Journal of Engineering Advancements Vol. 05(04) 2024, pp 132-137 https://doi.org/10.38032/jea.2024.04.

005

Gamma Irradiation-Induced Modifications in E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene

Composites: A Structural and Performance Analysis
Shahirin Shahida1, Md. Mostafizur Rahman2,4, Mohammad Bellal Hoque2,4,*, Md. Mizanur Rahman1,
Badhon Baria2, Tamanna Hasan2 , Ruhul A. Khan3
1
Deaprtment of Mechatronics Engineering, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Deaprtment of Textile Engineering, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
3
Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka, Bangladesh
4
Deaprtment of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Received: November 15, 2024, Revised: December 14, 2024, Accepted: December 21, 2024, Available Online: December 31, 2024

ABSTRACT
This study explores the role of gamma irradiation in altering the mechanical properties and microstructure of E-glass fiber-
reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. E-glass fiber, known for its superior strength and durability, was combined with
polypropylene to produce composites with varying fiber weight percentages (20-60 wt%). The composites were subjected to 3 kGy
gamma radiation, and their tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), elongation at break (Eb%), and impact strength (IS) were
evaluated. Results revealed that the optimal mechanical performance was achieved at 50 wt% fiber content, where gamma radiation
improved TS by 16%, TM by 13%, Eb% by 9%, and IS by 13% compared to non-irradiated composites. Improved fiber-matrix adhesion
was achieved through the cross-linking effect of gamma radiation on the polymer matrix which leads to better load transfer and
mechanical properties. The results of this research highlight the efficacy of gamma irradiation to strengthen E-glass/PP composites for
rigorous applications such as aerospace and automotive sectors. The present work emphasizes the importance of considering radiation
treatment in composite design, especially in applications exposed to radiation.
Keywords: E-glass fiber, polypropylene, micro structure, mechanical properties, polymer

Copyright @ All authors

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License.
1 Introduction techniques, moisture absorption, durability, and thermal stability
in parallel to synthetic FPCs [9]-[13].
Fiber-reinforced composites (FPCs) represent a category of
Synthetic fibers such as carbon, glass, and aramid offer
sophisticated materials that integrate fibers with a matrix to
notable benefits in fiber polymer composites, attributed to their
achieve enhanced mechanical properties in comparison to
exceptional mechanical properties, uniformity, and resilience.
individual components. This composite structure harnesses the
Recent research indicates that synthetic fibers provide
high ratio of strength-to-weight of fibers and the versatile
outstanding strength-to-weight ratios, rendering them highly
features of the matrix material, resulting in materials with
suitable for rigorous applications in the aerospace and
enhanced performance characteristics appropriate for a variety of
automotive sectors [14]. They also enhance thermal stability and
uses [1].
resistance to environmental factors, such as moisture and
FPCs play a pivotal role in modern technology and
chemicals, extending the lifespan of composites in harsh
manufacturing due to their unique combination of characteristics
conditions [15]. Furthermore, the precise manufacturing of
and versatility. Recent advancements underscore their
synthetic fibers ensures uniformity and reliability, which is
significance across several domains. FPCs are renowned for their
crucial for applications requiring consistent performance [16].
superior mechanical properties, including high strength-to-
Advances in processing technologies also enable the
weight ratios, which enhance the performance in demanding
manufacturing of high-quality composites with tailored
applications [2]. Additionally they are possessed with
properties, optimizing their functionality across various
advantages like lightweight, design flexibile, corrosion and
industries [17].
chemical resistance, cheap etc [3]-[8].
Glass fiber is a well-known synthetic fiber that is popular for
Fibers including both natural and synthetic can be utilized
its diverse applications. The foremost broadly utilized glass fiber
for fiber polymer composites. Natural fiber composites (NFCs)
is E-glass fiber, which offers excellent coverage coverage of
offer several advantages, including sustainability and reduced
mechanical characteristics and can hold its characteristics up to
environmental impact, but they also face notable limitations that
815ºC. The composition of E-glass fiber is 54.3SiO2-15.2Al2O3-
affect their performance and application. One significant
17.2CaO-4.7MgO-8.0BO-0.6Na2O. E-glass fibers offer several
limitation is their lower mechanical behavior compared to
advantages in fiber polymer composites, primarily due to their
synthetic fiber composites. Natural fibers, such as jute and flax,
excellent combination of mechanical characteristics, cost-
generally have lower tensile and impact strength, which can limit
effectiveness, and durability. Recent studies show that E-glass
their use in high-performance applications where greater load-
fibers provide high tensile strength and good impact resistance at
bearing capacity is required. Recent studies have highlighted that
a lower cost compared to other fibers, making them an
while natural fibers can be competitive in terms of weight and
economical choice for applications in construction, automotive,
cost, growing conditions, harvesting methods and processing

*Corresponding Author Email Address [email protected] Published by: SciEn Publishing Group
 S. Shahida et al./JEA Vol. 05(04) 2024, pp 132-137
and marine industries [18]. Their resistance to moisture and 2.2 Preparation of composites
chemicals enhances the longevity and reliability of composites
PP sheets were prepared by using granules of PP. The PP
in harsh environments [19].
granules were placed inside two steel plates of a heat press
Polypropylene has been extensively employed as a matrix
machine (Carver, INC, USA Model 3856). The press was
material in fiber-reinforced polymer composites.
operated at 180°C. About 5 tons of consolidation pressure was
Straightforwardness, dimensional solidness, tall warm
applied for 3 minutes; the melting time was about 2 minutes.
soundness, tall heat-distortion temp, and great affect quality are
After three minutes the plates were removed and subsequently
characteristics of the family of thermoplastic building polymers
allowed to cool for 2 minutes. It was pressed again under 5
known as PP that essentially broaden the material's extent of
tonnes of pressure at ambient temperature. The resulting
employment. PP works well for filling, blending, and reinforcing
polypropylene sheet was then trimmed to the required
as well [20]-[21]. Gamma radiation is an ionizing type of
dimensions for composite fabrication.
radiation that can enhance surface crosslinking. It reduces the
E-glass fiber-reinforced PP-based composites were
hydrophilic properties of fiber via a hydrophobic matrix. When
prepared by sandwiching two layers of E-glass fabric mats
compared to alternative radiation treatments, gamma radiation
between three sheets of PP. The sandwich was then inserted
offers a number of advantages for composite materials, such as
between two steel plates in the heat press machine and heated at
continuous operation, shorter processing times, less air pollution,
180°C for 4 minutes to facilitate the softening of the polymer and
ambient temperature curing, and increased process control that
then applied 6 tones pressure for 6 minutes. In the sandwiching
allows for more design flexibility [22], [23]. For polymer-based
process, the weight ratio of the fibers 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 wt%
composite materials, gamma rays are used to improve the bond
were maintained by changing the weight of PP sheets. Fig. 1 is
between the matrix and the reinforcing fibers. Free radicals
depicting the fabricated composite.
produced by gamma radiation in the polymer chain enable cross-
linking inside the polymer and hence enhance the characteristics
of composite materials [24]-[26].
Despite numerous investigations into the mechanical
behavior of E-glass/PP composites, few studies have explored
the effects of gamma radiation on these materials. Even though
it was noticed that many of the studies fabricated composites
with E-glass fiber [27]-[30], but they did not investigate the
effect of gamma radiation on these materials. This study
addresses a critical gap in composite material research by
examining the effects of a specific, moderate gamma irradiation
dose (3 kGy) on the mechanical properties of E-glass fiber-
reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Previous studies
have varied significantly in irradiation levels, often focusing on
higher doses without investigating the targeted, controlled Fig. 1 E-glass fiber reinforced PP-based composite
impact of moderate gamma exposure on fiber-matrix bonding.
By isolating the 3 kGy dose, this research demonstrates that 2.3 Gamma treatment
gamma irradiation can induce beneficial cross-linking within the The application of gamma radiation was utilized to
PP matrix, resulting in enhanced fiber-matrix adhesion and investigate the influence of gamma irradiation on the mechanical
improved mechanical integrity of the composite. properties of the fabricated composites. The E-glass/PP
Mechanistically, it has been shown in this paper that gamma rays composites were precisely cut into desired size dimensions and
generate free radicals in the PP matrix which initiates cross- securely sealed within an airtight polyethylene bag. The
linking that enables stronger stress transfer between fibers and employed source of gamma radiation was Cobalt-60, with an
matrix, and this leads to improved composite resilience. These activity of 90 kCi and a dose rate of 0.025 kGy/min. The dose
insights highlight the potential of gamma-modified E-glass/PP values provided are solely the intended target dose and were
composites as a durable, high-performance material suitable for derived using an ordinary Harwell Amber Perspex dosimeter,
demanding applications, especially in aerospace and automotive specifically the type 3042F. The applied dosage of gamma
sectors, where both radiation exposure and mechanical strength radiation was 3kGy, and the subsequent evaluation of their
are critical. This study not only establishes a new framework for mechanical properties was conducted.
using controlled gamma irradiation in composite design but also
sets a benchmark for optimizing fiber loading and irradiation to 2.4 Mechanical properties of composites
achieve superior performance in fiber-reinforced composites. The mechanical characteristics such as tensile strength (TS),
tensile Modulus (TM) and elongation at break (Eb%), of the
2 Materials and Methods fabricated composites were investigated by using a universal
testing machine (H50 KS-0404) according to ASTM D 638-01.
2.1 Materials The samples were cut into strips with a dimension of
In this study, the E-glass fabric (Fig. 1) was obtained from (80×10×2.5) mm, measured with slide calipers. For an accurate
Saint-Gobain Vetrotex India Limited, with 6K tow dimensions, and precise result, three strips were taken of each sample. Then
and was woven in a plain pattern. It had an aerial weight of 200 the strips were placed properly between the jaws of UTM and the
g/m², a fiber diameter of 12 microns, and a density of 2.54 g/cm³. operating procedure for the samples was selected using the
The highly crystalline polypropylene granules were collected software. The gauge length and cross-head speed of the machine
from Polyolefin Company Ltd., Singapore respectively. were 25 mm and 1 mm/s, respectively. The impact strength was
evaluated using an impact testing machine (MT-3016) according
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 S. Shahida et al./JEA Vol. 05(04) 2024, pp 132-137
to DIN-53433. In this study, all results were based on the average from one fiber to another. That's why a decrease in TS and TM
values obtained from three samples. was observed for the composite with 60 wt% fiber content. In all
instances of adding fiber to the composites in this study, Eb%
3 Results and Discussion
was decreased compared to PP due to the lower Eb% of the E-
3.1 Mechanical properties of E-glass/PP composites glass fiber. It was observed that the composite with 50 wt% fiber
content exhibited higher IS values. The results indicated that with
The TS, TM, Eb%, and IS of the fabricated composites were 50 wt% reinforcement using E-glass fiber, the IS increased by
examined and the results are shown in Fig. 2. The measured 146%.
values for the TS, TM, and Eb% of the PP matrix were 21.8 MPa,
According to Khan et al., the TS, TM, Eb%, and IS values
1.5 GPa, and 75% respectively. E-glass/PP composites
for E-glass/PP composites with a 50 wt% fiber content were 91
containing 50% fibers demonstrated an increase of 303% TS and
MPa, 7 GPa, 14%, and 35 KJ/m2 respectively [27]. Shubhra et al.
367% TM. Augmented TS and TM were noticed when the fiber investigated E-glass fiber reinforced polypropylene resin-based
loading ratios increased up to a specific limit. If the fiber composites and reported 128 MPa TS, 4.35 GPa TM, 14% Eb%,
percentage falls below the optimum value, the load is distributed
and 19 KJ/m2 IS for 30 wt% fiber [31]. In another investigation,
to more fibers that are well bound to the matrix, resulting in
Khan et al. determined the TS, TM, Eb%, and IS for 20 wt% E-
higher tensile characteristics. After transgressing the optimum
glass/PP composites, which were 32 MPa, 4.79 MPa, 38%, and
value, the tensile strength is dropped if the percentage of fibers
18.5 KJ/m2 respectively [32]. Supportive values of current work
increased. The transfer of stress between the fiber and the matrix have been tabulated in Table 1 and it can be seen that E-glass/PP
was decreased as the percentage of fiber increased. When the composites exhibit almost similar mechanical properties as
percentage of fibers increased, the gaps between the fibers also
found in different studies.
grew, leading to a reduction in the effectiveness of stress transfer

Fig. 2 Mechanical Properties of E-glass/PP composites

Table 1 Supportive values of mechanical characteristics
Fiber Mechanical Properties This Study
proportion TM Ref. TS TM
TS (MPa) Eb% IS (kJ/m2) Eb% IS (kJ/m2)
(wt%) (GPa) (MPa) (GPa)
50 91 7.00 14 35 [27] 88 7.5 18.75 30.806
30 128 4.35 14 19 [31] 60.35 4.75 21.2 24.79
20 32 4.79 38 18.5 [32] 35.56 4 20.21 19.12

Due to the water hate nature of PP and E-glass fibers, it was 3.2 Effect of Gamma radiation on composites
anticipated that they would bond well with each other, resulting
This study involved subjecting the composites to a radiation
in strong fiber-matrix adhesion. This was the reason of enhanced
dose of 3 kGy, followed by an assessment of their tensile strength
mechanical properties of the E-glass based composites. This
(TS), tensile modulus (TM), elongation at break percentage
investigation clearly shows that E-glass/PP composites exhibit
(Eb%), and impact strength (IS). In this investigation,
significantly higher mechanical properties in parallel to the
mechanical properties were improved with a radiation gamma
matrix material, indicating strong fiber-matrix adhesion.
dose of 3 kGy. Fig. 3 depicts the influence of gamma radiation
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 S. Shahida et al./JEA Vol. 05(04) 2024, pp 132-137
on the TS of composites. The data indicates that the tensile The use of gamma radiation for treating the E-glass/PP
strength values of E-glass/PP composites were enhanced due to composites also increased the IS values. Fig. 6 and Table 2 are
gamma irradiation. The utmost TS value for E-glass/PP clearly demonstrating the impact of gamma radiation on the IS
composites was achieved at 50 wt% fiber content. Results of composites. The highest IS was noticed at a 3 kGy gamma
demonstrated that 50 wt% E-glass/PP composites had a 16% radiation dose for 50 wt% E-glass/PP composites, showing a
higher TS value than non-irradiated ones. Conversely, composite 13% increase compared to the composites that were not
with 20% fiber content exhibited minimum TS value as seen in subjected to gamma irradiation.
Fig. 3 and Table 2.

Fig. 3 Effect of gamma irradiation on the TS of composites

Enhanced TM values of the composites were observed at 3 Fig. 6 Effect of gamma irradiation on the IS of composites
kGy radiation dose. The maximum TM value of E-glass/PP Table 2 A comparative overview of the enhanced percentage
composites was attained at 50 wt% fiber content, leading to a of gamma irradiated E-glass/PP composites versus their non-
13% enhancement relative to non-irradiated E-glass/PP irradiated counterparts.
composites. Both composites with 40 wt% and 60 wt% fiber
Fiber Tensile Tensile Elongation Impact
content revealed an 11% increase in TM at the above-mentioned
Proportion Strength Modulus at Break Strength
gamma dose as seen in Table 2 and Fig. 4. Composites with 50 (wt%) (MPa) (GPa) (Eb%) (KJ/m2)
wt% fiber content exhibited a 9% rise in Eb%, whereas declined 20 6% 5% 4% 7%
Eb% was noticed for the remaining composites. The impact of
30 7% 7.50% 6% 8%
gamma dose treatment on E-glass/PP composites concerning
40 12% 11% 8.50% 11%
Eb% is depicted in Fig. 5.
50 16% 13% 9% 13%
60 11% 11% 7.75% 11.5%
Gamma radiation has previously been shown to have
considerable influence on the characteristics of polymeric
materials. In polypropylene, gamma irradiation causes the
formation of free radicals. The resulting free radicals may react,
altering the chemical structure of the polymer and bring change
in the mechanical properties of composite materials. Higher
doses of gamma irradiation may have an effect on E-glass fibers.
Gamma irradiation may influence the polymeric structure of PP
solely in E-glass/PP composites, perhaps producing active sites
that can contribute to enhance intermolecular PP bonding [31].
For this reason, E-glass/PP composites gained improved
mechanical properties in this research experiment due to gamma
Fig. 4 Effect of gamma irradiation on the TM of composites treatment.
Gamma radiation influences composite materials primarily
through the generation of free radicals in the polymer matrix,
which then interact with each other, causing crosslinking. The
crosslinking within polypropylene (PP) alters the polymer chains
that improves fiber-matrix adhesion and thereby enhancing the
mechanical properties of the composite [33]-[36].
When polypropylene is exposed to gamma radiation, the
high-energy photons ionize the polymer chains. This process
generates free radicals, primarily through the scission of C–H
bonds. The primary reaction involves the breaking of C–H bonds
in the polypropylene chains that results in the formation of
macroradicals- γ radiation
Polypropylene (PP) PP⋅+H⋅
Here, PP⋅ represents the macroradicals formed in the PP
Fig. 5 Effect of gamma irradiation on the Eb% of composites chains.
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4 Conclusion
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Conflicts of Interest carbon fibre reinforced polymer for aerospace
applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and
The authors report there are no competing interests to
Manufacturing, 38(6), pp.1525-1532.
declare.
[15] Prabhu, P., Karthikeyan, B., Vannan, R.R.R.M. and
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