D.Y.

Patil College of Engineering College of

Engineering & Technology,
Kasaba Bawada
KOLHAPUR

Material Testing Laboratory Manual

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A.Y.2024-25

Name of student: .........................................................................

Batch...........................................................................................

Roll No....................................................................................................................
 Institute Vision:
To become a leading institute in producing high quality technical professionals for nation building.

Institute Mission:
• To nurture the students with high quality education.
• To promote creativity, excellence and discipline.
• To explore career opportunities for the students.
• To enhance industry-institute interaction and research activities.
• To create social and environmental awareness.

Vision of Department:
To impart knowledge and excellence in the field of civil engineering from global perspectives to the
students and to inculcate professional ethics.

Mission of Department:
1. To provide quality education through conducive teaching learning environment.
2. To enhance interaction with industry and research organizations to meet the requirements of
curriculum, research and consultancy services.
3. To inculcate moral, ethical values and entrepreneurial skills among the students for the
development of the society.

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs):

1. To train the students for developing logical and lateral thinking and understanding basic
fundamental concepts of civil engineering.
2. To inculcate an awareness of social, environmental aspects and codes of professional practice
among the students.
3. To prepare students for successful careers in infrastructure development for nation building.
Programme Outcomes (POs)
PO 1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO 2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.
PO 3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO 5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO 6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO 7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO 8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO 9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO 10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO 11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO 12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

1. To design and execute cost effective civil engineering solutions for sustainable development.
2. To develop Entrepreneur skills among the graduates to fulfill the needs of society.

Course outcome
COs At the end of successful completion of course, the students will be able to…
Execute experiments on aggregate and cement to evaluate their different
CAECL201.1
engineering properties.
Execute experiments on concrete to evaluate the properties in fresh and
CAECL201.2
hardened states.
CAECL201.3 Prepare concrete mix design as per IS code of practice and ACI method.
 D. Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology
(An Autonomous Institute)
Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur-416006

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Miss………………………………………………………

of S. Y. B. Tech. (Civil) –Sem. II is student of Civil Engineering Department from
Batch:…....having Roll No………has satisfactorily completed his/ her submission in
the subject Material Testing Lab (231CEAECL201) during the Year 20…. -
20…...

Date:

Faculty H.O.D.
 Material Testing Lab

D. Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology,

Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur-416006

Subject: Material Testing Lab. Class: S.Y. B.Tech. (Civil) Sem: II

Roll No: Exam. No:

INDEX
Expt. Title of the Experiment Page Date Date Sign
No. No. Performed Submitted
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms.
of class S. Y. B. Tech. (Civil) – II has completed the above mentioned experiments in the
subject Material Testing lab in the laboratory of the D. Y. Patil College of Engineering &
Technology, Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur in year 2024-25.

Faculty Head of Dept.

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 1
 Material Testing Lab

D.Y. Patil College of Engineering &Technology

Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur-416006
Continues Assessment Sheet (CAS)

Course Name: Material Testing Lab Course code: 231CEAECL201

Class & Division: SY CIVIL Year: 2024-25 Semester: IV
Name of Student: ………………………………………………………………………..
Roll No: ………….. Batch: ……… Exam Seat no.:……………
Total Performance
Ex. A B C D Submission Sign of
Title of the Experiment Marks Date
No. (5) (10) (5) (5) Date Faculty
(25)
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

Note: Marks for category A-Attendance (05marks), B- Performance (10 marks), C- Timely Submission
(05marks), D- Question Answer (05marks)

Sign of student Faculty

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 Material Testing Lab

Rubrics for CO assessment in Laboratory:

Category Performance Levels

10-9 marks 8-7 marks 6 marks
Performance in lab  Able to perform  Able to perform  able to perform the
experiment experiment within experiment
independently within prescribed time
prescribed time  Large deviation of
 The result is close or result from standard
to standard value. value
5 marks 4 marks 3 marks
Timely submission  Tables contain are  Graphs, tables  Results submitted
well constructed contain are but not written
 All-important constructed and all properly.
calculations and important
result have been calculations and
clearly made. result have been
made.
 There is scope for
improvement
Level of  able to show strong  partially show  lack of theoretical
understanding/Q&A theoretical strong theoretical background of
background of background of experiment or lack
experiment experiment of interpretation of
 able to interpret  Partially able to data
proper data to reach interpret data to
conclusion reach conclusion.
Attendance  Present  Perform within this  Perform in next
week week
Maximum marks= 10+5+5+5 = 25 marks
Minimum marks= 8+3+3+3= 17 marks

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 3

 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No. 1
Sieve Analysis of Natural Sand, Manufactured Sand and
Coarse Aggregates

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 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No. 1

Sieve Analysis of Natural Sand, Manufactured Sand and Coarse Aggregates

Reference: IS 2386 (Part-I) – 1963, IS 383 – 2016

Object:

1. To determine the particle size distribution (gradation) and fineness modulus of

given fine aggregates.
2. To check the zone from IS 383 – 2016.
3. To determine the particle size distribution (gradation) of given coarse aggregates.
4. To check whether they conform to IS 383 – 2016.
Theory:
Sieve analysis is the process of determining proportions of particle size distribution in a
given sample.

Fineness modulus (F.M.) is usually determined for fine aggregate. F.M. is a ready index of
coarseness or fineness of the material. F.M. is obtained by adding the cumulative
percentage of aggregate retained on each sieve ranging from 80 mm to 150 micron and
dividing this by 100. The larger the figure, the coarser is the material.

Type of Sand F.M.

Fine sand 2.2 – 2.6
Medium sand 2.6 – 2.9
Coarse sand 2.9 – 3.2

Sieve analysis provides the basis for obtaining the specified grading of aggregate as
provided in the specifications of the job.

(a) For Fine Aggregate (Natural Sand and Manufactured Sand)

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 Material Testing Lab

Equipment:
I.S. sieves of sizes 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron and 150
micron, sieve shaker, balance, etc.

Procedure:

1. Take 1 kg of sand from the given sample.

2. Arrange the sieves in sieve shaker in order 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600
micron, 300 micron and 150 micron,
3. Place the sand in the top sieve and carry out sieving for not less than 10 minutes.
4. Find the weight of aggregate retained on each sieve and record in the table.

Observations for Natural Sand

Sieve Size Weight Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative
retained weight retained percentage percentage
(gm) (gm) retained (%) passing
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Pan

sum of cumulative percentage retained

F.M = =
100

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 Material Testing Lab

Observations for Manufactured Sand

Sieve Size Weight Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative
retained weight retained percentage percentage
(gm) (gm) retained (%) passing
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Pan

sum of cumulative percentage retained

F.M = =
100

Grading limits for Fine Aggregate as per IS 383 – 2016

Sieve Size Percentage passing for
Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV
10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75 mm 90 – 100 90 – 100 90 – 100 95 – 100
2.36 mm 60 – 95 75 – 100 85 – 100 95 – 100
1.18 mm 30 – 70 55 – 90 75 – 100 90 – 100
600 micron 15 – 34 35 – 59 60 – 79 80 – 100
300 micron 5 – 20 8 – 30 12 – 40 15 – 50
150 micron 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 15

Conclusion:
Given natural sand conforms to Zone ……. of IS 383 – 2016.

Given manufactured sand conforms to Zone ……. of IS 383 – 2016.

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 Material Testing Lab
F.M. of natural sand is………………….
∴The natural sand is fine/ medium/ coarse

F.M. of manufactured sand is………………….

∴The manufactured sand is fine/ medium/ coarse

(b) For Coarse Aggregate

Equipment: I.S. sieves of sizes 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm,
balance, etc.

Procedure:
1. Take 10 kg of C.A. from the given sample.
2. Carry out the sieving by hand. Shake each sieve in the order 80 mm, 40 mm, 10
mm and 4.75 mm for a period not less than 2 minutes.
3. Find the weight of aggregate retained on each sieve and record in the table.

Observations:
Sieve Weight Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative
Size retained weight percentage percentage
(gm) retained (gm) retained (%) passing
40 mm
20 mm
12.5 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
Pan

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 Material Testing Lab

Grading limits for Combined Coarse Aggregate as per IS 383 – 1970

Sieve Size Percentage passing for graded aggregate of nominal size
40 mm 20 mm 16 mm 12.5 mm
40 mm 95 – 100 100 - -
20 mm 30 – 70 95 – 100 100 100
16 mm - - 90 – 100 -
12.5 mm - - - 90 – 100
10 mm 10 – 35 25 – 55 30 – 70 0 – 45
4.75 mm 0–5 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 10
2.36 mm - - - -

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 9

 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No. 2

Determination of Specific Gravity, Water Absorption and Surface

Moisture (Free Moisture) Content of Natural Aggregates

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 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No. 2

Determination of Specific Gravity, Water Absorption and Surface Moisture

(Free Moisture) Content of natural aggregates
Theory:

The Specific Gravity of an aggregate is defined as the ratio of mass of solid in a given
volume of sample to the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature.
The value of specific gravity is required for mix design, calculating the yield of concrete
and calculating voids ratio. Specific gravity of natural aggregate varies from
2.5 to 2.9. Specific of manufactured sand varies from 2.1 to 3.2.

Water absorption is expressed as percentage ratio of water absorbed to the weight of

the oven dry aggregate. The water absorption of aggregates is needed in deciding the
proportion of water in concrete while designing the mix.

Reference: I.S.:2386(Part III)

(a) For Fine Aggregate

Equipment: A pycnometer of about 1 litre capacity, hair drier, tray, filter paper, etc.

Materials: Sand sample, water.

Procedure:
 Take 500 gm sample of sand.
 Keep the sample immersed in water for 24±½ hours at a temperature 22º to 32ºC.
 Drain the water from the sample through a filter paper. Dry the surface with
gentle current of warm air to obtain saturated surface dry condition and weigh
(A).
 Place the sample in the pycnometer and fill it with water. Dry the pycnometer
on the outside and weigh (B).

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 Empty the contents of the pycnometer into a tray. Refill the pycnometer with
water, dry on the outside and weigh (C).
 Drain the water from the sample through a filter paper. Place the sample in the
oven in a tray at a temperature of 100º to 110ºC for 24±½ hours. Weigh the
sample after this (D).

Observations for natural sand:

1. Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate = A = gm

2. weight of pycnometer with sample and water = B = gm

3. Weight of pycnometer with water only = C = gm

4. Weight of oven-dried aggregate = D = gm

Calculations:
1. Specific gravity = D =
A–(B–C)

(A–D)
2. Water absorption = 100 =
D

Conclusions:
1. Specific gravity of natural sand is _

2. Water absorption of natural sand is %

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 12

 Material Testing Lab

(b) For Coarse Aggregate

Equipment: A spring balance of capacity not less than 3 kg, readable and accurate
to 0.5 gm, a wire basket, water tank, two dry soft clothes, tray, etc.

Materials: Coarse aggregate sample, water.

Procedure:
 Wash the sample thoroughly to remove dust, drain and place in the wire
basket.

 Immerse the basket in distilled water at a temperature 22º to 32ºC with a cover
of at least 5 cm of water above the top of the basket.
 Remove the entrapped air immediately after immersion by lifting the basket 25
mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25 times at the rate of
about one drop per second.
 Keep the basket and aggregate completely immersed in water for a period of
24±½ hours. Jolt and weigh the basket and the sample (A1).
 Remove the basket and the sample from the water and allow to drain for a few
minutes.
 Pour the aggregate gently on to one of the dry clothes.
 Return the empty basket to the water. Jolt for 25 times and weigh in water
(A2).
 Surface dry the aggregate on the cloth by transferring it to the second dry cloth.
Weigh the aggregate (B).
 Place the aggregate in the oven in a shallow tray at a temperature of 100º to
110ºC for 24±½ hours.
 Remove the sample from oven, allow to cool and weigh (C).

Observations:
1. Weight of the basket and the sample in water = A1 = gm

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 Material Testing Lab
2. weight of empty basket in water = A2 = gm

3. Weight of the saturated aggregate in water A = (A1 –A2) = gm

4. weight of saturated surface-dry aggregate in air = B = gm

5. Weight of oven-dried aggregate in air = C = gm

Calculations:

1. Specific gravity = C =
B–A

(B–C)
2. Water absorption = 100 = %
C

Conclusions:

1. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate is

2. Water absorption of coarse aggregate is %

(c) Surface (Free) Moisture Content in Aggregates

Object:
To determine surface moisture content in the given sample of fine and coarse aggregate.

Theory:
Surface moisture is the amount of free moisture that can be held by sand or coarse
aggregate. It is expressed as percentage ratio of the weight of surface moisture to the weight
of oven-dry aggregate. It is very essential to determine surface moisture on the aggregate
so that water added to the concrete mix is reduced proportionately.

Equipment:

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 Material Testing Lab
Hot plate or stove, Balance of 2 kg accurate to 0.1 gm, Stirrer, Pan, Tray, etc.

Procedure:
1. Take representative sample of the aggregate about 500 gm for sand and 1000 gm
for coarse aggregate.

2. Weigh it (S) and spread the same in a thin layer in the pan.
3. Slowly heat the sample in the pan and stir it frequently. Obtain thus the saturated
surface dry condition, cool it and then weigh.
4. Take the weight of sample after excluding the pan-weight (B).
Observations:

Sr.No. Reading Natural Manufactured Coarse

Sand Sand Aggregate

1 Weight of aggregate (S) gm 500 500 1000

2 Saturated surface dry weight of

aggregate (B) gm

S–B
% surface moisture = ( ) 𝑥100 =
B

Conclusion:

 Surface moisture content in natural sand = %

 Surface moisture content in manufactured sand = _ _%

 Surface moisture content in coarse aggregate = %

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 15

 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No. 3

Determination of Specific Gravity, Water Absorption and Surface

Moisture (Free Moisture) Content of manufactured sand

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 16

 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No. 3

Determination of Specific Gravity, Water Absorption and Surface Moisture

(Free Moisture) Content of manufactured sand.
Theory:

The Specific Gravity of an aggregate is defined as the ratio of mass of solid in a given
volume of sample to the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature.
The value of specific gravity is required for mix design, calculating the yield of concrete
and calculating voids ratio. Specific gravity of natural aggregate varies from
2.5 to 2.9. Specific of manufactured sand varies from 2.1 to 3.2.

Water absorption is expressed as percentage ratio of water absorbed to the weight of

the oven dry aggregate. The water absorption of aggregates is needed in deciding the
proportion of water in concrete while designing the mix.

Reference: I.S.:2386(Part III)

 For Fine Aggregate

Equipment: A pycnometer of about 1 litre capacity, hair drier, tray, filter paper, etc.

Materials: Sand sample, water.

Procedure:
 Take 500 gm sample of sand.
 Keep the sample immersed in water for 24±½ hours at a temperature 22º to 32ºC.
 Drain the water from the sample through a filter paper. Dry the surface with
gentle current of warm air to obtain saturated surface dry condition and weigh
(A).
 Place the sample in the pycnometer and fill it with water. Dry the pycnometer
on the outside and weigh (B).

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 Material Testing Lab

 Empty the contents of the pycnometer into a tray. Refill the pycnometer with
water, dry on the outside and weigh (C).
 Drain the water from the sample through a filter paper. Place the sample in the
oven in a tray at a temperature of 100º to 110ºC for 24±½ hours. Weigh the
sample after this (D).

Observations for manufactured sand:

1. Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate = A = gm

2. weight of pycnometer with sample and water = B = gm

3. Weight of pycnometer with water only = C = gm

4. Weight of oven-dried aggregate = D = gm

Calculations:
3. Specific gravity = D =
A–(B–C)

(A–D)
4. Water absorption = 100 =
D

Conclusions:
3. Specific gravity of manufactured sand is

4. Water absorption of manufactured sand is %

 Surface (Free) Moisture Content in manufactured sand

Object:
To determine surface moisture content in the given sample of manufactured sand.

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 Material Testing Lab

Theory:
Surface moisture is the amount of free moisture that can be held by sand or coarse
aggregate. It is expressed as percentage ratio of the weight of surface moisture to the weight
of oven-dry aggregate. It is very essential to determine surface moisture on the aggregate
so that water added to the concrete mix is reduced proportionately.

Equipment:
Hot plate or stove, Balance of 2 kg accurate to 0.1 gm, Stirrer, Pan, Tray, etc.

Procedure:
 Take representative sample of the aggregate about 500 gm for sand and 1000 gm for
coarse aggregate.
 Weigh it (S) and spread the same in a thin layer in the pan.
 Slowly heat the sample in the pan and stir it frequently. Obtain thus the saturated
surface dry condition, cool it and then weigh.
 Take the weight of sample after excluding the pan-weight (B).

Observations:

Sr.No. Reading Natural Manufactured Coarse

Sand Sand Aggregate

1 Weight of aggregate (S) gm 500 500 1000

2 Saturated surface dry weight of

aggregate (B) gm
S–B
% surface moisture = ( ) 𝑥100 =
B

Conclusion:

i. Surface moisture content in manufactured sand = %

ii. Surface moisture content in manufactured sand = _ _%

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 19

 Material Testing Lab

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 20

 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No. 4
Combined Flakiness and Elongation Index of Coarse Aggregate

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 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No. 4

Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Coarse Aggregate

(a) Flakiness Index

Theory:
The particle of an aggregate is called flaky if its least dimension (thickness) is smaller
than0.6 times the mean dimension. The mean dimension of an aggregate is taken as
the average of the sieve sizes through which the aggregate passes and is retained.

The flakiness index is the total weight of material passing the various thickness gauges
(with elongated slots of widths 0.6 times their individual mean dimension), expressed
as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.

Reference: I.S.:2386(Part I)

Equipment: Metal thickness gauge, set of sieves, balance, etc.

Procedure:
1. Take the sample of the aggregates in such a way that the minimum pieces are
200 in number.
2. Sieve the sample through a set of sieves as given in the table.
3. Gauge each fraction for thickness on a metal gauge.
4. Weigh the amount of flaky material passing the gauge.
5. Calculate the flakiness index. The flakiness index is the total weight of the
material passing the various thickness gauges expressed as a percentage of the
total weight gauged.

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 Material Testing Lab

Observations:
Size of aggregate Weight of each fraction Individual weight passing the
Passing Retained (gm) corresponding gauge
(mm) (mm) (gm)
63 50
50 40
40 31.5
31.5 25
25 20
20 16
16 12.5
12.5 10
10 6.3
Total

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡h𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒𝑑

After carrying out the flakiness index test, the flaky material shall be removed
from the sample and the remaining portion shall be used for carrying out
elongation index.

(b) Elongation Index

Theory:
In concreting work, the presence of elongated particles is undesirable as they may cause
inherent weakness with possibilities of breaking down under heavy loads. Thus,
evaluation of shape of the particles particularly with flakiness and elongation is
necessary. The Elongation index of aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles
whose greater dimension (length) is greater than1.80 times their mean dimension. The
mean dimension of an aggregate is taken as the average of the sieve sizes through which
the aggregate passes and is retained. The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.30
mm.

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 Material Testing Lab

Reference: I.S.:2386(Part I) – 1963

Equipment:
Standard length gauge, I.S. sieves of sizes 63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10 and 6.30
mm, balance, etc.

Procedure:
1. Take the sample of the aggregates in such a way that the minimum pieces are
200 in number.
2. Sieve the sample through a set of sieves as given in the table.
3. Gauge each fraction for length on a metal length gauge.
4. Weigh the amount of elongated material retained on the gauge.
5. Calculate the elongation index. The elongation index is the total weight of the
material retained on the various length gauges expressed as a percentage of the
total weight of sample gauged.
Observations:
Size of aggregate Weight of each fraction Individual weight retained on
Passing Retained (gm) the corresponding gauge
(mm) (mm) (gm)
63 50
50 40
40 31.5
31.5 25
25 20
20 16
16 12.5
12.5 10
10 6.3
Total

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒𝑑

=
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 Material Testing Lab

Combined Flakiness and Elongation Index = Flakiness Index + Elongation Index

= +

Interpretation of Results:
According to IS 383:2016, the combined flakiness and elongation index
shall not exceed 40 %.

Conclusion:……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No.5

Fineness of Cement and Standard Consistency of Cement

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 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No.5

Fineness of Cement and Standard Consistency of Cement

(i) Fineness of cement

Object: To measure the fineness of the given cement sample.

Reference: IS 4031 (Part1): 1998, IS 269

Theory
The fineness of cement is responsible for the rate of hydration and thus on the rate of gain
of strength. Finer cement offers a greater surface area for hydration and hence faster
development of strength. For a rapid strength development, high fineness is necessary. The
long-term strength is not affected by fineness.

The cost of grinding to a higher fineness is considerable. Finer cement deteriorates rapidly
on exposure to the atmosphere. Finer cement leads to a stronger alkali-aggregate reaction
and causes cracking. Also, more heat of hydration is evolved due to fast hydration. This
may cause cracking.

Fineness of cement can be tested by,

(i) Sieving test

(ii) By determining specific surface (total surface area of all the particles in one gram
of cement) by Blain’s Air Permeability apparatus which is expressed as m2/kg

Equipment: I.S. sieve 90 microns, cement sample, balance, etc.

Procedure: By Sieving
1. Weigh accurately 100 gm of cement and place it on I.S. 90 microns sieve.
Breakdown the lumps in the sample with fingers, without rubbing them on the sieve.
(W)

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2. Continuously sieve the sample for 15 minutes.

3. Weigh the residue left on the sieve after sieving (W1)

Observations:

Weight of cement (W) = gm

Weight of cement retained (W1) = gm

% weight retained on the sieve = W1 𝑥100 = %

W

B.I.S. Requirements:

As per I.S. 269, the residue of cement sampled on 90 micron sieve after sieving
should not exceed 10 % by weight.

Conclusion:
The fineness of the given sample of cement is (within/ not within) the limit
specified by I.S. 269.

(ii) Standard Consistency of Cement

Reference: I.S.: 4031-1988 – Methods of physical testing of hydraulic cements.

Object:

To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of

standard consistency.

Theory:

The hydration of cement commences on the surface of cement grains. The surface
area for given weight of cement is not the same, not only for cements from different
sources but also for cement produced at the same factory. Properties of

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cement which depends upon its hydration should be found out only after the
proportion of water to be added is adjusted with reference to the surface area of the
cement to be tested. Measuring this area and then determining the quantity of mixing
water would be difficult. This adjustment is therefore indirectly done by
determining the quantity of water to give a cement paste of standard consistency.
Consistency of the paste depends upon the quantity of water relative to the surface
area and it gives an idea about its water retaining capacity. Finer cement would
require more water for the same consistency.

Consistency can be measured by the resistance offered by the paste to the

penetration of standard plunger.

Standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as the consistency which

will permit a Vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length, to
penetrate a depth of 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the mould having 40 mm
depth.

Standard consistency is denoted by ‘P’ and is required for Setting Time Test,
Soundness Test and Compressive Strength Test of cement.

Material: Cement and fresh potable water.

Equipment:

Vicat apparatus with plunger and mould, balance, measuring cylinder, tray,
trowel, stopwatch, etc.

Procedure:

1. Take 400 gm of cement and prepare a paste with measured quantity of water
(28% to start with) for first trial.

2. The gauging time counted from the time of adding water to dry cement till
commencing to fill the mould should not be less than 3 minutes and not more
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than 5 minutes. The mould should be placed on a non-porous plate. Fill the
mould with the paste and shake it to expel the air. Then level the surface
properly.
3. Place the mould along with the plate under the plunger which is gently
lowered to touch the surface of the test block.
4. Release the plunger quickly allowing it to penetrate into the paste. Note the
penetration.
5. Repeat the procedure for different water contents i.e. 29%, 30%, etc. till the
penetration is 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the mould. The corresponding
amount of water is expressed as a percentage by weight of dry cement and is
denoted by ‘P’

Observation Table:

Sr.No. Cement (gm) Water Water (ml) Penetration from the bottom of
(%) the mould (mm)
1
2
3
4
5

Conclusion:
Standard consistency for given O.P.C. is P = %

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Experiment No. 6

Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement, Soundness of Cement

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Experiment No. 6

Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement, Soundness of Cement

(i) Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement
Object: To determine Initial and Final setting time of given cement.

References: I.S.: 4031-1988- Methods of testing of hydraulic cements.

I.S.: 8112-1989- Specifications for 43 Grade O.P.C.

I.S.: 12269-1987- Specifications for 53 Grade O.P.C.

Theory:
Initial setting time is the time elapsed between the moment at which water is added to the
cement and the moment at which the paste starts losing its plasticity.

Final setting time is the time elapsed between the moment at which water is added to the
cement and the moment at which the paste has completely lost plasticity and has attained
sufficient stiffness to resist certain definite pressure.

In actual construction, dealing with cement paste, mortar or concrete, certain time is
required for mixing, transporting, compacting and finishing. During this time, cement
paste, mortar or concrete should be in plastic condition. The time interval for which the
cement products remain in plastic condition is known as initial setting time. Normally, a
minimum 0f 30 minutes is given for mixing and handling operations. Once the concrete is
placed in the final position, compacted and finished, it should lose its plasticity in the
earliest possible time so that it is least damaged from the external agencies. This time
should not be more than 10 hours which is called final setting time.

Material: Cement and potable water.

Equipment:

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Vicat apparatus with needles and mould, trowel, measuring cylinder, balance, tray,
stopwatch, etc.

Procedure:
1. Take 500 gm of cement and gauge it with 0.85 times the water required to produce
cement paste of standard consistency (0.85 P).
2. Fill the paste into the Vicatmould within 3 to 5 minutes.
3. Record the time at which water is added to the cement. The temperature of water
and the room should be 27º ± 2º C.
4. Lower the needle gently and bring it in contact with the surface of the test block
and quickly release. Allow it to penetrate the test block. Note the penetration.
5. Repeat the procedure till the needle penetrates only to a depth of 5 ± 0.5mm from
the bottom of the mould.
6. The period elapsed between the time when water is added to the cement and the
time at which needle penetrates the test block to a depth of
5 ± 0.5mm from the bottom of the mould is recorded as initial setting time.

7. Replace the needle by a circular attachment. Allow the needle to rest on the test
block. Observe the impression. Initially, there will be impressions of both the central
needle and the circular attachment.
8. The cement shall be considered as finally set when only the central needle makes
an impression while the circular cutting edge fails to do so.

Observations:
1. Quantity of cement = 500 gm

2. Quantity of water = 0.85 P = ml

3. Initial Setting Time = minutes

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4. Final Setting Time = minutes

(ii) Soundness of Cement

References: I.S.: 4031-1988- Methods of testing of hydraulic cements.
I.S.: 8112-1989- Specifications for 43 Grade O.P.C.

I.S.: 12269-1987- Specifications for 53 Grade O.P.C.

I.S.: 5513-1969- Le Chatelier Apparatus

Object:
To determine soundnessof the cement and to know the suitability of cement from
durability point of view.

Theory:
Free lime in cement slakes very slowly and cause expansion after concrete has set. Internal
stresses will be developed causing damage varying from small cracks to complete
disintegration. Such loss of durability is along term process. In the laboratory, an
accelerated test is necessary to predict any possibility of cement proving unsound in the
long run.

This test, therefore, is designed to accelerate the slaking process by application of heat and
determine the proportion of lime in an indirect manner by measuring expansion in volume
caused by the accelerated slaking of lime. The distance between two gauge points of Le
Chateliermould should not increase after heating by more than 10 mm. Otherwise; the
cement should be considered as unsound and not fit for use.

Material: Cement and fresh potable water.

Equipment:
Le-Chateliermould, non-porous plate, trowel, balance, measuring cylinder, etc.

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Procedure:
1. Take 100 gm of cement.
2. Prepare a paste by gauging cement with 0.78 times water required to give a paste
of standard consistency (0.78P). The time of gauging should be 3 to 5 minutes.
3. Place the mould on the glass plate and fill it with the cement paste. Cover the
mould with another piece of glass plate and place a small weight on it.
4. Place the assembly in a water bath at a temperature of 27º ± 2º C and keep it there
for 24 hours.
5. Measure the distance between the two indicator points.
6. Submerge the mould again in water and bring water to the boiling point in 25 to 35
minutes. Keep it boiling for 3 hours.
7. Remove the mould from water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between
the indicator points.
8. The difference between the two readings represents the expansion of cement.
Observations:

Mould Quantity of Quantity Initial Final Expansion Average

No. cement(gm) of distance distance (mm) Expansion
water(ml) between between (mm)
the the
indicators indicators
(mm) (mm)

Conclusion: The given sample of O.P.C. is sound/ unsound.

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Experiment No. 7

Compressive Strength of Cement

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Experiment No. 7

Compressive Strength of Cement

Object:
To find out the compressive strength of given sample of O.P.C. and check whether it
conforms to its Grade.

References: I.S.: 4031-1988- Methods of testing of hydraulic cements.

I.S.: 269-1989 – specifications for 33 Grade O.P.C

I.S.: 8112-1989- Specifications for 43 Grade O.P.C.

I.S.: 12269-1987- Specifications for 53 Grade O.P.C.

Theory:
Compressive strength of cement is the maximum compressive strength of cement plus
standard sand mortar cube having cross sectional area 50 cm² (Cube size: 70.6 mm X 70.6
mm X 70.6 mm). The purpose of this test is to assess whether the given cement conforms
to the relevant I.S. code specifications.

According to I.S. specifications, the minimum compressive strength of cube of cement-

sand mortar of proportion 1:3 containing water (P/4 + 3) % should be as below,

Sr.No. Minimum Compressive 33 Grade 43 Grade 53 Grade

Strength at
N/mm² N/mm² N/mm²

1 3 days 16 23 27

2 7 days 22 33 37

3 28 days 33 43 53

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Material:
Cement, Standard Sand and water

Equipment:
Cube Moulds of size 70.6 mm X 70.6 mm X 70.6 mm, Vibrating Table, Universal testing
Machine, Balance, Measuring cylinder, trowels, etc.

Procedure:

1. Materials for each cube

Cement: 200 gm

Standard Sand:

(i) Fraction of standard sand passing through 500 micron sieve and retained on
90 micron sieve .................................................... 200 gm

(ii) Fraction of standard sand passing through 1 mm sieve and retained on 500
micron sieve ..................................................................... 200 gm

(iii) Fraction of standard sand passing through 2 mm sieve and retained on 2

mm sieve ......................................................................... 200 gm

Mix these fractions dry with a trowel for one minute.

2. Calculate the water for above material as bellow,

P
Water = 𝑄 = ( + 3) % of combined weight of cement and sand where P is the
4

percentage of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency.

….
𝑄 = ( + 3) % X 800 = ......................ml
4

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3. Add this quantity of water to the dry mix of cement and sand. Mix it for 3 minutes.
4. Immediately after mixing, fill the cube mould with this mixture in two layers. Tamp
each layer for 20 times with suitable plastic tamping rod. Vibrate the mould for 2
minutes on the vibrating table. After the vibration, finish the top of the cube in the
mould by smoothening the surface by blade of a trowel.
5. Keep the moulds at a temperature of 27± 2ºC in an atmosphere of at least 90%
relative humidity for 24 hours after completion of vibration.
6. After 24 hours, demould the cubes and immediately submerge in clean fresh water.
Keep the cubes there until taken out just prior to the testing.
7. Test the cubes with casting surface perpendicular to the platens of the testing
machine. Test 3 cubes for compressive strength at the periods mentioned under the
relevant IS specifications; the period being considered from the completion of
vibration.

Observations:

Age Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3 Average

Load Strength Load Strength Load Strength Strength
N N/mm2 N N/mm2 N N/mm2 N/mm2
3 days

7 days

28 days

Conclusion: The given O.P.C. satisfies/ does not satisfy the I.S. requirements.

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Experiment No. 8

Workability test by Slump Test

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Experiment No.8

Workability test by Slump Test

Object:
To find out the workability of given sample of concrete in terms of slump.

Theory:
Workability is the ease with which the fresh concrete can be handled, placed, compacted
and finished. Workable concrete is the one which overcomes the frictional resistance
offered by the formwork surface or reinforcement with the help of compaction.

The factors affecting the workability are water/ cement ratio, aggregate/ cement ratio, size,
shape and texture of aggregate and use of admixtures.

The slump test is suitable for plastic mix but not suitable for stiff mix. This test is useful
on site for checking the variation in the quality of mix.

Equipment:
Slump cone, tamping rod, scale, tray, trowel, balance, etc

Procedure:
1. Clean the internal surface of the slump cone and apply oil lightly.
2. Place cone on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non absorbent surface.
3. Fill the concrete in three layers and each layer is tamped 25 times with the
rounded end of the tamping rod.
4. After the top layer has been rodded, bring the surface of concrete to the level of
top of the cone using trowel.
5. Lift the mould slowly in vertical direction without giving jerks.
6. Measure the slump immediately by determining the difference between the
original height and the top of the subsided heap of concrete.

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7. Repeat the above procedure for different water/cement ratios and measure the
slump in each case.

Observation:

Sr.No. Reading Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

1 Proportion of sample
2 W/C ratio
3 Slump in mm

Requirements of workability (IS 456 – 2000)

Placing Conditions Degree of Slump C.F.

Workability (mm)
Blinding concrete, Shallow sections, Very low - 0.75 – 0.80
Pavement using pavers
Mass concrete; Lightly reinforced Low 25 - 75
sections in slabs, beams, walls, columns;
Floors; Hand placed pavements; Strip
footings
Heavily reinforced sections in slabs, Medium 50 – 100
beams, walls, columns
Slip form work; Pumped concrete Medium 75 – 100
Trench fill; In-situ piling High 100 – 150

Conclusion:……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….

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Experiment No. 9

Workability Test by Compacting Factor Test

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Experiment No. 9

Workability Test by Compacting Factor Test

Object:
To find out the workability of given sample of concrete in terms of compacting factor.

Theory:
This test is suitable for stiff mixes having very low workability. The test works on the
principle of determining the degree of compaction achieved by a standard amount of work
done by allowing the concrete to fall through a standard height. The degree of compaction,
called the compacting factor (C.F.) is measured by the ratio of ‘weight of partially
compacted concrete’ to ‘weight of fully compacted concrete’.

Equipment:
Compacting factor apparatus, tray, trowel, balance, etc

Procedure:
1. Clean the internal surface of the apparatus and apply oil lightly.
2. Place the sample of concrete in the upper hopper.
3. Open the trap door and allow the concrete to fall into the lower hopper.
4. Open the trap door and allow the concrete to fall into the cylinder.
5. Weigh the cylinder to the nearest 10 grams. This weight is known as ‘weight of
partially compacted concrete’.
6. Empty the cylinder and refill with the same concrete sample.
8. Vibrate the cylinder for full compaction. Bring the surface of concrete to the level
of top of the cylinder using trowel.
7. Weigh the cylinder to the nearest 10 grams. This weight is known as ‘weight of
fully compacted concrete’.
8. Calculate the compacting factor as,

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Weight of partially compacted concrete

C.F. =
Weight of fully compacted concrete

C.F. =

Observations:

Sr.No. Reading Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

1 Proportion of sample
2 W/C ratio
3 Weight of partially
compacted concrete
4 Weight of fully compacted
concrete
5 Compacting Factor (C.F.)

Requirements of workability

(IS 456 – 2000)

Placing Conditions Degree of Slump C.F.

Workability (mm)

Blinding concrete;

Shallow sections; Very low - 0.75 - 0.80

Pavements using pavers

Conclusion:……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Experiment No. 10

Workability test by Flow table test

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Experiment No.10
Workability test by using a flow table test

Object:
To find out the workability of given sample of concrete by flow table test.

Theory:
Flow table test measures the following three aspects of the quality of concrete: consistency,
cohesiveness, and the tendency of the concrete mix to segregate. Flow table test measures
the flow of the concrete (as suggested by its name itself). These flow characteristics of
concrete are one of the aspects of workability. Thus, the flow table test can be used to measure
the workability of the concrete mix.

The flow test is used to measure the workability of high or very high workable concrete,
which eventually collapses a slump. It gives an idea about the quality of the concrete
concerning consistency and cohesiveness. This workability test is quite simple to perform and
is the best for the concrete which has a nominal maximum size of aggregate less than 38 mm.

Material:
Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water, etc.

Equipment:
Flow table , Mould , Scale , Hand scoop, Trowel, Tamping rod

The shape of the mould for the flow table test is a cone frustum. The base diameter of the
mould is 25 cm and the upper diameter is 17 cm. It has a height of 12 cm. A handle is also
present on the sides of the mould.

Procedure:

1. Prepare concrete as per mix design and place the flow table on a horizontal surface.

2. Clean the dust or other gritty material on Flow table and Sprinkle a hand of water on
it.

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3. Now place the metal cone at the middle portion of the flow table and stand on it.

4. Pour the freshly mixed concrete in the mould comprising two layers; each layer should
be tamped with tamping rod for 25times. After tamping the last layer, the overflowed
concrete on the cone is struck off using a trowel.

5. Slowly, lift the mould vertically up & let concrete stand on its own without any
support.

6. The flow table is raised at the height of 12.5mm and dropped. The same is repeated
for 15times in 15secs.

7. Measure the spread of concrete in Diameter using centimetre scale horizontally and
vertically. The arithmetic mean of the two diameters shall be the measurement of flow
in millimetres.
Flow value of concrete= (D1+D2)/2

Calculations:
The percentage increase in the average diameter of the spreading concrete over the
base diameter of the mould is called the flow of concrete.

Flow % = (Spread diameter in cm – 25) / 25 * 100

Results:

Flow % of prepared sample is=

Conclusion:

The value of flow test varies from 0 to 150%.

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Experiment No. 11
Workability test by using a Vee-Bee Consistometer Test

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Experiment No.11
Workability test by using a Vee-Bee Consistometer Test

Object:
To find out the workability of given sample of concrete by Vee-Bee consistometer.

Theory:
Vee-Bee consistometer test method is very suitable for very dry concrete whose slump value
cannot be measured by Slump Test, but the vibration is too vigorous for concrete with a slump
greater than about 50 mm.

Material:
Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water, etc.

Equipment:
Vee Bee Consistometer :
a) A vibrator table resting upon elastic supports,

b) A metal pot,

c) A sheet metal cone, open at both ends, and

d) A standard iron rod

e) Tamper ( 16 mm in diameter and 600 mm length), etc.

Procedure:

1. A conventional slump test is performed, placing the cone inside the cylindrical part of
the Consistometer
2. The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turned and placed on the top of the
concrete in the pot.
3. The electrical vibrator is switched on and stop watch is started simultaneously.
4. Vibration is continued till the conical shape of the concrete disappears and the concrete
assumes a cylindrical shape.
5. When the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stop watch is switched off
immediately. The time is noted.
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Results:
The consistency of the concrete should be expressed in VB degrees, which is equal to
the time in Vee – Bee seconds.

Conclusion:
The Vee Bee Degree of concrete ............... sec indicate Low/ Medium/ High Degree of
workability.

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Experiment No. 12

Compressive Strength of Concrete

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Experiment No.12

Compressive Strength of Concrete

Object:
To find out the compressive strength of given sample of concrete.

Theory:
Compressive strength of concrete is most important test because most of the
characteristic properties of concrete are related to its compressive strength.

e.g. flexural strength of concrete = 0.7 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 N/mm²

Compressive strength is determined by using cube moulds of size 150 X 150 X 150 or
cylindrical moulds of 150 diameter and 300 long.

Material:
Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water, etc.

Equipment:
Cube moulds of size 150 X 150 X 150, tray, trowels, balance, tamping rod, vibrating
table, compression testing machine, etc.

Procedure:
6. Coat the moulds with mould oil.
7. Fill the moulds with the concrete sample in 3 layers. Tamp each layer for 25 times
or vibrate on vibrating table.
8. Place the moulds in moist air at 90% relative humidity at 27 ± 2° C for 24 hours.
9. Release the cubes from the moulds and keep submerged in curing tank.
10. Test 3 cubes at 7 days and 3 cubes on 28 days.

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Observations:
Sr.No. Reading Age Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3 Average

1 Load at failure (kN) 7 days

2 Compressive Strength 7 days

(N/mm²)

3 Load at failure (kN) 28 days

4 Compressive Strength 28 days

(N/mm²)

Approximate percentage of strength by using O.P.C.

Age Strength
1 day 16 %
3 days 40 %
7 days 67 %
28 days 100 %
3 months 115 %
6 months 120 %
1 year 125 %

Conclusion:……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

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Experiment No. 13

Non Destructive Tests (N.D.T.)

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Experiment No. 13

Non Destructive Tests (N.D.T.)

(a) Rebound Hammer Test

Object: To find compressive strength of the in situ concrete.

Theory:
The rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which
the mass strikes. The rebound Hammer hits the concrete at a definite energy and its
rebound which is dependent on the hardness of the concrete, is measured. By reference
to the conversion table, the rebound value gives the compressive strength of in situ
concrete.

A rebound hammer is used for testing the compressive strength of concrete, to check
the uniformity of concrete and structural elements, to detect damaged zones. It provides
useful information about the surface layer of concrete up to 30 mm deep.

In the Schmidt rebound hammer, the mass slides on a plunger within a tubular casing
as shown in the figure. The plunger reacts against a spring when pressed against the
concrete surface. This spring is automatically released when fully tensioned, causing
the hammer mass to impact against the concrete through the plunger. When thespring-
controlled mass rebounds, it takes with it a rider which slides along a graduated scale
and is visible through a small window in the side of the casing.

Equipment: Rebound hammer.

Procedure:
1. Smoothen the test area with a grinding stone.
2. Perform the test series of at least 12 impacts and note the rebound values.
3. Calculate the mean rebound value. Read the compressive strength corresponding
to the rebound value and record in the observation table.

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Observations:
Location 1:

Reading Rebound Compressive Reading Rebound Compressive

No. Value Strength No. Value Strength
N/mm2 N/mm2
1 7
2 8
3 9
4 10
5 11
6 12
Average compressive strength = N/mm2

Location 2:

Reading Rebound Compressive Reading Rebound Compressive

No. Value Strength No. Value Strength
N/mm2 N/mm2
1 7
2 8
3 9
4 10
5 11
6 12
Average compressive strength = N/mm2

(b) Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Object:
To find density of in situ concrete.

Theory:
This method consists of measuring the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse, passing
through the concrete to be tested. The pulses are generated by using transducers. The pulse
generator circuit consists of a transmitter transducer which generate pulses at one end and
a receiver transducer which receives the pulses at the other end. Transducers with natural
frequencies of between 20 kHz and 200 kHz are generally used. The time of travel between

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initial onset and the reception of the pulse is measured electronically. The path length
between transducers divided by the time of travel gives the average velocity of wave
propagation. Under certain specified conditions the velocity and the strength of concrete
are directly related. The common factor is the density of concrete. The ultrasonic pulse
velocity method used to establish uniformity, homogeneity and strength of concrete.

The quality of concrete can be graded as defined by IS 13311(Part-I) -1992.

Pulse velocity (km/sec) Concrete Quality

Above 4.5 Excellent
3.5 to 4.5 Good
3.0 to 3.5 Medium
Below 3.0 Doubtful
Observations:
Sr.No. Location Pulse velocity Concrete
km/sec Quality
1
2
3

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Experiment No. 14

Durability Test on concrete by RCPT

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Experiment No. 14
Durability Test on concrete by RCPT

Object: The primary objective of this experiment is to evaluate the durability of concrete
by measuring its ability to resist chloride ion penetration. This is done through the Rapid
Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT), which helps in assessing the concrete's resistance to
potential reinforcement corrosion due to chloride ion infiltration.

Theory:

The Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is a laboratory method used to

determine the chloride ion permeability of concrete. It involves applying a voltage across
a concrete specimen submerged in a chloride solution, causing chloride ions to migrate
through the specimen. The test measures the electrical current that flows through the
concrete as a result of this ion migration. The greater the current, the higher the
permeability of the concrete and, consequently, the lower its resistance to chloride ion
penetration.

The RCPT provides a quick and effective means of assessing the potential durability of
concrete in environments where chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement is a concern.
The results from the RCPT help in determining whether a given concrete mix will provide
adequate protection for steel reinforcement in aggressive environments.

Equipment: Rapid Chloride Permeability Test apparatus (includes a testing cell with a
power supply, voltmeter, ammeter, and a test chamber), Concrete sample (cylindrical
specimens, typically 100 mm x 200 mm), Chloride solution (typically 3% NaCl solution),
Water (distilled or deionized), Electrical connections (cables and electrodes), Vacuum
chamber (optional for preconditioning of specimens), Digital thermometer, Sandpaper or
grinding tool (for surface preparation), Calipers or micrometer (for measuring specimen
dimensions), Weighing balance (for accurate mass measurements)

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 60

 Material Testing Lab

Procedure:

1. Specimen Preparation:
o Prepare cylindrical concrete specimens (typically 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm
in height) with proper curing. The concrete should be allowed to cure for at least 28
days before testing.
o Ensure the surface of the specimen is clean, smooth, and free from any debris. Use
sandpaper or a grinding tool to smooth the surface.
2. Pre-conditioning of Specimen:
o If required, place the specimen in a vacuum chamber for a specified time to remove
air voids and ensure uniform saturation. Alternatively, the specimens can be soaked
in water for a set period before testing.
3. Assembly of Testing Apparatus:
o Set up the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test apparatus. The apparatus includes two
test cells (each holding an electrolyte solution), electrodes to apply the voltage, and
a power supply.
o Fill the test cells with a 3% NaCl solution (for the chloride side) and a diluted
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution on the opposite side.
4. Placement of Specimen:
o Position the concrete specimen vertically between the two electrolyte cells in the
testing chamber, ensuring proper contact between the specimen and the solutions.
o Attach the electrodes securely to the two ends of the specimen.
5. Application of Voltage:
o Apply a constant voltage (typically 60V DC) across the specimen.
o Allow the test to run for a set time (usually 6 hours) and monitor the current passing
through the specimen.
6. Monitoring and Data Collection:
o Measure the current passing through the specimen at regular intervals (e.g., every
15 minutes) using the ammeter.
o Record the voltage and current values over the entire testing period.

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 61

 Material Testing Lab
o Measure and record the temperature of the test solution, as this can affect the results.
7. Post-Test Evaluation:
o After the test is completed, calculate the total charge passed (coulombs) using the
recorded current data.
o If applicable, measure the chloride concentration in the concrete (by extracting
samples from the specimen at various depths) to correlate it with the electrical current
flow.

Observation Table:
Time (Minutes) Current (Amps) Voltage (V) Cumulative Charge (Coulombs)
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150

Calculations:

The total charge passed through the specimen is calculated using the formula:

Q=I × t

Where:

 Q = Total charge passed (Coulombs)

 I = Current (Amps)
 t = Time (seconds)

Based on the total charge passed during the test, the concrete's chloride permeability is
classified according to standard categories (e.g., low, moderate, high, or very high permeability).
Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 62
 Material Testing Lab

Classification of Results:

The RCPT results are typically categorized as follows:

Charge (Coulombs) Permeability Classification

< 100 Very Low
100 - 200 Low
200 - 1000 Moderate
1000 - 2000 High
> 2000 Very High
Conclusion:

The Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) provides a quick method to assess the durability
of concrete, especially regarding its resistance to chloride ion penetration.

A lower charge passed through the specimen indicates better durability and resistance to
corrosion, while a higher charge passed indicates a more permeable concrete that is more
susceptible to reinforcement corrosion.

The concrete sample shows ……………charges passed so permeability is ………………….

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 63

 Material Testing Lab

Experiment No. 15

Concrete Mix Design

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 64

 Material Testing Lab

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 65

 Material Testing Lab

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 66

 Material Testing Lab

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPCET, Kolhapur 67