems

Revision Date: 02/10/2000 Property of Power Systems University-

University- Proprietary Information for Training Purposes Only!
 GE Power Systems

Revision Date: 02/10/2000 Property of Power Systems University-

University- Proprietary Information for Training Purposes Only!
 GE Power Systems

Revision Date: 02/10/2000 Property of Power Systems University-

University- Proprietary Information for Training Purposes Only!
GE Power Systems

Note: For instructional

purposes only

GAS
TURBINE
Temperature
and Pressure
Levels at
Base Load
 GE Power Systems

15oC
101.35 KpaA (1.013 bar)

Revision Date: 02/10/2000 Property of Power Systems University-

University- Proprietary Information for Training Purposes Only!
GE Power Systems
GE Power Systems
GE Power Systems
 GE Power Systems

ISO Firing Temperature

• Reference Turbine Inlet Temperature
• Not A Physical Temperature
• Less Than True Firing Temperature As
Defined By GE
 GE Power Systems

1st Stage
Nozzle

GE Firing Temperature

Combustion Flame

Revision Date: 02/10/2000 Property of Power Systems University-

University- Proprietary Information for Training Purposes Only!
GE Power Systems
GE Power Systems
GE Power Systems
GE Power Systems
GE Power Systems
GE Power Systems
GE Power Systems
GE Power Systems
 GE Power Systems

Pressure Drop Effects – 7FA

% Effect on Effect on
Output Heat Rate Exhaust Temp
4 in. water – Inlet -1.54 0.56 3.0 F
4 in. water – Exhaust -0.56 0.56 3.0 F

Pressure Drop Effects – 9FA

4 in. water– Inlet -1.19 0.21 1.3F (0.7C)
(10.0 mbar)
4 in. water – Exhaust -0.21 0.21 1.3F (0.7C)
(10.0 mbar)

Revision Date: 02/10/2000 Property of Power Systems University-

University- Proprietary Information for Training Purposes Only!
 GE Power Systems

Note: For instructional purposes only

age
m
Da

Effects of
Fouling
and/or
Damage on

Da
m
Compressor

ag
e
Performance

Revision Date: 02/10/2000 Property of Power Systems University-

University- Proprietary Information for Training Purposes Only!
 GE Power Systems

Note: For instructional purposes only

Effects of Air
Extraction
 GE Power Systems

Model Series 7001EA

id0001

Model Series 6001B

id0005

Figure 1 – Single-Shaft Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines

GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS

GENERAL There are, however, differences in the details of the

three cycles which are worth examining.

Figure 1 depicts General Electric single–shaft, The Otto Cycle

heavy–duty gas turbines. The gas turbine is an inter-
nal combustion engine which produces energy In the Otto Cycle, Figure 2, the compression stroke
through a cycle similar to the Otto or Diesel cycle in (1 to 2) is followed by combustion of constant vol-
that the three cycles consist of the same four stages: ume (2 to 3) resulting in increased pressure. The
compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust. pressure causes expansion (3 to 4) with exhaust
GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS A00137
taking place between points 4 and ing the expansion stroke. The expansion process is
1. not limited by the stroke of a piston and proceeds to
ambient pressure. As combustion and exhaust occur
3 at constant pressure, this cycle has also been called a
P = PRESSURE
V = VOLUME Constant Pressure Cycle.
P 2 4

1
2 3
V
id0021
P = PRESSURE
V = VOLUME
Figure 2 Otto Cycle
P

The Diesel Cycle 4

1

V
The Diesel Cycle, Figure 3, is similar, except that id0010

combustion takes place at a constant pressure (2–3). Figure 4 Brayton Cycle

This is accomplished by injecting fuel at a rate suffi-
cient to compensate for the volume change. Expan- Figure 5 schematically represents the major compo-
sion and exhaust then take place as it does in the Otto nents required for a simple cycle gas turbine. The
Cycle. In both the Otto and Diesel cycles the expan- points on Figures 4 and 5 are consistent. At point 1,
sion stroke is limited by the maximum travel of the ambient air enters the compressor (c) and is dis-
piston. A power loss occurs during the exhaust charged at point 2 at a higher pressure. Fuel is mixed
stroke as the pressure at (4) is released to atmo- with the compressor discharge air and burned in the
sphere. combustors or burners (b) adding heat to the cycle.
The high–temperature, high–pressure products of
this continuous combustion enter the turbine (t) at
P = PRESSURE
V = VOLUME point 3 and are expanded to atmospheric pressure
2 3
P (point 4). The turbine provides the horsepower to
4
drive the compressor and load (in this case a genera-
1 tor). The representation is for a single–shaft gas tur-
V
bine as the turbine, compressor and load are
id0022 mechanically connected and rotate in unison.
Figure 3 Diesel Cycle

FUEL

The Brayton Cycle 2 b 3 4

The gas turbine is based upon the Brayton Cycle, c t GEN

Figure 4. Characteristics of this cycle differ from the
Otto and Diesel cycles in that the compression, com-
bustion, expansion and exhaust processes for the gas 1 c = COMPRESSOR
b = COMBUSTORS
turbine are continuous, rather than intermittent as AIR t = TURBINE
with the reciprocating engines. This means that gas
id0123
turbine power is continuously available, whereas in
Figure 5 Basic Gas Turbine
a reciprocating engine power is produced only dur-
 GE Power Systems

GENERAL DESCRIPTION Compressor Section

The function of the axial flow compressor is to fur-

The gas turbine consists of a 17–stage axial–flow
nish a large volume of high pressure air to the com-
compressor and a 3–stage power turbine. The com-
bustion chambers for the production of the hot gases
pressor rotor and turbine rotor are each assembled
necessary to operate the turbine. Only a portion of
separately and then joined together. Through–bolts
this air is used for combustion, the remainder is used
connect the compressor rotor wheels to a forward
as dilution air to lower the temperature of the prod-
‘stub–shaft’ that contains the the number one bear-
ucts of combustion and also serves as a source of
ing journal and thrust collar. In the turbine section,
cooling air for the turbine nozzles, turbine wheels,
through–bolts join the turbine wheels to the aft stub–
transition pieces and other portions of the hot–gas
shaft. There are spacer wheels between the turbine
path.
1st and 2nd stage and between the 2nd and 3rd stage;
the aft stub–shaft contains the aft bearing journal. Air enters the inlet bell mouth of the 17–stage axial–
Each rotor is balanced individually and when they flow compressor. The compressor inlet casing con-
are coupled together the entire rotor is again checked tains a row of adjustable stationary vanes called
for balance. variable inlet guide vanes (VIGVs). The inlet guide
vanes control the flow of air through the gas turbine.
The MS6001B is a two–bearing design; the com- Each compressor stage consists of a rotating row of
pressor and turbine rotors are joined by a ‘distance blades that adds velocity energy to the air, followed
piece’. The MS7001EA and MS9001E are both by a stationary row of blades that converts the veloc-
three–bearing designs, the number two or middle ity energy to a pressure increase. The air is com-
bearing journal being on a stub–shaft that is bolted to pressed from atmospheric pressure to
the forward side of the 1st stage turbine wheel. The approximately 160 psig, depending on frame size.
forward end of this stub–shaft is then bolted to the aft This gives a Compressor Pressure Ratio of approxi-
end of the compressor rotor. mately 12:1, again dependent on frame size. Com-
pressor Pressure Ratio is expressed as the
The MS6001B is a 5100 rpm machine. It must utilize compressor discharge pressure in absolute pressure,
a speed–reducing gearbox in a gnerator drive ap- divided by barometric pressure in absolute units.
plication and is therefore suitable for use in 50 hertz The equation follows:
and 60 hertz applications. The MS7001EA is a 3600
Atmos Press ) Compressor Disch Pressure
rpm machine used for 60 hertz applications and the C.R. +
(Atmospheric Pressure)
MS9001E is a 3000 rpm machine used for 50 hertz
applications. Actual compressor discharge pressure will vary
with inlet air temperature, barometric pressure and
load. At full speed no load the pressure ratio will be
about 7:1. The air which continuously discharges
from the compressor will occupy a smaller volume
TURBINE COMPONENTS – at the compressor discharge than at the inlet and, due
OVERVIEW to heating during compression, will have a tempera-
ture of 550°F to 600°F (288°C to 315°C).
The gas turbine consists of stationary and rotating
elements. The stationary components are the com- Turbine Section
pressor casings, turbine shell and the combustion
components. The rotor is comprised of the axial GE gas turbines are of the impulse or high–energy
flow compressor and the turbine stages. stage design. The stationary nozzles have a high
GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS A00137
pressure drop across them that converts the high The combustion system consists of a number of sim-
pressure gases from the combustion system into ilar combustion chambers. Compressor discharge
high velocity jets that impinge against the turbine air is distributed to these chambers where it is bled
blades (buckets) that are attached to the turbine ro- into a cylindrical, slot–cooled combustion liner.
tor. The kinetic energy of the hot gases is converted Fuel is injected into the forward end of the liner
into useful rotational, mechanical energy by the tur- where it mixes with the compressor discharge air
bine buckets. This produces the power necessary to and combustion takes place, thereby creating hot
meet the load requirements and to drive the axial– gases with temperatures in excess of 3000°F
flow compressor. Of the three stage turbine section, (1650°C) in the flame zone. As well as being used
the first and second stage turbine nozzles and buck- for combustion, the relatively cool compressor dis-
ets are air cooled. charge air acts as a blanket to protect the liners from
the heat of combustion and also mixes with the com-
Casings bustion gases downstream of the combustion reac-
tion zone, cooling and diluting the gases which now
The casings make up the structural backbone of the pass through transition pieces to the turbine first–
gas turbine. This structure supports the rotating ele- stage nozzle. The amount of air necessary to cool the
ments through its bearing housings, functions as a liner wall and dilute the hot gas to the temperature
pressure vessel to contain the turbine’s working desired at the first–stage nozzle is about four times
fluids of compressed air and combustion gases, and that required for complete combustion; this “excess
provides a surface of revolution for the blading to air” in the turbine exhaust makes it possible to install
operate while maintaining minimum radial and axial auxiliary burners in a Heat Recovery Steam Genera-
clearance and, therefore, optimum performance. tor if so desired.

Combustion System The cylindrical combustion liners connect to arc–

shaped segments of the first stage nozzle through
The overall function of the combustion system is to transition pieces. As well as being used for combus-
supply the heat energy to the gas turbine cycle. This tion, the relatively cool compressor discharge air is
is accomplished by burning fuel in the air down- used to cool and protect the liners and transition
stream of the compressor and diluting the combus- pieces from the heat of combustion.
tion products with excess air to achieve the desired
gas temperature at the discharge of the first–stage The schematic operation of the single–shaft simple–
turbine nozzle. cycle gas turbine may be seen in Figure 6.
 GE Power Systems

IGNITION
ATMOSPHERIC (FOR STARTUP)
AIR EXHAUST

COMPRESSED HOT GASES

AIR COMBUSTION
CHAMBER

FUEL
TORQUE
TORQUE COMPRESSOR TURBINE OUTPUT
OUTPUT TO DRIVEN
TO DRIVEN LOAD
ACCESSORIES
TORQUE
INPUT
FROM
STARTING
DEVICE
ROTOR
id0020

Figure 6 Simple–Cycle Gas Turbine Operation

GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS A00137

GE Power Systems Training
General Electric Company
Building 600
One River Road
Schenectady, NY U.S.A. 12345
 MS5001
Gas Turbine Assembly *APPLIED TO LIQUID OR DUAL FUEL UNITS
Major Sections & Components
LOAD
LUBE OIL COUPLING
GAUGE PANEL FUEL
NOZZELS
AUX LUBE ACCESSORY COMBUSTION TRANSITION
OIL PUMP COUPLING PIECE
VIGV’S
EMER LUBE IGNITOR
OIL PUMP STARTING
MEANS
LINER

ACCESSORY
GEAR
DUAL
Ú Ú
LUBE OIL
Ú Ú
FILTERS
ÚÚ
ÚÚÚÚ
ÚÚ
ÚÚÚÚÚ
ÚÚÚÚÚ

VIGV HYDRAULIC DIFFUSER

ACTUATOR

*
LIQUID FUEL
UNIT
FILTER TRANSFER AIR INLET COMPRESSOR BASE
LIQUID
* FUEL VALVE
STOP VALVE DUAL TURBINE EXHAUST
LUBE OIL
COOLERS
B00381 5/95
 MS5–2
Gas Turbine Assembly
Major Sections
AIR INLET COMBUSTION EXHAUST

IGNITOR LINER

VARIABLE
FUEL TRANSITION 2nd STAGE
NOZZLES PIECE NOZZLE

VIGV’s

ÖÖ
DIFFUSER
ÖÖ
ÖÖ
LOAD

START
DEVICE
CLUTCH
&
GEAR
BOX

HP TURBINE LP TURBINE

COMPRESSOR
B00450 4/97
 MS6001B
Gas Turbine Assembly
IGNITOR
Major Sections
LINER
FUEL NOZZLES
TRANSITION
PIECE

IGVS

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
STARTING
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
DEVICE
CLUTCH &
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
GEARBOX LOAD

AIR INLET COMPRESSOR TURBINE EXHAUST

COMBUSTION

B00392C 6/97
 MS6001FA
Gas Turbine Assembly
Major Sections COMBUSTION TURBINE EXHAUST

TRANSITION
PIECE
LINER
VIGV’s IGNITER

DLN2
NOZZ
ARRGMT EXHAUST DIFFUSER
FRAME

ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ
ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ
ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ
STARTING
ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ
DEVICE
LOAD Ó

AIR INLET COMPRESSOR

B00449 1/97
 MS7001EA
Gas Turbine Assembly
Major Sections IGNITOR

FUEL
LINER
NOZZLES

TRANSITION
PIECE

VIGVS

STARTING
MEANS &
GEAR
BOX LOAD

DIFFUSER

AIR INLET COMPRESSOR TURBINE EXHAUST

COMBUSTION

Revised 3/2002
B00312C 6/97
 MS7001FA
Gas Turbine Assembly
Major Sections
COMBUSTION

FUEL GAS
LINER TRANSITION DIFFUSER
LIQUID FUEL PIECE
STEAM/WATER
INJECTION

VIGVS

ATOMIZING
AIR

GENERATOR

AIR INLET COMPRESSOR TURBINE EXHAUST

B00293 7/2001
 MS9001E
Gas Turbine Assembly
Major Sections
SPARK LINER
PLUGS

VIGVS FUEL TRANSITION

NOZZLES PIECE

Ö Ö
Ö Ö
Ö Ö
ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ
ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ
STARTING
MEANS &
GEAR BOX LOAD
ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ

VIGV ACTUATING
CYLINDER

AIR INLET COMPRESSOR

DIFFUSER

COMBUSTION TURBINE EXHAUST

B00367C 4/97