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 THE SEARCH
FOR BUDDHISM IN
MODERN INDIA

DUST
ON THE
THRONE

Douglas Ober

Stanford University Press

Stanford, California

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 S OU T H A S I A I N MO T IO N

EDITOR
Thomas Blom Hansen

EDITORIAL BOARD
Sanjib Baruah
Anne Blackburn
Satish Deshpande
Faisal Devji
Christophe Jaffrelot
Naveeda Khan
Stacey Leigh Pigg
Mrinalini Sinha
Ravi Vasudevan

Dust on theon
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 THESEARCH
THE SEARCH
FORBUDDHISM
FOR BUDDHISMIN
IN
MODERNINDIA
MODERN INDIA

DUST
ON THE
ON THE
THRONE

Douglas Ober
Douglas Ober

Stanford University Press

Stanford, California

19/23 1:58 PM Dust on theon

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 Dust on the Throne: The Search for Buddhism in Modern India
First published by Navayana Publishing Pvt Ltd 2023
Hardback ISBN 9788195539291
© Douglas Ober
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Published simultaneously by Stanford University Press

Map on pp. 8–9 by Anurag Jadhav
All rights reserved.
Stanford No part
University of this book may be reproduced,
Press
storedStanford, California
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
© 2023electronic,
any means, by Douglasmechanical,
Ober. All rights reserved. Reprinted
photocopying, andorpublished by
recording
arrangement with Navayana Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or
Navayana Publishing
in any informationPvtstorage
Ltd or retrieval system without the prior written
permission of Stanford University Press.
155 2nd Floor
Printed
Shahpur in theDelhi
Jat, New United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper
110049
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
navayana.org
Names: Ober, Douglas, author.
Title: Dust on the throne : the search for Buddhism
Typeset in Brill andIndia
in modern Conduit ITC Ober.
/ Douglas at Inosoft, Noida
Printed by titles: South Asia in motion.
Other
Description: Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 2023. | Series:
Distributed in South Asia by HarperCollins India
South Asia in motion | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Subscribe to updates
Identifiers: LCCNat2022041144
navayana.org/subscribe
(print) | LCCN 2022041145
Follow on(ebook) | ISBN 9781503635029 (cloth) | ISBN 9781503635036
facebook.com/Navayana
(paperback) | ISBN 9781503635777 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Buddhism—India—History—19th century.
| Buddhism—India—History—20th century.
Classification: LCC BQ345 .O34 2023 (print) | LCC BQ345
(ebook) | DDC 294.30954—dc23/eng/20220912
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022041144
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022041145
Cover design: Lindy Kasler
Photograph: Indian laborers repairing the Great Stupa at Sanchi in the early
1880s, one of the oldest and most revered Buddhist complexes in India. The
site was a thriving center of Buddhist activity from the third century BCE
up to the 12th century CE. After its rediscovery in the early 1800s, the site
underwent extensive repairs by British and Indian officials and is often
considered one of the best preserved Buddhist monuments in India today.
British Library, London, UK © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved /
Bridgeman Images.”

Dust on theon
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 Contents

Abbreviations 13

Language Matters 17

Introduction—A Dependent Arising 19

1. The Agony of Memory 38

2. Dispelling Darkness 65

3. Banyan Tree Buddhism 106

4. Brahmanizing Buddhism 151

5. The Snake and the Mongoose 185

6. When the Buddha met Marx 227

7. The Buddha Nation 252

Conclusion—Thus Have I Heard... 284

Notes 293

Bibliography 336

Acknowledgements 364

Picture Credits 368

Index 369

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 Abbreviations

Cited Texts

ABP Amrita Bazar Patrika. Calcutta.

BAWS Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Vols 1–20, edited
by Vasant Moon. Mumbai: Education Department, Government of
Maharashtra.
BBA Annual Report for the Bengal Buddhist Association: Bauddha
Dharmankur Sabha. Calcutta.
BI Buddhist India: Journal of the All-India Buddhist Conference. Calcutta
and Rangoon.
BC Bombay Chronicle. Bombay.
BP Buddha-prabha. Bombay.
BYB Brahmo Year Book. London.
CAD Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Reports. Government of India.
Chogyal Private papers of Chogyal Sidkeong Tulku, the 10th Chogyal of Sikkim,
Institute of Tibetology, Gangtok.
CWMG Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Volumes 1–98. New Delhi:
Publications Division, Government of India.
Darbar Darbar, Sikkim State Archives, Gangtok, India.
DD Dharmadoot. Sarnath.
DEEB Government of India, Department of Education: Education Branch.
National Archives of India, New Delhi.
DpD Anagarika Dharmapala Diaries (#497–502). National Archives of Sri
Lanka. Colombo.
DpNb Anagarika Dharmapala Notebooks. Dharmapala Museum of the Maha
Bodhi Society of India. Sarnath.
EADEBS Government of India, External Affairs Department: External Branch

Ober_Dust on the Throne_1-394.indd 13 1/19/23 2:23 PM

 14  dust on the throne

(Secret). National Archives of India, New Delhi.

FDE Government of India, Foreign Department External. National Archives
of India, New Delhi.
FDSE Government of India, Foreign Department: Secret External. National
Archives of India, New Delhi.
FPDGB Government of India, Foreign and Political Department: General
Branch. National Archives of India, New Delhi.
HDBPB Government of India, Home Department: Books and Publications
Branch. National Archives of India, New Delhi.
HDP Government of India, Home Department: Political Branch. National
Archives of India, New Delhi.
HDPB Government of India, Home Department: Public Branch. National
Archives of India, New Delhi.
HO Hindu Outlook. Organ of the Hindu Maha Sabha. New Delhi.
HT Hindustan Times. New Delhi.
IM Indian Mirror. Calcutta.
ISR Indian Social Reformer. Bombay.
JBTSI Journal of the Buddhist Text Society. Calcutta.
MBJ Journal of the Maha Bodhi Society / Maha Bodhi and the United Buddhist
World. Calcutta.
MEABB Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs: Burma Branch.
National Archives of India, New Delhi.
MEAEB Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs: External Branch.
National Archives of India, New Delhi.
MEAFEA Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs: FEA Branch.
National Archives of India, New Delhi.
MEAIANZ Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs: IANZ Branch.
National Archives of India, New Delhi.
MEANEF Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs: NEF Branch.
National Archives of India, New Delhi.
MEANEFS Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs: NEF Branch
(Secret). National Archives of India, New Delhi.
MEARIB Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs: R&I Branch.
National Archives of India, New Delhi.
MEASEA Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs: SEA Branch.
National Archives of India, New Delhi.
MMPP M.M. Malaviya Private Papers, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library,
New Delhi.
MSKB Government of India, Ministry of States: Kashmir Branch. National
Archives of India, New Delhi.
RPCSD Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents, Vols. 3–10.
Edited by Valmiki Choudhary. New Delhi and Ahmedabad: Allied
Publishers.
RPENWP Report on the Progress of Education in the Northwestern Provinces.

Ober_Dust on the Throne_1-394.indd 14 1/19/23 2:23 PM

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